预处理对短流程超滤工艺不可逆膜污染影响的中试试验

以东江水为处理对象,进行直接超滤、微絮凝-超滤和絮凝/活性炭-超滤中试研究,探讨预处理对短流程超滤工艺不可逆膜污染的影响.利用扫描电镜形貌观察、三维荧光光谱(EEM)和高效排阻色谱法等手段对不可逆膜污染物进行表征分析,比较预处理对不可逆膜污染物含量和组分的影响,阐述预处理对不可逆膜污染影响的机制.结果表明,在10 L·(m~2·h)~(-1)低通量运行下,微絮凝预处理使不可逆膜污染增长速率从直接超滤的0.32 k Pa·d~(-1)下降到0.16 k Pa·d~(-1),絮凝/活性炭预处理后超滤工艺几乎零污染运行,且当絮凝/活性炭-超滤运行通量增加至17 L·(m~2·h)~(-1)时,仍没有观察到明显的不可逆膜污染增长.东江水中不可逆膜污染的主要组分是蛋白质类和富里酸等腐殖质类物质.微絮凝通过改变膜表面滤饼层的结构(厚度和密实性),提高物理清洗效率,减轻不可逆膜污染的积累;絮凝/活性炭预处理提高对不可逆膜污染物的去除效果,减轻膜污染负荷,控制不可逆膜污染.因此,采用絮凝和絮凝/活性炭预处理工艺,均可有效降低短流程超滤工艺不可逆膜污染积累.     

磁场强化絮凝减缓膜污染的影响因素分析

研究磁场及磁致效应对磁强化絮凝膜过滤工艺(Magnetic enhanced flocculation membrane filtration,MEFMF)处理地表水中膜污染的影响;运用Design-Expert7.0软件进行试验设计,考察了磁化时间、混凝剂浓度和磁粉浓度对磁强化絮凝膜过滤工艺中膜污染变化的影响,结果表明磁化时间、混凝剂浓度以及两者的协同作用是影响磁强化絮凝膜过滤工艺中膜污染的主要因素.磁化时间和混凝剂浓度的协同作用影响着磁絮体的粒径和膜表面滤饼层形态,磁絮凝工艺形成的絮体粒径大且分型维数高,减弱了膜孔堵塞,减缓了膜污染.磁强化絮凝减缓膜污染最佳试验条件是磁化时间为6 min,Fe3O4浓度为8 mg·L-1,FeCl3浓度为44 mg·L-1.     

粉末活性炭-微滤组合工艺处理重庆山地农村微污染水源

考察平板式微滤膜装置(MF)直接过滤和投加粉末活性炭(PAC)2种工艺对重庆山地农村微污染水源水的处理效果,并对其运行参数进行优化。试验结果表明:重庆山地农村安全供水工程不能单独采用MF装置直接过滤工艺;PAC-MF组合工艺能有效提高产水水质,PAC的最佳投加量为3 mg/L;在工作周期的前20 min内,膜通量下降迅速,下降幅度高于跨膜压差的上升幅度;MF装置经过反清洗后膜通量恢复迅速,可恢复至初始膜通量的97.5%;水力清洗对跨膜压差的影响大于其对膜通量的影响,PAC-MF组合工艺处理微污染水源最优的反冲洗周期为50 min。     

调控絮体形态强化电絮凝减缓膜污染

本研究通过调节电絮凝工艺参数来实现对絮体形态的调控,进而达到减缓膜污染的目的.主要考察了电流密度、初始pH、初始电导率对絮体性质以及膜通量的影响,并解析了超滤膜对不同形貌结构絮体的膜污染响应机制.结果表明,电絮凝减缓膜污染的关键是在膜表面形成疏松多孔的滤饼层,电絮凝-超滤(electrocoagulation-ultrafiltration,EC-UF)工艺不但能够有效地减缓膜污染,而且还极大提升了出水水质.增加电流密度,以及在pH中性水质条件下,EC-UF工艺中膜通量保持更高.j=20 A·m~(-2)、初始pH=7、初始电导率=1 000μS·cm~(-1),EC-UF工艺对水中的腐殖酸(humic acid,HA)去除率为97%,平衡阶段归一化通量J/J0达到81%.     

灰色关联分析法评价陶瓷膜运行性能

应用灰色关联分析法对陶瓷膜运行过程中各个操作参数的分析,分别得到影响膜通量和COD去除率的各个参数相关度大小排序分别为：跨膜压差〉滤液粒径〉滤液浓度〉过滤时间〉错流速度;跨膜压差〉滤液浓度〉过滤时间〉错流速度〉滤波粒径。通过对过滤液粒径2．09μm,流速1．0m／s,时间20min,跨膜压差不同的情况,进行跨膜压差和过滤液浓度的实验．寻找合适的最佳运行操作压力为0.15MPa。灰色分析结果表明。跨膜压差和过滤液浓度是影响膜通量和COD去除效果的关键因素。在设计和实际运行过程中．把以上2个因素作为主控因素,对延长陶瓷膜使用寿命和保证COD良好去除效果均有重要意义．     

操作条件对TMBR性能的影响

为了探讨TMBR处理高浓度废水时操作条件对其性能的影响,用内径为8 mm聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)管式超滤膜制作外置式管式膜生物反应器(TMBR)处理垃圾渗滤液。实验结果表明,增加跨膜压差(TMP)可以增加膜通量,当TMP超过适宜值后表现为通量与TMP无关的特性。提高膜面流速可以削弱污染层的形成,当超过适宜流速后也表现出通量与流速无关的特性。不同的污泥浓度(MLSS)存在适宜的TMP和适宜膜面流速。快速冲洗和化学清洗可分别使膜的通量恢复至新膜的78%和89%。     

不同原水中膜污染物质的表征与确定

本文采用有机物的组分分析、相对分子质量分布及三维荧光等分析手段,研究了青草沙水库和滆湖原水的膜过滤通量的表现,探讨了膜污染的机理.试验结果表明,中亲组分有机物造成的微滤膜和超滤膜的通量下降最为严重,而疏水性有机物对通量的影响甚微.滆湖水对微滤膜的通量下降较青草沙水库水严重,而青草沙水库水对超滤膜的通量下降较滆湖水严重.膜污染机理的分析表明,微滤膜污染主要由膜孔堵塞造成,而超滤膜的通量主要受大分子有机物形成的滤饼层的影响.三维荧光分析表明,蛋白质类的有机物是造成膜污染的主要物质.     

混凝预处理及膜面流速控制对微滤膜污染的影响研究

为研究膜面流速和混凝预处理对微滤过程膜污染的综合影响,用旋流式膜混凝反应器进行了不同流量、入口管径、混凝剂投加量下的除浊试验。结果表明,直接微滤时,高膜面流速加剧了初期膜的孔堵污染,但抑制了滤饼层的累积,适于长期运行;在质量浓度为0~18 mg/L范围内增大聚合氯化铝（PAC）投加量可显著抑制膜过滤阻力的增长;以速度梯度（G）表征絮体状态,由于絮体尺寸和错流的综合作用,投加混凝剂后,G在20~70 s-1范围内,414.64 s-1时微滤膜污染较轻。     

微絮凝对腐殖酸超滤过程膜污染的减缓特性

以硫酸铝[Al_2(SO_4)_3·18H_2O]为絮凝剂,腐殖酸(humic acid,HA)和高岭土(Kaolin)水溶液为原水,研究微絮凝过程产生的不同絮体形态,对自制聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)超滤膜过滤过程的影响.主要考察了微絮凝过程中絮体的特性(粒径大小及分布,分形维数)以及不同条件下形成的絮体形态对膜通量的影响,利用扫描电镜(SEM)和原子力显微镜(AFM)对污染膜的表面形貌进行表征,并测定了PVDF膜与有机污染物之间黏附力大小,来解析不同絮体形态对超滤膜的膜污染影响机制.结果表明,Al~(3+)以电性中和作用水解去除有机物,随着絮凝剂投加量的增加,絮体粒径不断增大,絮体的分形维数减小.膜通量衰减速率与絮体的粒径呈负相关,絮体粒径越大,膜通量衰减速率越小,超滤过程中形成的滤饼层越疏松,同时,较小分形维数的絮体引起的膜污染较轻,其膜通量恢复率也较高.PVDF-有机污染物之间的相互作用力大小与运行初期相应污染膜通量衰减速率呈正相关.当Al~(3+)投加量为5 mg·L~(-1),初始pH=7时,HA去除率为96.7%,膜通量衰减最小,通量恢复率达到88%.     

新型陶瓷平板膜MBR工艺在炼油废水处理中的应用

采用新型陶瓷平板膜MBR工艺处理实际炼油废水,考察了该工艺对COD、石油类物质的去除效果,同时研究了陶瓷平板膜在长期运行时的膜污染特性及膜清洗恢复情况,并探讨了陶瓷平板膜对石油类物质的抗污染性能。实验结果表明:陶瓷平板膜MBR工艺对炼油废水的处理效果较好,出水ρ(COD)<50 mg/L,ρ(石油类)<8 mg/L;长期运行时陶瓷平板膜跨膜压差(transmembrane pressure,TMP)呈现出"3阶段"变化趋势;滤饼层污染是造成陶瓷平板膜污染的主要因素;污染后的陶瓷平板膜经过物理化学清洗后基本可以恢复到新膜状态,不存在严重的不可逆污染,这表明陶瓷平板膜对炼油废水中的石油类物质具有较强的抗污染性能。     

Treatment of phosphate-containing oily wastewater by coagulation and microfiltration

The oily wastewater generated from pretreatment unit of electrocoating industry contains oils, phosphate, organic solvents, and surfactants. In order to improve the removal efficiencies of phosphate and oils, to mitigate the membrane fouling, coagulation for ceramic membrane microfiltration of oily wastewater was performed. The results of filtration tests show that the membrane fouling decreased and the permeate flux and quality increased with coagulation as pretreatment. At the coagulant Ca （OH）2 dosage of 900 mg/L, the removal efficiency of phosphate was increased from 46.4% without coagulation to 99.6%; the removal of COD and oils were 97.0% and 99.8%, respectively. And the permeate flux was about 70% greater than that when Ca（OH）2 was not used. The permeate obtained from coagulation and microfiltration can be reused as make-up water, and the recommended operation conditions for pilot and industrial application are transmembrane pressure of 0.10 MPa and cross-flow velocity of 5 m/s. The comparison results show that 0.2 μm ZrO2 microfilter with coagulation could be used to perform the filtration rather than conventional ultrafilter, with very substantial gain in flux and removal efficiency of phosphate.     

Fulvic acid removal by nanoparticle TiO2 using a submerged membrane photocatalysis reactor

The degradation of fulvic acid（FA） by nanoparticle TiO2 in a submerged membrane photocatalysis（SMPC） reactor was studied. In this reactor, photocatalytic oxidation and membrane separation co-occured. The continuous air supplier provided O2 for the photocatalytical reaction and mixed the solution through an airflow controller. The particle TiO2 could automatically settle due to gravity without particle agglomeration so it could be easily separated by microfiltration（MF） membrane. It was efficient to maintain high flux of membranes. The effects of operational parameters on the photocatalytic oxidation rate of FA were investigated. Results indicated that photocatalyst at 0.5 g/L and airflow at 0.06 m^3/h were the optimum condition for the removal of fulvic acid, the removal efficiency was higher in acid media than that in alkaline media. The effects of different filtration duration on permeate flux rate of MF with P25 powder and with nanoparticle TiO2 were compared. Experimental results indicated that the permeate flux rate of MF was improved and the membrane fouling phenomenon was reduced with the addition of nanoparticle TiO2 catalyst compared with conventional P25 powder. Therefore, this submerged membrane photocatalysis reactor can faciliate potential application of photocatalytic oxidation process in drinking water treatment.     

附加电场对中空纤维膜污染的减缓作用

通过对新型附加电场的中空纤维膜组件的实验室研究,探讨了电场对缓解微滤膜污染的作用.在恒定流量下过滤含有20mg/L腐殖酸的原水,无电压时,跨膜压力从0.0200MPa上升到0.0300MPa耗时2h,而施加60V电压时该时间段延长至10h.研究表明,原水中的腐殖酸在电场中发生电泳迁移,减少了向膜表面的移动,其对膜的污染被减缓;同时腐殖酸在电场中发生凝聚现象,沉积在膜表面形成疏松的滤饼层,是跨膜压力增加缓慢的另一原因.     

The effect of coupling coagulation and flocculation with membrane filtration in water treatment： A review

Water supply and sanitation demands are foreseen to face enormous challenges over the coming decades to meet the fast growing needs in a global perspective. Significant growth in the industry is predicted and membrane separation technologies have been identified as one of the possible solutions to meet future demands. Application and implementation of membrane technology is expected both in production of potable water as well as in treatment of wastewater. In potable water production membranes are substituting conventional separation technologies due the superior performance, potential for less chemical use and sludge production, as well as the potential to fulfill hygienic barrier requirements. Membrane Bio-Reactor (MBR) technology is probably the membrane process which has had most success and has the best prospects for the future in wastewater treatment. Trends and developments indicate that this technology is becoming accepted and is rapidly becoming the best available technology (BAT) for many wastewater treatment applications. A major drawback of MBR systems is membrane fouling. Studies have shown that fouling mitigation in MBR systems can potentially be done by coupling coagulation and flocculation to the process.     

电化学耦合膜工艺去除饮用水中卡马西平

研究了外加电压、初始浓度对电化学耦合膜工艺去除饮用水中卡马西平（CBZ）效果的影响.结果表明,CBZ初始浓度为100μg/L的条件下,随着电压的升高,电化学耦合膜工艺对CBZ的去除率逐渐增加,在外加电压为2V,电化学耦合膜工艺对CBZ的去除率达到88.0%;外加电压为2.0V的条件下,CBZ初始浓度为50~500μg/L时,电化学耦合膜对CBZ的去除率均达到85%以上.而与粉末活性炭/微滤膜（PAC/MF）工艺的比较可知,电化学耦合膜工艺的去除效果更为稳定,运行成本也更低.考察了水中的离子强度和腐殖酸对电化学耦合膜工艺去除CBZ效果的影响.结果表明,由于对系统中·OH的竞争作用,离子强度的增大及腐殖酸浓度的提高将抑制CBZ去除.     

错流膜生物反应器水力清洗特性研究

采用外压管式聚砜－聚丙烯腈共混超滤膜进行错流膜生物反应器水力清洗特性研究,结果表明,清洗时采用高膜面流速、低操作压力和限制透过液对流传递作用有利于错流膜生物反应器通量的恢复,这符合膜藏去除过程中的传质机理;适宜的膜面流速应稍大于临界流速ｖｋ＝１．９２ｍ／ｓ,清洗时间应控制在１０ｍｉｎ,适宜的清洗操作压力为０．０７ＭＰａ。     

不同氧化剂降低膜污染效果的研究

采用不同的氧化剂预处理黄浦江原水后进行微滤膜(MF)膜过滤试验,考察预氧化对有机物的去除作用,及其对MF膜过滤特性的影响.结果表明,3种不同氧化剂对有机物的去除效果存在较大差别.臭氧投量在0.5~3.0mg/L范围内,臭氧对DOC和UV254的去除率最高分别为10%和71%;而氯和高锰酸钾对有机物的去除效果则较差.臭氧可将大分子有机物转变成小分子有机物,将大部分疏水性有机物氧化成亲水性有机物.这种有机物组成结构的改变对膜过滤特性产生影响,明显降低了膜污染,膜污染下降率最高可达到22.7%.氯和高锰酸钾的氧化性相对较弱,仅能去除少部分疏水性有机物,对膜污染有较小减缓作用,膜污染下降率最高分别为9%和8.5%.     

Performance of a novel vertical-flow settler: a comparative study

By increasing particle concentration and G value （root-mean-square velocity gradient） to enhance flocculation, a novel vertical-flow settler was designed to increase sedimentation effectiveness, and to simultaneously improve operational stabilization. Due to the gradual decrease in upward flow-rate of raw water, a floes blanket would form and suspend in the middle section of the settler, not at the bottom as in a conventional clarifier. Enough large floes, resulted from flocculation or fltration, would continuously settle out of the floes blanket, and simultaneously, the floes in raw water or those forming above the blanket would ceaselessly enter the floes blanket. As a result, the floes concentration in the blanket could keep a dynamic balance. The hydrodynamic shear in the blanket was improved by flow separation, which was induced by the abrupt change in flow channel. Due to the floes blanket and improved hydrodynamic shear, flocculation would be enhanced, which was helpful for removing fine particles in raw water. A comparative study showed that the novel vertical-flow settler had a much better performance in the removal of the particles in raw water than a conventional one, when they treated kaolin suspensions of different concentrations （500, 100 and 50 mg/L, respectively） coagulated by polyaluminum chloride（PAC1） at the up-flow rates of 1 and 2 mm/s, respectively.