苜蓿对多环芳烃菲污染土壤的修复作用研究

采用盆栽试验方法,研究了苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)对多环芳烃菲污染土壤的修复作用.结果表明,多环芳烃菲对苜蓿的生长具有抑制作用,土壤中菲初始浓度越高抑制作用越明显.445.22 mg/kg条件下苜蓿茎叶和根的生物量最小,仅为无污染对照土壤的57.31%和31.20%.经过60 d的修复试验,苜蓿能够明显促进土壤中菲的降解.根际和非根际土壤中菲的去除率分别为85.68%～91.40%和75.25%～86.61%.同处理中根际土壤中菲残留浓度低于非根际土壤,而脱氢酶活性高于非根际土壤.无论是在非根际还是根际土壤中随着菲初始浓度增大,菲降解率和脱氢酶活性降低.脱氢酶活性与降解率的关系表明,脱氢酶活性与菲降解率显著正相关.所以植物根系的存在能够有效促进土壤中多环芳烃菲的降解.     

溴化十四烷基吡啶对黑麦草吸收土壤中菲的影响

研究了澳化十四烷基吡啶(Myrlstylpyridinium bromide,MPB)对黑麦草吸收土壤中菲的影响.结果表明.由于MPB能显著增强吸附固定土壤中的菲,限制其从土壤固相向土壤水相迁移,从而可降低土壤水相中菲浓度,导致黑麦草吸收积累菲的程度降低.在两种不同菲污染水平的土壤中,MPB添加浓度为0～600 mg·kg-1时,黑麦草根系和茎叶中菲含量均随MPB添加量的增加而降低.当MPB添加浓度为600 mg·kg-1时.黑麦草根系菲含量分别为0.12 mg·kg-1和0.35 mg·kg-1,分别比对照低了77.0%和53.3%;茎叶中菲含量为0.12 mg·kg-1和0.26 mg·kg-1,分别比对照低了64.7%和50.9%.     

金发草对土壤中菲、芘的修复机制

采用盆栽试验法,研究岩生植物金发草(Pogonatherum paniceum L.)对土壤中芘、菲的去除效果与修复机制.结果显示,在试验浓度范围(20～322 mg·kg^-1)内,种植金发草能有效去除土壤中芘、菲污染. 70 d后,菲、芘去除率分别为50.97%～86.77%、 46.45%～76.7%;比对照1(加0.1% NaN₃)高63.56%、 58.6%,比对照2(无NaN₃)高46.09%、 42.92%.金发草能吸收、富集部分菲和芘,根、茎叶组织中菲、芘含量随菲、芘添加浓度的升高而增大,且根部大于茎叶部、芘大于菲,但生物浓缩系数却逐渐减小.修复过程中,非生物因子、植物代谢、富集、微生物降解对菲的去除率分别为5.1%、 0.32%、 4.22%、 17.47%,对芘的去除率分别为2.56%、 4.27%、 2.01%、 15.68%;植物-微生物间的交互作用对菲、芘的去除率分别为41.56%、 36.64%.说明植物-微生物交互作用是金发草修复土壤中菲芘污染的主要机制.     

水培海马齿对海水菲污染修复作用的初步研究

采用水培法研究了海洋滩涂耐盐植物海马齿(Sesuvium portu lacastrum Linn.)对海水菲污染的修复作用.结果显示,实验4d后,不种植海马齿的对照组、种植海马齿的抑菌组和不抑菌组海水中菲浓度分别从0.988、0.942和0.957mg·L-1降至0.553、0.185和0.070mg·L-1,降低了44.0%、80.4%和92.7%;与对照组相比,抑菌组(T1)和不抑菌组(T2)海水中菲的去除率分别提高了36.4%和48.7%,不抑菌组又比抑菌组高12.3%.利用差减法计算的结果显示,在与自然水体接近的不抑菌条件下,菲的非生物损失、海马齿的作用和微生物的作用,三者对海水中菲浓度降低(92.7%)的贡献分别为44.0%、36.4%和12.3%,海马齿植株内菲的积累量则仅占海水中菲减少量的2.6%.研究表明,水培海马齿可明显提高菲污染海水中菲的去除率,其中,植物与微生物共同发挥着重要的作用,但植物积累不是海马齿修复海水菲污染的主要机制.     

黄秋葵对铀胁迫的光合生理响应及吸收特征

实验模拟尾矿区土壤铀污染,采用盆栽试验,研究了黄秋葵对铀(U)的抗逆性及富集能力。结果表明:(1)所设浓度土壤铀污染未明显抑制植物生长,土壤铀浓度500 mg/kg时,地上部干重较对照提高63.23%,表明实验浓度未达到影响黄秋葵生长的阈值;(2)土壤铀污染对黄秋葵叶片气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr)影响明显,250 mg/kg铀处理时分别为对照的178.9%和158.6%;500 mg/kg铀处理时,叶片的相对可变荧光(V_J)降低4.54%,250 mg/kg处理时ψo为对照的81.51%,φEo为对照的66.88%,PI_(abs)为对照的65.66%;(3)黄秋葵对铀的富集浓度在500 mg/kg处理下达到最大,地上部、地下部铀浓度分别达到30.18 mg/kg和207.89 mg/kg;BCF和TF在中低浓度时较高,最大值分别出现在100 mg/kg和50 mg/kg处理下。黄秋葵对铀具有较强抗性及富集能力。     

十二烷基硫酸钠和Triton X-100淋洗菲污染砂土研究

比较研究了阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)、非离子表面活性剂辛基酚聚氧乙烯醚Triton X-100(TX100)及其混合表面活性剂(SDS-TX100)对菲污染砂土的柱淋洗作用.表面活性剂质量浓度为1000、1750、2500和3250mg·L-1,混合表面活性剂的质量配比SDS∶TX100(S∶T)分别为1∶1、1∶2和1∶4.结果表明,单一SDS对土柱中菲的淋洗曲线规律不明显,呈锯齿状波动;TX100和SDS-TX100对土柱中菲淋洗规律明显,随淋洗液孔隙体积数增大,淋洗液中菲浓度呈先增大,达到峰值,然后逐渐降低的趋势,且随表面活性剂浓度的增大,淋洗液中菲浓度峰值增大,所需淋洗液的累积孔隙体积数减小.在淋洗液累积孔隙体积数相同时,同种表面活性剂对菲的去除率与表面活性剂浓度呈正相关;TX100和SDS-TX100对土柱中菲的去除效果与表面活性剂浓度和配比有关,且均远远大于SDS.当表面活性剂浓度为1000、1750和2500mg·L-1时,TX100和SDS-TX100对菲的累积去除率均可达95%以上,但SDS-TX100所需的累积孔隙体积数小于TX100;当表面活性剂浓度为3250mg·L-1时,5种表面活性剂(SDS、TX100、S∶T=1∶1、S∶T=1∶2和S∶T=1∶4)对菲的累积去除率均达到最大,分别为70.8%、99.9%、99.9%、98.7%和99.2%,而TX100所需的累积孔隙体积数最小.在表面活性剂淋洗修复有机污染土壤时,表面活性剂种类、浓度和配比等因素对修复效果影响显著.     

表面活性剂Tween80及DOM对土壤中菲、芘解吸的影响

采用室内序批试验研究了水溶性有机物（DOM）及表面活性剂Tween80对污染土壤中菲、芘解吸行为的影响.结果表明,DOM能够增加土壤中菲、芘的解吸率,且猪粪堆肥的DOM作用效果较好;随着体系中Tween80浓度的增加,土壤中菲、芘的解吸率也明显地增加,当Tween80浓度为150 mg·L^-1时,菲、芘的解吸率分别是对照的1.7倍（菲）和6.2倍（芘）;DOM与Tween80联合作用时受Tween80浓度的影响,低浓度时联合作用效果不明显,当Tween80为150 mg·L^-1时,菲、芘的解吸率显著增加且大于两者单独作用的结果之和.试验结果还表明,同等条件下高相对分子质量DOM组分（>25000）对土壤中菲、芘的解吸作用大于低相对分子质量DOM组分（<1 000）.     

臭氧预氧化-堆肥去除污染土壤中菲实验研究

分别将菲的丙酮溶液喷洒入未被污染的表层红壤和次表层红壤制成含菲的模拟土样,通过监测堆体温度、有机物含量、菲的残留率和种子发芽指数试验研究了臭氧预氧化-堆肥法去除污染土壤中菲的可行性.结果表明,臭氧预氧化-堆肥是一种有效去除土壤中菲污染的方法,污染土壤经处理后减弱了菲污染对植物的毒害作用,且加入的有机物经堆制腐熟后促进了植物的萌发.臭氧预氧化能够加快后续堆肥处理的启动过程并可使堆料中菲的残留率进一步降低,而土壤中有机质含量显著影响臭氧氧化的效率.臭氧处理100min时,有机质含量分别为7.73%和3.64%的表层土壤和次表层土壤中菲的去除率分别达到52.1%和76.4%.堆肥31d,经臭氧预氧化的表层土壤和次表层土壤菲的残留率分别为1.1%和0.9%,而未经臭氧预氧化样品的菲的残留率分别为15.0%和14.5%.各堆制样品种子发芽指数均可达到130%以上.     

烟草对重金属锰的吸收积累及其相互影响

采用盆栽试验方法,研究了烟草对土壤中重金属锰的吸收、耐性和积累效应。试验结果表明,锰对作物的生长发育有较明显的刺激作用或毒害效应,烟草对土壤中的Mn具有很强的耐性和累积能力。当土壤中Mn处理浓度为1500mg/kg时,虽然烟草生物量与对照相比有所降低,但植株仍能生长。随着生长介质中Mn浓度的升高,烟草叶、茎和根的Mn含量逐渐增加。当Mn处理浓度为2500mg/kg时,烟草仍能完成整个生命周期,烟草地上部分锰积累量达到最大值13501.36mg/kg。当Mn浓度>1500mg/kg时,烟草吸收的锰有76.6%～88.1%被转移到地上部分。说明烟草适合较高程度Mn污染土壤的修复。     

超声波与Triton X-100联合修复芘污染土壤的研究

该文研究了超声波联合非离子表面活性剂Triton X-100修复芘污染土壤的效果及不同因素对修复效果的影响。结果表明:增加处理次数有助于提升土壤中芘的去除率,3次处理总去除率较1次处理提高了30%。Triton X-100浓度的增加,可提高污染土壤中芘的去除率,且Triton X-100浓度为10.0 g/L时较2.0 g/L时去除率提高了18.90%。水土比为12∶1时,芘去除率达到峰值,水土比过高或过低芘去除率都会降低。随着超声时间的增加去除率呈现先升高后降低的趋势,超声时间为20 min时,对土壤中浓度为0.4 g/kg的芘去除率达到最高的75.30%。相同条件下对低浓度芘污染土壤的处理效果好于高浓度污染土壤,芘浓度为0.1 g/kg的土壤去除率比1.0 g/kg的土壤上升了46.70%。该研究结果表明超声波和表面活性剂联合处理技术具有一定的应用于土壤修复的价值和潜力。     

Uptake and accumulation of phenanthrene and pyrene in spiked soils by Ryegrass(Lolium perenne L.)

Phytoremediation has long been recognized as a cost-effective method for the removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） from soil. A study was conducted to investigate the uptake and accumulation of PAHs in root and shoot of Lolium perenne L. Pot experiments were conducted with series of concentrations of 3.31-378.37 mg/kg for phenanthrene and those of 4.22-365.38 mg/kg for pyrene in a greenhouse. The results showed that both ryegrass roots and shoots did take up PAHs from spiked soils, and generally increased with increasing concentrations of PAH in soil. Bioconcentration factors（BCFs） of phenanthrene by shoots and roots were 0.24- 4.25 and 0.17-2.12 for the same treatment. BCFs of pyrene by shoots were 0.20-1.5, except for 4.06 in 4.32 mg/kg treatment, much lower than BCFs of pyrene by roots （0.58-2.28）. BCFs of phenanthrene and pyrene tended to decrease with increasing concentrations of phenanthrene and pyrene in soil. Direct uptake and accumulation of these compounds by Lolium perenne L. was very low compared with the other loss pathways, which meant that plant-promoted microbial biodegradation might be the main contribution to plant-enhanced removal of phenanthrene and pyrene in soil. However, the presence of Lolium perenne L. significantly enhanced the removal of phenanthrene and pyrene in spiked soil. At the end of 60 d experiment, the extractable concentrations of phenanthrene and pyrene were lower in planted soil than in non-planted soil, about 83.24%-91.98% of phenanthrene and 68.53%-84.10% of pyrene were removed from soils, respectively. The results indicated that the removal of PAHs in contaminated soils was a feasible approach by using Lolium perenne L.     

Enhancing plant-microbe associated bioremediation of phenanthrene and pyrene contaminated soil by SDBS-Tween 80 mixed surfactants

The use of surfactants to enhance plant-microbe associated dissipation in soils contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) is a promising bioremediation technology. This comparative study was conducted on the effects of plant-microbe treatment on the removal of phenanthrene and pyrene from contaminated soil, in the presence of low concentration single anionic, nonionic and anionic-nonionic mixed surfactants. Sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate(SDBS) and Tween 80 were chosen as representative anionic and nonionic surfactants, respectively. We found that mixed surfactants with concentrations less than 150 mg/kg were more effective in promoting plant-microbe associated bioremediation than the same amount of single surfactants. Only about(m/m) of mixed surfactants was needed to remove the same amount of phenanthrene and pyrene from either the planted or unplanted soils, when compared to Tween 80. Mixed surfactants( 150 mg/kg) better enhanced the degradation efficiency of phenanthrene and pyrene via microbe or plant-microbe routes in the soils. In the concentration range of 60–150 mg/kg, both ryegrass roots and shoots could accumulate 2–3 times the phenanthrene and pyrene with mixed surfactants than with Tween 80. These results may be explained by the lower sorption loss and reduced interfacial tension of mixed surfactants relative to Tween 80, which enhanced the bioavailability of PAHs in soil and the microbial degradation efficiency. The higher remediation efficiency of low dosage SDBS-Tween 80 mixed surfactants thus advanced the technology of surfactant-enhanced plant-microbe associated bioremediation.     

真菌对污染旱地红壤中苯并[a]芘共代谢降解研究

在恒温和恒定转速培养条件下,模拟生物泥浆反应器法,选择从石油污染土壤中分离出来的青霉菌、黑曲霉、白腐真菌等3种真菌,在添加不同浓度菲和邻苯二甲酸作为共存底物情况下,研究其对旱地红壤中苯并[a]芘(B[a]P)的共代谢降解.结果表明,未灭菌土壤对B[a]P有降解能力,当土壤中添加菲时,提高了B[a]P在土壤中的降解率,100 mg.kg-1浓度菲处理的降解率显著高于200 mg.kg-1浓度菲处理,邻苯二甲酸对B[a]P降解影响不大.灭菌土壤中B[a]P几乎没有降解,添加共代谢底物后土壤中B[a]P降解率变化不明显.添加菲及邻苯二甲酸均促进了青霉菌对B[a]P的降解,提高其降解率,其中添加菲的效果更明显.与灭菌土壤相比,接种黑曲霉提高了B[a]P的降解率,但是添加菲与邻苯二甲酸却均抑制了黑曲霉菌对B[a]P的降解.白腐真菌对旱地红壤中B[a]P的降解能力较差,但当菲或邻苯二甲酸存在时能显著提高白腐真菌对B[a]P的降解,且菲比邻苯二甲酸效果好.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

石油污染土壤的生态效应及修复技术研究

以玉米和向日葵为研究对象,通过田间试验研究了石油污染土壤对植物生长的影响及两种植物对石油污染土壤的修复作用;考察了节细菌(DX-9)对玉米,向日葵植物修复的强化和协同效应;探讨了石油烃在植物不同部位的残留量。结果表明:在土壤石油烃含量初始值为10000mg/kg时,玉米、向日葵生物量分别减少14.5%和21.0%。150d土壤中石油烃降解率分别为42.5%和46.4%,较对照区提高了100.5%和118.9%;节细菌的施加使两种植物的降解率分别提高到72.8%和76.4%。石油烃在玉米的根、茎、叶、芯和籽仁中的含量较对照区分别增加了19.4%、0.8%、0.7%、1.3%和14.8%,在向日葵的根、茎、叶、葵盘和籽仁中的含量分别增加了184.5%、1.2%、1.1%、2.3%和31.2%。结论表明:石油污染土壤对玉米,向日葵生长性状和籽仁质量有显著影响;玉米或向日葵与节细菌(DX-9)联合进行石油污染土壤的生物修复效果显著;石油烃在植物各部位均有不同程度的残留,根部残留量最大。     

处理温度和时间对六氯苯污染土壤热解吸修复的影响

以山东潮土作为供试土壤,模拟HCB(六氯苯)污染土壤的热解吸试验研究. 考察处理温度和时间2个主要影响因素对热解吸后土壤中HCB的去除率及其热解产物变化的影响. 结果表明:随处理温度的升高和处理时间的延长,HCB的去除率逐渐增大,在处理温度400 ℃、处理时间10 min时,HCB的去除率达到94.2%;在处理温度450 ℃、处理时间60 min时,HCB 的去除率达到99.4 %,去除效果明显,w(HCB)达到HJ 350—2007《展览会用地土壤环境质量评价标准》的A级标准限值(≤0.66 mg/kg);继续升高处理温度和延长处理时间对HCB的去除率改变不大. HCB的热解吸过程不仅是HCB的物理分离过程,也存在HCB的还原脱氯过程,HCB的热解产物主要为1,3,5-TCB(1,3,5-三氯苯)和1,2,4-TCB(1,2,4-三氯苯);处理温度450 ℃、处理时间60 min为该污染土壤较为合适的热解吸运行参数.      

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils. Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator, which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb. The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues. The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was: leaf > stem > root. The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied. The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application. Compared with CK (control check), EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant. The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23–680.56 mg/kg to 29.07–1905.57 mg/kg. This research demonstrated that B. maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil, especially, combination with EDTA.     

某电镀厂附近农田土壤中的重金属形态研究

通过连续提取法对电镀废水污染区和对照区农田土壤中的重金属元素Cu、Cr、Ni、Pb和Mn形态进行了研究.结果显示,污染区土壤中多种形态的Cu、Cr和Ni含量都显著高于对照区,尤其以它们的有机结合态差异最为显著.污染区较对照区土壤中Mn的总量虽无显著差异,但可交换态Mn的含量显著增加(分别为98.68mg/kg和40.75mg/kg).污染区与对照区土壤中的Pb的交换态、碳酸盐结合态、Fe-Mn氧化物结合态、有机结合态和残留态均无显著差异.电镀废水的污染使得农田土壤中Cu、Cr和Ni含量和生物有效性显著升高,Mn的化学形态改变,移动性和生物有效性增加.     

Phytoremediation for phenanthrene and pyrene contaminated soils

Phytoremediation of soil contaminated with phenanthrene and pyrene was investigated using twelve plant species. Plant uptake nd accumulation of these chemicals were evaluated. At the end of the experiment(45 d), the remaining respective concentrations of soil henanthrene and pyrene in spiked vegetated soils, with initial phenanthrene of 133.3 mg/kg and pyrene of 171.5 mg/kg, were 8.71-16.4 nd 44.9-65.0 mg/kg, generally 4.7%-49.4% and 7.1%-35.9% lower than their concentrations in the non-vegetated soils. The loss f phenanthrene and pyrene in vegetated spiked soils were 88.2%-93.0% and 62.3%-73.8% of the added amounts of these ontaminants, respectively. Although plant uptake and accumulation of these compounds were evident, and root concentrations and RCFs(root concentration factors; defined as the ratio of PAH concentrations in roots and in the soils on a dry weight basis) of these compounds ignificantly positively correlated to root lipid contents, plant uptake and accumulation only accounted for less than 0.01% and 0.23% of the nhanced loss of these chemicals in vegetated versus non-vegetated soils. In contrast, plant-promoted microbial biodegradation was the ominant mechanism of the phytoremediation for soil phenanthrene and pyrene contamination. Results from this study suggested a easibility of the establishment of phytoremediation for soil PAH contamination.