膜生物反应器应用于脱氮除磷的研究进展

膜生物反应器(MBR)是一种新型高效的污水处理工艺,近年来在世界范围内引起了广泛的关注。文中综述了MBR工艺在脱氮、除磷方面的研究成果以及多种工艺的处理效果,同时还介绍了影响MBR脱氮除磷效率的因素。     

美国污水处理厂深度除磷技术分析

污水处理厂控磷是防治湖泊等封闭性水域富营养化最有效的对策之一。但国内污水处理厂传统的除磷技术不足以改善水质,控制水体富营养化。综述了美国环境保护署推荐的深度除磷技术,介绍了美国污水处理厂深度除磷技术的工程案例。结果表明,美国深度除磷技术主要分为3大类:生物除磷+化学除磷+沉淀过滤、生物除磷+化学除磷+两级过滤、生物除磷+化学除磷+膜分离。通过对美国深度除磷技术的综述和分析,为中国污水处理厂除磷技术改进及已建设施的提升改造提供了重要参考依据和借鉴意义。     

丝绸厂汰头废水除磷试验研究

针对丝绸厂汰头废水高有机物浓度高氮磷的特点,对该废水的化学除磷工艺及生物化学组合除磷工艺的除磷效能进行了对比研究,考察了有机负荷、运行工况、工艺组合、药剂种类和投加量等对除磷效能的影响.试验结果表明:对汰头废水采用厌氧-生物除磷-生物脱氮-化学除磷组合工艺除磷经济高效,当生物除磷SBBR工艺单元有机负荷为3 kgBOD5/m3·d,运行工况为进水0.5 h-厌氧2 h-曝气4 h-沉淀1 h-排水0.5 h,化学除磷工艺单元投加60 mg/L聚合氯化铝(PAC)时,可使COD及PO3-4分别为10 000 mg/L和114 mg/L的进水,出水COD及PO3-4分别为93 mg/L和0.23 mg/L;总ηCOD91.5%,ηPO3-4为99.8%.其中生物除磷工艺单元承担的ηPO3-4为75%;化学除磷工艺单元承担的ηPO3-4为24.8%.     

A/O一膜生物反应器工艺应用于城市污水处理厂出水提标改造的研究

分析了A/O-膜生物反应器(MBR)工艺在某污水处理厂出水提标改造中的应用可行性.结果表明,利用A/O-MBR工艺对某污水处理厂出水进行提标改造后,除TP外,出水COD、NH+4-N、TN指标符合《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918-2002)一级A标准,应对出水再采用一定的强化除磷措施(如投加化学除磷药剂...     

废水除磷技术的研究与发展

目前，人们越来越重视污水除磷技术。本文介绍与评述了化学和生物两种除磷方式及其除磷机理和工艺，并着重介绍了生物除磷的现状、发展和研究动向。     

污水反硝化除磷技术研究进展

应用反硝化除磷技术,可解决传统生物脱氮除磷工艺中硝化菌与聚磷菌之间污泥龄的矛盾,以及反硝化与释磷之间的有机物之争的难题,是目前除磷技术的研究热点之一。针对传统生物脱氮除磷工艺中存在的碳源不足、耗能大等问题,介绍了几种典型的反硝化除磷工艺,并分析了反硝化除磷技术的影响因素。     

侧流化学除磷对AO连续流生物除磷系统的影响

为解决城市污水高效除磷和磷回收的问题,开发厌氧释磷上清液侧流除磷工艺(anaerobic supernatant phosphate strip process,简称ASPS工艺),在侧流比为33%下运行,发现该工艺对生物除磷系统的影响主要表现在以下几个方面:(1)系统磷和有机物的去除性能不受影响,出水可溶性磷和COD浓度分别为(0.53±0.12)mg/L、(42.00±5.69)mg/L;(2)活性污泥分布松散并与大量丝状菌结合成难沉降的絮状结构,沉降性能变差,粒径变小;(3)从系统内微生物能量代谢角度分析知,胞内PHA和糖原含量水平无明显变化;但胞内聚磷颗粒含量减少,厌氧释磷受阻,侧流厌氧释磷浓度从22.17mg/L下降至5.20 mg/L,最终导致侧流部分失去高浓度磷化学沉淀的优势;(4)化学磷回收量占进水磷量比由133.02%下降至31.20%,可实现磷的有效去除和回收利用;(5)对微生物种群变化的影响还有待进一步探究。     

生物化学协同除磷研究

采用聚合硅酸铝和聚合硅酸铁两种混凝剂，比较了将混凝剂直接投加到反应器中和对生物反应器出水再进行混凝沉淀2种工艺的除磷效果，并对2种混凝剂的除磷效果进行了比较。结果表明：对于聚合硅酸铝，没有生物协同作用；对于聚合硅酸铁，投加量在40mg／L以下时具有生物协同作用，30mg／L时协同作用最明显；而且聚合硅酸铁的除磷效果好于聚合硅酸铝。     

新型高效反硝化除磷工艺

针对传统生物脱氮除磷工艺中存在的问题,简述了反硝化除磷工艺所具有的优点及其代谢途径．提出了两种典型的反硝化除磷工艺,并介绍了反硝化除磷技术的影响因素和测定方法。反硝化除磷技术的应用可解决传统生物脱氮除磷工艺中硝化菌污泥龄与聚磷菌污泥龄的差别以及反硝化菌与聚磷菌之间有机物之争的难题。     

生物化学协同除磷研究

采用聚合硅酸铝和聚合硅酸铁两种混凝剂,比较了将混凝剂直接投加到反应器中和对生物反应器出水再进行混凝沉淀2种工艺的除磷效果,并对2种混凝剂的除磷效果进行了比较.结果表明:对于聚合硅酸铝,没有生物协同作用;对于聚合硅酸铁,投加量在40 mg/L以下时具有生物协同作用,30 mg/L时协同作用最明显;而且聚合硅酸铁的除磷效果好于聚合硅酸铝.     

好氧-缺氧-闲置运行模式处理生活污水

在3个序批式反应器中,利用好氧-缺氧-闲置的运行模式处理实际生活污水,比较了不同曝气时间（2、3和4h）条件下的处理效果,结果表明,在R2（2 h）反应器中成功实现了单级好氧除磷和内聚物驱动的短程硝化反硝化。采用此反应器运行模式,对实际生活污水进行长期处理,反应器的COD、TN和TP的平均去除率分别为85.29%、74.09%和87.97%。本研究表明,在好氧-缺氧-闲置的运行模式下处理生活污水,能成功地实现单级好氧除磷与内聚物驱动的短程硝化反硝化的结合,并且在长期运行的过程中,能稳定地取得较好的脱氮、除磷效率。     

水解酸化-A~2O污泥减量工艺的运行性能研究

生物处理单元采用水解酸化、多级串联接触曝气、连续流的除磷脱氮A2/O工艺,并辅以外排厌氧富磷污水侧流除磷,开发了一个新型的具有强化除磷脱氮功能的污泥减量HA-A/A-MCO工艺。用该工艺处理校园生活污水发现,在SRT60 d、进水COD 316~407 mg/L、NH4+-N30~40 mg/L、TN35~53 mg/L、TP 8~12 mg/L的条件下,出水COD≤18 mg/L、NH4+-N≤2.1 mg/L、TN≤10.3 mg/L、TP≤0.44 mg/L。研究还发现,水解酸化池处理产生的VFA能有效促进生物除磷脱氮,导致厌氧释磷量达57 mg/L,进入化学除磷池的侧流液量仅相当于进水量的13%;系统最主要的脱氮形式是SND和缺氧反硝化,SND脱氮占脱氮总量的50%,缺氧反硝化占26%;HA-A/A-MCO系统有效实现了生物相分离,并利用生物捕食作用获得较低的污泥产率,0.1 g MLSS/g COD。     

水解酸化-A2O污泥减量工艺的运行性能研究

生物处理单元采用水解酸化、多级串联接触曝气、连续流的除磷脱氮A2／O工艺，并辅以外排厌氧富磷污水侧流除磷，开发了一个新型的具有强化除磷脱氮功能的污泥减量HA—A／A—MCO工艺。用该工艺处理校园生活污水发现，在SRT60d、进水COD316～407mg／L、NH4＋-N30～40mg／L、TN35～53mg／L、TP8—12mg／L的条件下，出水COD≤18mg／L、NH4＋-N≤2．1mg／L、TN≤10．3mg／L、TP≤0．44mg／L。研究还发现，水解酸化池处理产生的VFA能有效促进生物除磷脱氮，导致厌氧释磷量达57mg／L，进入化学除磷池的侧流液量仅相当于进水量的13％；系统最主要的脱氮形式是SND和缺氧反硝化，SND脱氮占脱氮总量的50％，缺氧反硝化占26％；HA-A／A—MCO系统有效实现了生物相分离，并利用生物捕食作用获得较低的污泥产率，0．1gMLSS／gCOD。     

3池交替运行活性污泥法生物除磷脱氮的探讨

介绍了 3池交替运行活性污泥法进行生物除磷脱氮的运行模式 ,从理论上探讨了溶解氧、污泥龄等运行参数的确定与控制及碳源、硝酸盐对工艺生物除磷脱氮的影响。     

不同运行模式对同步脱氮除磷CAST工艺快速启动及其稳定维持的影响

以实际生活污水为处理对象,考察了传统进水/曝气和改良型分段进水的交替缺氧-好氧(A/O)2种运行模式对CAST工艺的快速启动及脱氮除磷性能稳定维持的影响。结果表明,传统进水/曝气运行模式下,系统达到最佳营养物去除性能所需启动时间30 d,稳定运行阶段TN平均去除80.66%,磷的去除率维持在66.30%左右;采用改良型交替运行模式,反应器达到稳定运行状态仅需18 d,系统稳定运行时TN平均去除81.36%,磷去除率稳定维持在90%以上,出水磷浓度在0.3 mg/L以下,出水水质达到国家污水综合排放标准一级A(GB8978-2002)。研究还发现,传统运行模式下,由低温引起的污泥沉降性能变差导致系统污泥严重流失,反应器几乎丧失污染物去除性能;而低温对交替运行模式下的反应器除磷性能几乎没有影响,总氮去除则因氨氮不完全硝化而大大降低。     

UNITANK工艺提高氮、磷去除率的研究

采用UNITANK工艺处理城市生活污水 ,考察了主体阶段和过渡阶段时间的设置对除磷脱氮处理效果的影响 ,并提出通过氧化还原电位进行释磷和反硝化监控的设想     

A/O工艺膜生物反应器处理生活污水的脱氮特性及硝化菌群的分子检测

采用A/O工艺膜生物反应器(MBR),以生活污水为处理对象,考察了系统的脱氮特性,并采用聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)与荧光原位杂交(FISH)技术对系统中硝化菌群进行了分子检测.结果表明,A/O工艺MBR处理生活污水,TN去除率在85%左右,NH3-N去除率在95%以上;DGGE图谱显示,随着系统运行时间的延长,硝化菌群数量逐渐增加,并且不同菌种的丰度也发生了变化;FISH检测显示,系统中硝化菌的优势菌种为氨氧化菌和亚硝酸氧化菌.应用Motic Fluo 1.0软件对FISH结果进行分析,结果显示,系统运行初期到末期,氨氧化菌占硝化菌的比例一直保持在25%左右;亚硝酸氧化菌占硝化菌的比例由系统运行初期的35%逐渐增加到系统运行末期的55%左右.     

Electrocoagulation-integrated hybrid membrane processes for the treatment of tannery wastewater

Three different combinations of treatment techniques, i.e. electrocoagulation combined with microfiltration (EMR), membrane bioreactor (MBR) and electrocoagulation integrated with membrane bioreactor (hybrid MBR, (HMBR)), were analysed and compared for the treatment of tannery wastewater operated for 7 days under the constant trans-membrane pressure of 5 kPa. HMBR was found to be most suitable in performance as well as fouling reduction, with 94 % of chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal, 100 % chromium removal and 8 % improvement in percentage reduction in permeate flux compared to MBR with only 90 % COD removal and 67 % chromium removal. The effect of mixed liquor suspended solids on fouling was also investigated and was found to be insignificant. EMR was capable of elevating the flux but was not as efficient as HMBR and MBR in COD removal. Fouling reduction by HMBR was further confirmed by SEM-EDX and particle size analysis.     

Aerobic and anaerobic membrane bioreactors for municipal wastewater treatment.

An aerobic bioreactor and an anaerobic bioreactor, each coupled with a microfiltration membrane filter (MBR), were operated at different hydraulic retention times (HRTs) with primary effluent from the City of Elmhurst, Illinois, municipal-wastewater-treatment plant. The soluble chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal performance of the anaerobic MBR system was similar to that of the aerobic MBR under the same operational conditions, without the added cost of aeration. The results indicated that the solids deposition rate on the membrane surface was lower in the case of anaerobic MBR compared to the aerobic MBR, indicating possible lower loss in water-flux rates. This research found that an anaerobic MBR is a feasible and economical option for municipal-wastewater-treatment plants seeking COD removal by a biological process followed by a separate nitrification and denitrification system.     

Laboratory and field evaluation of a pretreatment system for removing organics from produced water

Co-produced water from the oil and gas industry accounts for a significant waste stream in the United States. This "produced water" is characterized by saline water containing a variety of pollutants, including water soluble and immiscible organics and many inorganic species. To reuse produced water, removal of both the inorganic dissolved solids and organic compounds is necessary. In this research, the effectiveness of a pretreatment system consisting of surfactant modified zeolite (SMZ) adsorption followed by a membrane bioreactor (MBR) was evaluated for simultaneous removal of carboxylates and hazardous substances, such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) from saline-produced water. A laboratory-scale MBR, operated at a 9.6-hour hydraulic residence time, degraded 92% of the carboxylates present in synthetic produced water. When BTEX was introduced simultaneously to the MBR system with the carboxylates, the system achieved 80 to 95% removal of BTEX via biodegradation. These results suggest that simultaneous biodegradation of both BTEX and carboxylate constituents found in produced water is possible. A field test conducted at a produced water disposal facility in Farmington, New Mexico confirmed the laboratory-scale results for the MBR and demonstrated enhanced removal of BTEX using a treatment train consisting of SMZ columns followed by the MBR. While most of the BTEX constituents of the produced water adsorbed onto the SMZ adsorption system, approximately 95% of the BTEX that penetrated the SMZ and entered the MBR was biodegraded in the MBR. Removal rates of acetate (influent concentrations of 120 to 170 mg/L) ranged from 91 to 100%, and total organic carbon (influent concentrations as high as 580 mg/L) ranged from 74 to 92%, respectively. Organic removal in the MBR was accomplished at a low biomass concentration of 1 g/L throughout the field trial. While the transmembrane pressure during the laboratory-scale tests was well-controlled, it rose substantially during the field test, where no pH control was implemented. The results suggest that pretreatment with an SMZ/MBR system can provide substantial removal of organic compounds present in produced water, a necessary first step for many water-reuse applications.