液晶显示器玻璃基板回收工艺

利用无机溶液对废液晶显示屏的玻璃基板回收工艺作了初步的探索,根据回收处理的难易,简单地将废弃液晶显示屏分为3类:含树脂黑色矩阵膜的上层玻璃基板可以采用氢氧化钠直接浸泡处理、含铬黑矩阵膜的上层玻璃基板和下层玻璃基板可以先用氢氧化钠溶液浸泡去除偏光片,再用氢氟酸溶液浸泡处理。结果表明,利用无机溶液处理可以较快得到干净的玻璃基板,而且工艺简单、成本低。     

低温碱溶脱除液晶显示器(LCD)玻璃基板粉末中的硅和铝

为了提高氯化法回收LCD中铟的效果,降低Si O_2和Al_2O_3对氯化过程的干扰,采用Na OH对液晶显示器玻璃基板粉末中的硅和铝进行了预先溶出规律研究。首先分析了LCD粉末中Si O_2和Al_2O_3的含量、形貌以及铟的浸出变化,然后计算了Si O_2和Al_2O_3的脱除效率。在条件实验基础上通过正交实验设计得出优化实验条件。研究表明,在液固比为90∶2、温度95℃、溶出时间2 h、碱度0.56 g/L的最佳工艺条件下,Si O_2的脱除率为80.88%、Al_2O_3的脱除率为83.30%、二者总的脱除率为81.30%,洗涤液中没有发现铟的溶出,碱溶后的物料表面产生大量均匀的孔状结构。这将对液晶显示器玻璃基板粉末的资源化与铟的富集有重要意义。     

废弃液晶显示器中铟的溴化法浸出研究

液晶显示器(LCD)是电视、电脑和手机等电子产品的重要部件,资源化回收所含的稀有金属铟具有重要意义。结果表明:(1)采用溴化法浸出LCD中的铟,在采用Br2、溴化钠及硫酸质量浓度分别为20、16、55.2g/L的溴水浸出剂、浸出时间3h、温度50℃的条件下,铟浸出率可达99.2%。(2)采用双极室阴离子膜电解槽电解回收Br2,当电解电压为1.8V、电解时间为300min时,采用四氯化碳对浸出液中未参加反应的Br2进行萃取回收,Br2的回收率为83.5%;电解阴极液中的Fe3+被还原为Fe2+以达到屏蔽目的,电解240min后Fe2+生成量达1 801mg/L,转化率为90.9%。(3)采用氢氧化钠沉淀法粗提取铟,当pH为4.78时,沉淀物的主要成分为In(OH)3,滤渣中In3+占总金属离子质量的47.9%,铟的回收率为94.8%。     

多因素对聚氯乙烯和废弃液晶显示屏协同热解氯化提铟的影响

聚氯乙烯(polyvinyl chloride,PVC)和废弃液晶显示屏(liquid crystal displays,LCDs)协同热解,可利用PVC产生的氯化氢提取LCDs中的铟,实现废弃PVC塑料和LCDs废物综合利用。通过PVC和LCDs协同热解实验,在PVC热解温度和载气流速一定条件下,采用采用Design-Expert 8.0.5b软件对氯铟比、氯化温度、氯化时间等因素进行实验方案设计和结果分析。结果表明,在其他操作条件一定的前提下,氯铟比、氯化温度、氯化时间对铟回收率的影响均为显著;通过分析实验结果并建立数学模型,最终得到实际可操作的最佳实验条件,其结果为氯化温度为500℃、氯化时间为30 min和氯铟比为11∶1,铟回收率为97.50%。本研究对于废弃PVC塑料和LCDs的资源化综合利用具有重要的参考价值。     

废弃LCD面板金属铟的超声协同浸出

随着LCD报废数量的逐年增多,废弃LCD面板所含金属铟的回收再用已成为铟资源回收领域急需解决的问题。为提高废弃LCD面板金属铟的回收效率,研究提出利用超声对其进行协同浸出,以硫酸为浸出液考察超声及不同反应条件对铟浸出效率的影响。研究结果显示,超声协同能有效提高铟的浸出效率,在实验参数范围内铟的浸出率随超声功率、反应温度及酸浓度的增加而增大,随物料粒径增大而减小。在超声功率为800 W、反应温度60~70℃、硫酸浓度0.5mol/L、物料粒径小于0.5 mm条件下,浸出反应5 h铟的浸出率可达74.1%。在此基础上,研究进一步分析了超声对铟浸出反应的协同作用机制,指出热学与机械作用是超声促进废弃LCD面板金属铟浸出反应进行、提高铟浸出效率的主要作用机制。     

稀土荧光粉回收利用技术研究现状与发展趋势

中国是稀土资源最为丰富的国家之一,但随着稀土消费需求的增加、大量廉价出口和长期掠夺式开采等因素的影响,近年来中国的稀土储量锐减.因此,迫切需要对废旧稀土产品进行高效回收再利用.综述了直接萃取、CO2超临界萃取分离、离心分离、浮选分离、湿法浸取分离这几种主要的稀土荧光粉回收利用技术的研究现状,并对不同方法的优缺点进行了比较,最后指出了未来的发展方向.     

高锰酸钾生产废渣中的高价锰回收方法研究

高锰酸钾生产过程所产生的废渣中含有较多的高价态锰,导致锰资源的浪费和潜在的环境污染问题。采用葡萄糖-硫酸还原浸取法浸取高锰酸钾渣中的高价锰,实验探讨了葡萄糖用量、硫酸用量及浸取温度等因素对锰浸取率的影响,并研究了化学氧化法回收二价锰的工艺条件。结果表明,在葡萄糖与高锰酸钾渣质量比为0.3、硫酸物质的量与高锰酸钾渣质量之...     

利用高炉瓦斯泥中的锌制备活性氧化锌的研究

利用高炉炼铁瓦斯泥中的锌,采用火法富集和湿法浸取制取活性氧化锌。考察了温度、时间对火法富集产品中氧化锌含量和原料瓦斯泥中锌挥发率的影响,确定了富集工艺的最佳条件为:在氮气氛围下,温度从常温以10℃/min升温至1 000℃并且在1 000℃下保持1 h,得到的富集产品中氧化锌含量82.24%;瓦斯泥中锌挥发率97%。同时考察了温度、氨水用量、碳酸氢铵用量和液固比等因素对氧化锌浸取率的影响。确定的最佳工艺条件为:浸取温度40℃,氨水用量为理论量的2倍,碳酸氢铵用量为理论量的2倍,液固比4∶1,浸取时间2 h,氧化锌浸取率达99.9%。湿法制得的活性前驱体碱式碳酸锌,经煅烧得到纯度为98.4%的活性氧化锌产品,氧化锌的总回收率达95.3%。     

废旧晶体硅光伏组件的回收利用

为应对光伏产业的快速发展而产生的废旧光伏组件高效低污染回收利用的问题,对不同气氛下光伏封装材料及背板材料的热失重行为及其产物进行了实验分析;并利用高温箱式炉对晶体硅组件进行热处理回收研究。考察了热处理温度、升温速率以及有无背板对硅晶片回收的影响。结果表明,封装材料和背板材料在空气气氛下均存在2个失重阶段,且最终失重温度为500℃左右。通过高温热处理,能够完全去除背板和封装材料,且能回收完整的表面玻璃。预先去除背板的光伏电池在热处理后的硅晶片完整性明显比未去除背板的光伏组件好。以20℃·min~(-1)的升温速率加热至480℃,得到了高完整性的回收硅晶片。     

生物浸取电解锰渣中锰的研究

为了评价生物法浸取电解锰渣中锰的可行性，利用锰渣土壤中筛选出的2种锰抗性强的微生物Serratia sp.和Fusarium sp.浸取电解锰渣中的锰，并采用优化的BCR（European Community Bureau of Reference）连续萃取方案对浸取前后的金属锰进行形态分析，研究其浸出率和浸取前后锰的形态变化特征。同时考察了3种萃取剂EDTA、HNO₃和CaCl₂对锰的萃取效率及萃取后金属锰的形态变化。研究结果表明，Serratia sp.和Fusarium sp.对锰都表现出一定的浸取能力，Fusarium sp.的浸取能力尤为显著，3 d后锰浸出率达到56.5%，为锰污染的微生物治理和资源化利用提供科学依据。3种萃取剂对锰的浸取效果为EDTA>HNO₃>CaCl₂，平均萃取效率依次为50.0%、28.8%和21.2%。浸取前后，酸溶解态锰所占比例变化较显著，说明酸溶解态锰是比较容易浸取的形态。     

废LCD面板有机材料水热资源化产乙酸

LCD面板主要由附着偏光片及液晶等有机材料的玻璃面板构成。有机材料的去除及资源化利用是废LCD面板处理的第一步。在水热条件下对废LCD面板进行了降解产酸研究。研究考察了反应温度、反应时间、氧化剂用量、水用量及pH值等对水热产乙酸产率及选择性的影响。通过正交实验确定了水热产乙酸的最佳操作条件：反应温度325℃，反应时间5min，氧化剂（30％H2O2）0．6mL，用水量2mL，近中性环境（pH6-6．5去离子水）。此条件下，乙酸产率及选择性分别为68．83％及70．56％。结果表明，以废LCD面板有机材料为原料，采用水热技术进行产乙酸反应，可实现其资源化再利用。     

用乳状液膜法从镀金废液中回收金的研究

报道了用乳状液膜法从镀金废液中回收金的研究，分析了各种工艺条件的影响，在最佳实验条件下，经一级间歇式液膜分离在内水相获得纯度为９９．９％的单质金，收率为９９．１％，本法具有流程短、速度快和效率高的特点，具有工业应用前景。     

工艺条件对鸟粪石晶体的粒径和沉降速度的影响

采用激光粒度仪实验测定了小型套管式空气曝气填料层磷回收装置中不同条件下生成的鸟粪石晶体的体积平均粒径，考察了其变化规律，并结合Stokes公式计算了晶体的沉降速率，同时考虑鸟粪石晶体形状的影响，进行了相应的修正。实验结果表明，鸟粪石的粒径在10—200μm之间，主要集中于20～100μm；在磷回收装置中添加填料并通人空气有利于增大鸟粪石晶体的粒径和沉降速度，无填料无空气时和有填料有空气时的平均粒径分别在30～55μm和40～65μm之间。随着pH值的增大，鸟粪石晶体的粒径和沉降速度逐渐增大，但当pH大于9．0后，鸟粪石晶体的粒径和沉降速度又逐渐减小；氮磷比值从1：1增大到2：1，鸟粪石晶体的粒径和沉降速度小幅度增加，氮磷比进一步增大，鸟粪石晶体的粒径和沉降速度基本不变；镁磷摩尔比在1：1—1．2：1的范围内时，鸟粪石晶体的平均粒径和沉降速度随镁磷比的增大而增大；镁磷摩尔比大于1．2：1后，鸟粪石晶体的平均粒径和沉降速度随镁磷比的增大逐渐减小；初始磷浓度越高，鸟粪石晶体的平均粒径和沉降速度越大。     

Elemental source signatures of aerosols from the Canadian high Arctic

The seasonal fluctuations of antimony, arsenic, indium, manganese and vanadium have been measured in airborne particulate matter from 1982-1987 at Alert in the Canadian high Arctic. Calculations of enrichment factors have shown that arsenic and antimony are very enriched in the wintertime aerosol. While wintertime ratios of non-crustal manganese/non-crustal vanadium were in agreement with previously published work, summertime ratios often resulted in negative values. A re-evaluation of the crustal Mn/V ratio was undertaken by looking at this ratio during the summertime and assuming that nearly all the airborne particulate matter was derived from crustal matter. Principal Source Contribution Function Analyses were performed for arsenic, indium and manganese. The results suggested that these important regional signatures can now be characterized as coming from distinct European and Asian areas. This improvement in area resolution is much more satisfactory than citing the usual attribution of an overall Eurasian source.     

Indium detoxification in Pseudomonas fluorescens

The interaction between indium, a non-essential toxic element, and a soil bacterium was studied. Although the presence of 0.5 mm indium complexed to citrate, the sole source of carbon, had an inhibitory influence on growth rate and cellular yield, Pseudomonas fluorescens circumvented the toxicity of the trivalent metal via its insolubilization as a phosphorus residue. The inclusion of 20 microm iron (III) arrested the negative impact of indium and no diminution of cellular yield was recorded. In this instance indium homeostasis was also attained by elaboration of an extracellular phosphorus-containing deposit. Electrophoretic analyses of the cytoplasmic extracts revealed several dissimilar patterns. Notably, two polypeptides with apparent molecular masses of 57 kDa and 18 kDa were induced in the metal-stressed bacteria. An increment in extracellular carbohydrates in metal-supplemented media was observed. No citrate was detected in the spent fluid at the cessation of cellular bilization may have potential application in metal pollution management.     

Determination of volatile organic compounds in workplace air by multisorbent adsorption/thermal desorption-GC/MS

Investigation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was first conducted in the air of class-100 cleanrooms at liquid crystal display (LCD) fabrication facilities. Air samples were collected on multisorbent tubes (including Carbopack B, Carbopack C, and Carbosieve S-III) and analyzed using adsorption/thermal desorption coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Optimal conditions lead to average recoveries in the range of 96.2-98.2%, and method detection limits between 0.38 and 0.78 ppb, under the condition of 1-l sampling volume and 80% relative humidity. The method appears to be accurate, sensitive, simple and well-suited for determining VOC distributions from various stages of LCD manufacturing process and temporal variations of the analyte concentrations. About 15 VOCs were identified in workplace air. The major pollutants such as propylene glycol methyl ether acetate (PGMEA), butyl acetate, and acetone that are commonly used in the opto-electronics industry were detected and accurately quantified with the established method.     

纳米SiO2改性聚偏氟乙烯离子交换膜对单组分电解质溶液的脱盐性能研究

对纳米SiO2改性聚偏氟乙烯(SiO2/PVDF)离子交换膜电渗析处理单组分电解质溶液进行了试验研究。结果表明,在不同操作条件下,SiO2/PVDF离子交换膜的极限电流密度和脱盐率均大于未改性聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)离子交换膜。SiO2/PVDF离子交换膜的极限电流密度随着淡水流量和电解质浓度的增加而增加;随着电流强度的增加,SiO2/PVDF离子交换膜的脱盐率也相应增加;随着淡水流量增加,脱盐率会逐渐降低。为使SiO2/PVDF离子交换膜用于电渗析过程获得良好的脱盐效果和节约能量,NaCl质量浓度为500mg/L时电流密度应控制在1.17mA/cm2。     

Use of a seeder reactor to manage crystal growth in the fluidized bed reactor for phosphorus recovery.

The authors have been engaged in the development of a phosphorus recovery system capable of maintaining high recovery efficiencies, with the chemical cost suppressed. This time, they conducted demonstration tests of a fluidized bed magnesium ammonium phosphate reactor provided with a seeder reactor for the supernatant from anaerobic digestion using a pilot experimental plant with a wastewater treatment capacity of 20 m3/d. For the digestion supernatant with a phosphorus concentration of approximately 300 mg/L, the treated water phosphorus concentration was 10 to 25 mg/L, and the phosphorus recovery efficiency was more than 90%. Relative to the chemical cost in the case of magnesium chloride, the chemical cost in the case of magnesium hydroxide is approximately 40%. Thus, with the new system, it was possible to reduce the running cost while maintaining high recovery efficiencies.     

Non-aqueous phase liquid spreading during soil vapor extraction

Many non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) are expected to spread at the air-water interface, particularly under non-equilibrium conditions. In the vadose zone, this spreading should increase the surface area for mass transfer and the efficiency of volatile NAPL recovery by soil vapor extraction (SVE). Observations of spreading on water wet surfaces led to a conceptual model of oil spreading vertically above a NAPL pool in the vadose zone. Analysis of this model predicts that spreading can enhance the SVE contaminant recovery compared to conditions where the liquid does not spread. Experiments were conducted with spreading volatile oils hexane and heptane in wet porous media and capillary tubes, where spreading was observed at the scale of centimeters. Within porous medium columns up to a meter in height containing stagnant gas, spreading was less than ten centimeters and did not contribute significantly to hexane volatilization. Water film thinning and oil film pinning may have prevented significant oil film spreading, and thus did not enhance SVE at the scale of a meter. The experiments performed indicate that volatile oil spreading at the field scale is unlikely to contribute significantly to the efficiency of SVE.