福建省饮用水源地植被缓冲带建设规划研究

饮用水水源地是水环境的重要组成部分,是水环境功能区划中具有最高使用功能的水域。本研究通过对福建省饮用水源地保护区周边不同类型植被缓冲带的生态调查的基础上,对植被缓冲带的结构和布局、缓冲带宽度要求以及缓冲带植被选择和配置等要素方面进行设计,提出三种不同类型饮用水源地的植被缓冲带规划建设。本研究对于保护水源地水质,保障饮水安全和人民身体健康,促进资源的可持续利用和生态、环境的可持续保护有着重要的作用。     

福建省饮用水水源地环境现状及保护对策研究

文章通过对福建省不同类型集中式饮用水源地基本状况和水质现状进行分析,同时分析了饮用水源地工业污染点源、城镇生活污染源和非点源污染现状,针对污染现状分析了水质超标原因和存在的问题,最后提出不同类型饮用水源地保护对策,建议在湖库型水源地保护区及附近区域,建设"生态修复、生态治理、河岸缓冲带建设"三道防线,河流型水源地从加强内河整治力度、合理布局排污口、加强车辆运输管理、合理开发水利水电工程等方面出发,建设生态保护体系。     

长江干流岸线缓冲带生态构建方案研究——以长江江阴段为例

河流生态缓冲带指河流与陆地之间一定区域内的立体植被带.缓冲带生态构建是驻点跟踪研究推进长江经济带水生态环境改善的重要措施之一,对长江生态保护修复具有重要意义.基于土地利用遥感分析,得出长江干流江阴岸线缓冲带主要存在岸线开发强度高、水质难以稳定达标、生境破碎化严重、生物多样性较低等生态环境问题.针对上述问题,提出缓冲带分...     

以科学发展观加强磨盘山饮用水源地的水质保护

磨盘山水库饮用水工程将有艰巨的水源地水质保护任务.磨盘山饮用水源地存在的潜在环境问题,包括旅游开发对饮用水源地将构成威胁;面源污染将影响水库水质;保护区内开荒种田破环水质和森林植被仍在减少等.建议在加强磨盘山水库饮用水源保护方面进一步加强科学研究工作,尽快制定和完善相关法规体系,尽快出台水源地保护区划分.     

滨岸缓冲带在水源地农业面源污染防治上的应用

饮用水水源地污染已成为全球共同遭遇的重大环境问题之一,为保证人们的饮用水安全,有必要对进入水源地内的农业面源污染进行防治。滨岸缓冲带能够有效的防治农业面源污染已经得到广泛的认可,并在水源地保护上有一定的应用前景。文章综述了缓冲带的定义、结构、功能以及农业面源污染防治方面的应用等基础上,提出了我国滨岸缓冲带在饮用水源地保护中的应用前景。     

苏州河上游地区滨岸缓冲带试验基地设计思路

为探索控制农业面源污染的有效方法，改善河道水质，逐步修复河道原有生态功能和增加生物多样性，上海市在苏州河环境综合整治一期、二期工程实施的基础上，立项开展了苏州河环境综合整治三期工程实用技术研究。旨在通过选择苏州河上游区域某一自然河道，建立完整的滨岸缓冲带体系并进行现场试验，开展上海地区滨岸缓冲带的设计、建设和养护管理等方面的实践工作，同时考察滨岸缓冲带生物栖息地功能、滨岸带景观功能和改善河流水质功能等方面的功效。文章阐述了滨岸缓冲带试验基地设计中的一些思路，分析了基地选址及环境条件，从植被选择及其群落配置、坡度选择、取样管设置、面源污染防治试验工艺流程等方面进行了试验基地的设计。     

湖泊缓冲带功能、建设与管理

湖泊缓冲带在湖泊保护和流域管理中的作用日益受到重视. 湖泊缓冲带是保护湖泊的隔离生境,是缓解或减轻湖泊水生态系统受流域内各种人类活动或自然过程的破坏、干扰和污染的空间. 湖泊缓冲带应具备缓冲隔离、促进生态环境改善、实施特殊的环境经济政策与生态补偿等3个主要功能,其宽度需考虑生态环境目标和环境准入标准、生态环境现状、技术经济约束和社会与管理制度制约等4个影响因素. 湖泊缓冲带的生态环境建设一般遵循控源与生态修复相结合、自然恢复与人工强化相结合、生态建设与管理相结合的原则,主要技术体系包括湖泊缓冲带内的农村面源污染控制技术和湖泊缓冲带缓冲体系改善技术. 湖泊缓冲带的管理主要涉及通过环境管理优化经济发展、生态工程长效运行管理和环境经济政策与生态补偿等3个方面. 未来湖泊缓冲带的研究方应包湖泊缓冲带范围的合理设置、相关生态学模型的引入、缓冲带建设的长效运行和管理机制的建立.      

应用多重标准评估法和GIS划分南非萨尔达尼亚海湾海岸植被缓冲带

萨尔达尼亚-郎厄班海岸带是南非海岸资源库的有机组成部分.海岸带作为一个可开发资源的前沿区域,如同世界上其它地区一样,迫切需要平衡发展和经济增长与自然保护之间的关系.保护学上的植被缓冲带和林荫道这两个概念业已成功地应用于自然保护实践中,通过将地理信息系统作为空间决策支持系统,将它们应用到研究区,为植被缓冲区划分提供了依据.在本研究中,多重标准评估法将公众决策体现在构建缓冲区划分的客观模型中.感兴趣和受影响团体的代表参与了模型的构建和校准,最终确定了多功能植被缓冲带的空间范围.这样的植被缓冲带与一系列的功能标准相符,可以作为海岸带保护规划框架的一个环境要素.     

滨岸缓冲带在河道生态修复中的应用研究

近年来国外在滨岸缓冲带植被的结构、功能和管理研究方面开展了许多研究,国内也越来越重视相关研究。文章概述了滨岸缓冲带的功能、构建原理和国内外的一些应用情况;重点介绍了上海青浦区华新镇境内东风港滨岸缓冲带示范工程,分析了滨岸缓冲带在河道坡岸生态修复中的应用效果。研究表明,滨岸缓冲带具有改善生物栖息地环境质量、稳定坡岸、修复河道生态环境等功能,适合在各类岸坡的生态修复中广泛运用。     

流域生态系统管理视角下的水源地保护攻坚战略探讨

当前,我国饮用水水源地保护还存在一些问题,如水质不达标、对水源地保护空间认识不足、水源地流域经济机制不完善等。针对我国饮用水水源地保护存在的突出问题,从水源地流域生态系统平衡的角度分析了空间、结构、功能、作用机制方面的成因,探讨了基于流域生态系统管理的水源地保护战略要求。在水源地流域框架基础上,提出了提升水源地格局、实施水源地生态空间管控、建立水源地生态经济机制、开展水源地生态建设四个方面的战略,为新时代水源地保护攻坚战提供支持。     

Runoff and dissolved organic carbon loss from a paired-watershed study of three adjacent agricultural Watersheds

Organic matter plays several important roles in the biogeochemistry of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems including the mobilization and transport of nutrients and pollutants. Cropping, tillage practices and vegetative buffer strip installation affect losses of dissolved organic carbon (DOC). While many studies show reductions in pollutant export from agroecosystems where vegetative buffers have been implemented, buffer strips may be a source of DOC and contribute to surface water pollution. Using a paired-watershed approach, the objectives of this study were to determine the effect of grass and agroforestry buffers on runoff and DOC loss, compare runoff and DOC losses between the growing and fallow seasons, and investigate crop effects on runoff and DOC losses. The study design consisted of three small agricultural Watersheds in a no-till, maize-soybean rotation located in the claypan region of northeast Missouri, USA; one watershed was planted with grass buffer strips, one with agroforestry buffer strips, and one unaltered watershed served as the control. Runoff and DOC loss were measured during a six-year calibration period (1991–1997) prior to buffer installation and for a nine-year treatment period (1997–2006). The grass buffer strips significantly decreased runoff by 8.4% (p = 0.015) during the treatment period while the agroforestry buffer system exhibited no significant change in runoff (p = 0.207). Loss of DOC was not significantly affected by grass or agroforestry buffer installation (p = 0.535 and p = 0.246, respectively). Additionally, no significant difference in runoff or DOC loss was found between crops (maize and soybean) or between seasons (growing and fallow). Overall, this study indicates that grass buffer systems are effective at reducing runoff and that DOC contamination of surface waters is not exacerbated by either type of vegetative buffer strip.     

Comparison of riparian plant communities under four land management systems in southwestern Wisconsin

Riparian plant community composition is influenced by moisture, erosion, original native plant communities, and current and past land use. This study compared riparian plant communities under four types of management: woody buffer strip, grassy buffer strip, rotational grazing, and continuous grazing. Study sites were located along spring-fed streams in the unglaciated region of southwestern Wisconsin, USA. At each site, plant community surveys were conducted using a point transect method. Among the treatments, woody buffer strips, rotationally grazed and continuously grazed riparian areas had greater plant species richness than grassy buffer strips, and woody buffer strips had the greatest native plant species richness. Reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) was prevalent in grassy buffer strips (44% of all observations), common in woody buffer strips (15%), and rare in sites that were rotationally or continuously grazed (3 and 5%, respectively). Pasture sites had greater proportions of native grasses and grass relatives and moderate levels of overall native species richness. Considered a water quality best management practice, well-managed rotational grazing may be a reasonable alternative to buffer strips which can contribute to protection and enhancement of native vegetation biodiversity.     

Environmental and economic assessment of biomass sourcing from extensively cultivated buffer strips along water bodies

Buffer strips represent oblong land elements along water bodies playing an important role for the water quality management of the surface water. In the policy context buffer strips are referred to as land with defined farming restrictions aiming at protecting the water course. In the current EU agricultural policy framework the majority of the decisions regarding subsidy schemes for buffer strips is taken on the member country level, which results in great differences between the EU members with regard to this water protection measure. If incentives for farmers for establishing and maintaining buffer strips are in place, they are usually linked to the harvest ban on the buffer strip. Such protection model can be endangered by volatile and rising prices for agricultural products. However, buffer strip can represent a valuable source of different ecosystem services, including biomass provision. If harvesting under certain restrictions would be allowed, the biomass could generate additional revenue that might contribute to securing buffer strips existence and consequently maintaining their protection function.This study aimed at assessing the costs and environmental consequences of biomass mobilizing from buffer strips. It dealt with different scenarios of biomass sourcing from extensively cultivated buffer strips in the Netherlands. In 12 scenarios, the cultivation of grass or cereal mixes (including multiple harvesting or perennial cultivation) for different valorisation chains (ensiling or fodder & bedding) was assessed. Both total net cultivation costs as well as the hectare based environmental performance (using the Life Cycle Assessment methodology) were evaluated. Additionally, the environmental impact of electricity production through anaerobic digestion of biomass from buffer strips was compared with the impact from digestion of classic grass silage and the impact profile of Dutch electricity mix.The results indicate ensiling as the scenario generating more net costs and higher environmental impacts as compared to fodder & bedding. In the latter, the cereal cultivation represents a better solution from economic perspective, while grass shows lower environmental impacts. Moreover, optimizing grass cultivation through switching to perennial mode contributes to strong improvements of the economic performance and contributes to additional reduction of environmental impacts, and consequently delivers the best environmental and economic solution. Moreover, the comparison with the Dutch electricity mix shows that biomass from buffer strips, if used in anaerobic digestion, can, in terms of environmental performance, compete with classic silages and contribute to reduced environmental damage.     

不同草皮缓冲带对径流污染物的去除效果试验研究

选择上海地区常见的5种草皮植被,利用自行设计的试验装置构建草皮缓冲带,模拟上海地区农业面源污染和降雨特征,进行缓冲带污染物净化效果试验研究。结果表明,草皮的存在明显提高缓冲带对污染物的净化效果,并且能增强缓冲带土壤的渗透能力;百慕大缓冲带对径流SS的截留能力最强,平均去除率达到71.86%;草皮缓冲带对渗流水营养物质的净化效果明显高于径流,渗流水TN、TP平均去除率以白花三叶草最高,分别为58.27%和60.49%;综合考虑降雨特征和污染物净化效果等因素,百慕大、白花三叶草和高羊茅等3种草皮,可以作为上海地区缓冲带草皮植被的优先选择种类。     

浅析元宝山露天矿疏干排水存在的问题

通过对元宝山露天矿疏干水现存问题的探讨 ,对问题成因进行分析 ,找出解决问题的的具体办法 ,为露天疏干水建设提供模型     

滨岸缓冲带控制农田氮磷流失的作用和机理研究

农田面源氮磷的流失是导致河流湖泊等水体产生富营养化的主要原因之一,其带来的环境、经济及社会问题已引起国内外广泛关注。近年来,关于滨岸缓冲带截留污染物的效率和机理已成为研究热点。文章介绍了滨岸缓冲带在农业面源污染防治上的功能和作用,论述了滨岸缓冲带对氮磷养分的截留转化机理以及稳定同位素技术在机理研究中的应用,讨论了影响滨岸缓冲带截留转化氮磷养分的调控因子,在此基础上就目前滨岸缓冲带控制农田氮磷流失研究中存在的问题提出了未来的研究展望。     

流域尺度氮流失的环境风险评价

采用故障树及概率分析方法,对九龙江流域氮的流失风险进行定性与定量评价.通过建立故障树定性分析了九龙江流域氮流失的主要风险来源.结果表明,氮流失风险大小主要与肥料施用、畜禽养殖废物的处置及农田耕作有关.在GIS技术支持下,通过土地利用、土壤等数据的计算,结合田间调查结果与专家意见,确定故障树基本故障事件概率,继而对氮流失风险进行定量评价.最佳管理措施模拟评价结果表明,降低施肥水平,在养殖场周边建立植被过滤带,增加河岸林截留入河沉积物等措施可以有效降低氮流失风险,在九龙江流域可以考虑优先实施.      

河岸草本缓冲带对模拟径流中污染物的净化

选择华北地区3种常见草本植物——狗牙根、虎尾草和天堂草,通过人工配水模拟地表径流,在北京潮白河河岸设置径流试验,研究河岸带宽度、水力负荷和进水浓度对不同缓冲带截污能力的影响。结果表明:模拟径流中污染物均随缓冲带沿程距离增加有降低趋势,且前段下降较快,后段下降逐渐趋缓。SS的去除主要发生在沿程前3 m,TP和COD的去除主要发生在前6 m,TN的去除主要发生在9 m以内。若缓冲带的宽度设置受限,为保证一定的截污效果,宽度不应小于9 m。狗牙根、虎尾草和天堂草缓冲带在沿程15 m处对NH_4~+-N的去除率分别为50.6%、32.0%和40.4%,总体上狗牙根和天堂草对N、P的去除能力优于虎尾草。不同水力负荷和进水浓度下,草本缓冲带均能有效截留径流中的SS,去除率均在70%以上,而NH_4~+-N的去除受进水浓度的影响较大。由于模拟径流中NO_3~--N和溶解性磷(DP)进水浓度低于1 mg/L,缓冲带对两者的去除效果较差,特别是虎尾草缓冲带,出现了出水浓度高于进水的情况。     

Entry and toxicity of organic pesticides and copper in vineyard streams: Erosion rills jeopardise the efficiency of riparian buffer strips

The present study was performed to characterise in-stream pesticide exposure within the Palatinate vineyard region in south-west Germany, evaluate the influence of buffer strip widths and identify mitigation measures for the relevant entry pathways. In-stream water and sediment samples that were taken at nine sampling sites of different buffer widths following intense rainfall, and edge-of-field runoff that were sampled in erosion rills were analysed regarding 28 active ingredients of pesticides including copper. In-stream samples contained a mix of 8 ± 4 pesticide compounds, resulting in total pesticide concentrations of 1.4-8.9 μg l⁻¹ for water and 16-670 μg kg⁻¹ dw for sediment. Following an exceptional rainfall event with a previous 34-day drought period, pesticide concentrations reached 7.0-83.4 μg l⁻¹. Fungicides were the most important pesticides found and were significantly correlated with the pesticide application frequency and rate. The calculated toxicity values per sample (TU_max) indicated that both organic pesticides and copper concentrations likely cause ecotoxicological effects in the field. The buffer strip width was of little importance for pesticide in-stream concentrations because pesticide entry occurred mainly via the field path network and erosion rills. Pesticide in-stream concentrations were significantly and positively correlated with the concentrations detected in erosion rills (R² = 0.56). As possible risk mitigation measures, we suggest the implementation of grassed field paths and vegetated ditches or wetlands.