发达国家环境敏感指数图项目的设计

环境敏感指数图是一种为环境资源管理与事故应急响应服务的重要工具。美国国家海洋和大气局与其他联邦机构合作制定了该项目的标准规范,并成功应用于世界各地相关研究。目前中国尚无类似设计标准,针对此,按环境保护的工作需求,分析了发达国家在该项目领域的数据统计、地理信息系统设计、质量保证工作,为中国相关标准规范的建立,提供基础技术路线切入点。     

环境审计现状及其实施中几点问题的探讨

环境审计起源于西方发达国家企业内部,而后发展成为国家审计。环境审计工作可促进生还态环境的可持续发展,是环境保护工作的重要手段之一,而在我国,环境审计还在不断的探索和学习中国,处于理论和实践的起步阶段,还与发达国家有着很大的差距。本文就我国环境审计工作的发展现状进行了阐述,同时研究分析其存在的相关问题,针对我国现状及环境审计工作存在的问题给予了几点合理化建议。     

飞行器环境适应性设计方法研究与实践

目的针对飞行器环境适应性设计不足的现状提出对策。方法分析飞行器环境适应性设计的特点和当前存在的不足,以某电气设备为对象开展应用研究。结果提出环境适应性设计工作内容、工作流程、设计原则和技术手段等方面的对策。环境适应性设计应采用环境仿真和验证试验相结合的手段,并逐步形成环境适应性设计准则。结论飞行器环境适应性设计应采用系统工程的思路,覆盖产品层级、环境因素和研制阶段。技术手段方面应大力推进环境仿真研究和应用,建立产品环境适应性设计规范。     

环境协议与可持续发展

17环境协议是２０世纪９０年代以来发达国家基于可持续发展理念在环境管理体系中广泛采用的一项新举措，它可以避免传统立法举措的局限性，鼓励企业的革新能力及首创精神，还可以提高企业的成本有效性。目前，西方发达国家的环境政策框架由三部分组成：命令和强制性环境法规、基于市场的环境经济政策和志愿性环境措施。其中命令和强制性环境法规是发达国家２０世纪７０和８０年代的主要环境政策，到了８０年代末，基于市场的环境经济政策被广泛采纳，而到了９０年代，志愿性环境措施成为了环境政策不可缺少的一部分。本文将要讨论的是基于志…     

环境基准向环境标准转化的机制探讨

中国正逐步开展较系统的环境基准研究工作,为制订更加合理有效的环境标准提供科学依据.以探索环境基准向环境标准在中国转化的适宜机制为目的,将中国的环境基准和标准研究制定现状与美国、加拿大、澳大利亚等发达国家对比,总结出发达国家环境基准向环境标准转化的四点共性特征以及中国在相应方面存在的问题,在此基础上提出由包含中央和地方两个层次的机构职责模块,涵盖影响因子体系及其作用机理的转化路径模块,以及针对中国环境基准标准现状问题的政策保障模块三大功能的环境基准向环境标准转化机制框架,并具体阐述了各模块的主要内容及其相互关系.     

如何使环境法治真正管用?——环境法治40年回顾和建议

40年前,我国就认识到了环境法治的重要性,1973年以国务院行政法规的形式制定了《关于保护和改善环境的若干规定》,这源于中国代表团在1972年出席联合国第一次人类环境会议时,了解到环境法治被西方发达国家高度重视并发挥了重大作用。40年过去了,我们在环境法治方面一直很努力,但环境形势还是这样严峻!何     

发达国家环境健康损害赔偿模式对中国的启示

随着经济的发展,中国环境污染事故也到了一个高发期.如何构建适合中国国情的健康损害赔偿保障体系,对贯彻落实环保法的污染责任险至关重要.分析了发达国家现有公害病的补偿资金来源与形式,将其分为环境责任险、环境赔偿基金、环境税收、社会捐赠等,并对以上健康损害赔偿模式是否适用于中国进行了分析.研究发现,相比于发达国家,中国目前尚未建立完整的环境污染导致健康损害赔偿的经济保障体系.虽然中国在环境责任险领域已有一定的基础,但真正涉及健康损害的责任险工作却十分薄弱,其它健康损害赔偿的经济保障措施,如用于支付健康损害的环境税收体系、环境赔偿基金、社会捐赠体系等尚不完善.借鉴发达国家的经验,就中国现阶段亟待开展的健康损害赔偿模式进行剖析,以期为探索适用于中国的健康损害赔偿保障体系提供参考.     

环境科技发展现状与趋势

在上世纪后期与本世纪初,我国的环境科技水平有了显著提高。在国家“863”高科技项目支持下,一批适合我国国情的环境科技项目正在实施。我国环境科技进步已经为我国的环境保护做出了重大贡献。1水污染防治科技发展现状目前,发达国家致力于受污染水体功能的恢复,而发展中国家着眼于遏制水污染加剧的趋势。1.1城市污水处理高效低耗技术与工艺提高城市污水的处理效果和脱氮除磷处理效率,并同时降低城市污水处理的工程投资、能耗和运行成本,一直是国内外污水处理界共同关注的问题和研究的热点。在欧美等西方发达国家,城市污水集中二级处理是最常…     

关于城市居民环境态度与环境行为研究——对深圳部分居民的问卷调查

本研究首先对相关研究文献进行了综述,然后以研究城市居民的环境态度与环境行为的关系为目标,结合深圳地区的实际状况设计问卷,并对回收的问卷进行了详细的分析。最后,将本次的研究结果对照国内其他的类似研究,阐明文化程度是影响城市居民的环境态度与环境行为的最重要因素,并对城市居民的环境教育提出建议。     

论欧盟的环境外交政策

欧盟在一体化过程中对环境问题给予了高度关注,环境外交已成为其共同安全和外交政策的重要组成部分.在开展全球性、区域性环境外交的同时,欧盟还与发展中国家进行了有效的环境合作,并与工业发达国家进行环境对话,从而在国际范围内拓展了其环境政策的影响.     

The value of adding design-for-the-environment to pollution prevention assistance options

The design stage of product development, recognized as key for determining costs and profitability, is also an unparalleled window of opportunity to champion the environment. During this early stage key materials, process, and energy source decisions determine the environmental impacts of a product for its entire life cycle. Integration of environmental factors into design is an emerging trend known as design-for-the-environment (DfE), ecodesign, or life-cycle design. From this perspective, designers gain inherent drivers for optimizing design and efficient use of resources. The intent of this article is to inspire expansion of pollution prevention assistance portfolio options to include DfE.     

Engineering designers' experience of design for environment methods and tools – Requirement definitions from an interview study

Despite an increasing number of Design for Environment (DfE) methods and tools, industrial utilization is still limited. Identifying Engineering Designers' requirements is a useful way to increase the utilization of DfE methods and tools. This paper is based on existing literature and a semi-structured interview study at an industrial equipment company. Different reasons why engineering designers utilize methods and tools are presented, as well what makes a method or tool actively utilized. Several engineering designer requirements for methods and tools are identified and described. Several identified requirements that a DfE method ought to fulfill are listed and described.     

An assessment of the recycling potential of materials basedon environmental and economic factors; case study in South Korea

As the generation of waste home appliances increases continuously with economic growth, the importance of recycling becomes more apparent. Many home appliances we use today are recyclable, and recyclable materials from the waste home appliances can be used to create new or refurbishing products. To do that, first of all, we have to know and consider the recyclable materials' recycling potential with environmental and economic information. In this study, an evaluation method to assess recycling potential considering both the environmental and economic factors was suggested for the materials recovered from waste home appliances. Life cycle assessment (LCA) method was applied to obtain the environmental score (S_Env) and an actual value and a static economic model was used to obtain the economic score (S_Eco). The recycling potential for recyclable materials was calculated by using the S_Env and S_Eco along with weighting factors derived from an analytical hierarchy process (AHP) method. With the calculated data and evaluation method for the recycling materials, this study could provide useful information for decision makers and product designers in the design for environment (DfE).     

地理信息系统、桌面地图信息系统与环境管理信息系统

通过对地理信息系统、桌面地图信息系统及其技术表现的介绍和分析比较,以实例描述了环境管理信息系统在不同的软硬件环境中的设计和开发特点。      

Eco-design implemented through a product-based environmental management system

Lucent Technologies (Lucent) has undergone considerable change in business strategy with the outsourcing of manufacturing activities. In order to control the significant environmental aspects of hardware products, Lucent's wireless business unit, Mobility Solutions, determined it would concentrate on the design of products: focusing on eco-design enables product sustainability to be improved, with each product generation providing a ‘start of pipe’ (front end) solution with attendant efficiencies.Mobility Solutions pioneered a product-based environmental management system (PBEMS) to formally address the impacts of wireless hardware products on the environment throughout the entire product lifecycle, regardless of where products are developed. This management system looks beyond the environmental impacts of manufacturing to include conceptual design, development, use by the customer, and final product disposal.The success of this approach can be attributed to the integration of eco-design with traditional hardware product realization processes. Through the PBEMS, business and environmental processes are simultaneously utilized to manage significant product aspects and to incorporate sustainability principles during product design. Many innovative eco-design tools are applied during the product realization process to identify areas for improvement of future products, and to verify that each generation of existing products is more sustainable than its predecessor. These eco-design tools include eco-roadmapping, design for environment guidelines and checklists, and lifecycle assessments.The Mobility Solutions PBEMS conforms to the requirements of the ISO 14001 international standard and has achieved third-party certification. By implementing environmentally responsible characteristics through eco-design programs, employees, customers, and the world community benefit from a consistent approach to the environmental management of wireless hardware products. Mobility Solutions continues to reap the value of sustainable product design that is both good for the environment and makes sound business sense.     

成品油库含油污水处理问题与对策

介绍了成品油库含油污水的排放特点,分析了现有工艺单元和处理流程存在的问题,并对成品油库含油污水处理设施的设计、选型、维护和运行提出了建议。     

浅析我国军工产品低气压（高度）试验方法标准

介绍了低气压环境对军工产品的影响。针对目前主要适用于考核军工产品对低气压环境适应能力的我国现行有效标准GJB150．2A-2009与HB5830．14-1996进行探讨,简要分析了两个标准的性质、试验目的、应用范围、试验程序与条件、试验过程控制以及试验中断处理要求等方面的差别,对两个标准的分析理解内容可为相关技术人员在制定军工产品的低气压（高度）环境试验方案和实施大纲时提供有益的参考。     

军用装备砂尘环境试验技术

介绍了进行砂尘环境试验的目的、适用范围及环境影响因素,并说明应根据产品使用环境、本身特点及其产品技术条件来选择试验程序和确定各试验参数.同时指出了确定试验持续时间的方法,最后对砂尘试验箱(室)提出6点设计要求,为我国自行研制军用砂尘环境试验设备提供了依据,从而提高了我国军用武器装备对环境的适应性及可靠性.     

基于3D Studio MAX造型的冲压模设计

介绍了基于 3DStudioMAX造型设计的图形数据 ,通过与AutoCAD的数据接口 ,直接将造型作为模具型腔设计的依据 ,以获得实际产品与设计模型的完美统一 ,对减少重复劳动 ,提高产品设计质量十分有益     

基于Android平台的室内环境检测系统的设计研究

在Android平台上设计并实现了室内Wifi环境检测系统.文中首先介绍了信号传播模型,探讨了关于室内位置匹配的算法,主要包括算法的基础思想,关于位置匹配算法的介绍,在位置匹配算法介绍中,主要介绍了四种方法,他们是采样的方法、测试的方法、环境检测的方法和修正的方法.最后给出了室内环境检测系统设计,主要包括三条,室内环境检测系统总体设计、室内环境客户端设计和室内环境服务器端设计,最后给出了室内环境的实验结果,得到满意的成果.