金属铁去除水中Cr~（6＋）的影响因素研究

研究Fe/Cr6＋比值和不同浓度的NO3-、Cl-和SO42-对金属铁去除Cr6＋效果的影响。结果表明,金属铁对水中Cr6＋有很好的还原去除效果;当金属铁的使用量为Cr6＋量的1/2 000时,铁对Cr6＋的去除效果较差且易失去活性,而当金属铁的使用量为Cr6＋量的8 000倍时,铁对Cr6＋的去除效果较好且其活性的持续性较强;3种阴离子（NO3-、Cl-和SO42-）均能提高金属铁对重金属Cr6＋去除率,但在反应初期,3种阴离子对金属铁去除水中Cr6＋影响的差异性不显著,随着反应时间的增加,SO24-对金属铁去除水中Cr6＋的促进作用逐渐强于Cl-和NO3-,3种阴离子对金属铁去除Cr6＋效率促进作用的大小顺序为SO24-〉Cl-〉NO3-。     

BM二代菌去除电镀废水中重金属离子的效果研究

BM菌是一种能够高效去除电镀废水中重金属离子的新型功能菌群,实验研究了BM二代菌对Cr6+、Ni2+的最佳去除条件,结果表明:当水温为10~30℃,pH=2,Cr6+浓度为100 mg/L,反应10 min,菌废比为1∶200时废水中Cr6+的去除率达到98%以上;当水温为10~30℃,pH=8.5,Ni2+浓度为100 mg/L,反应10 min,菌废比为1∶200时废水中Ni2+的去除率达到96%以上;在相同条件下实际电镀废水中Cr6+和Ni2+的去除率均高于99%。     

多硫化钙与亚铁盐联用去除工业废水中的Cr(Ⅵ)

还原稳定化修复技术是当前重金属污染修复领域的主要技术,其中,重金属去除率和环境扰动是评价修复效果的重要指标.以不同pH重铬酸钾溶液模拟Cr(Ⅵ)污染水体,分别研究了多硫化钙、硫酸亚铁和二者联用对水体重金属Cr(Ⅵ)的还原稳定性,同时考察了环境因素对药剂联用的影响并探究各药剂对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除机理.结果表明:当多硫化钙与硫酸亚铁投加比例为1:2时,药剂联用对Cr(Ⅵ)和总Cr的去除效果均优于单独施加药剂时的去除效果且还原产物较稳定,对体系扰动作用相对较小;低pH和较高温度有利于联用药剂对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除,HCO3-、Cl-、Mn2+的加入有利于去除Cr(Ⅵ),Fe3+对 Cr(Ⅵ)去除表现为低浓度抑制、高浓度促进;经反应产物成分分析,多硫化钙与硫酸亚铁反应生成了具有催化效果的FeS,提高了修复效果.以上研究结果可为后期Cr(Ⅵ)污染水体的控制和修复提供参考.     

生物铁修复Cr(Ⅵ)污染土壤的性能及机理

以活性污泥与生物铁作为修复剂,对比时间、pH、污泥投加量、Cr(VI)初始浓度对活性污泥、生物铁去除土壤中Cr(VI)的影响;考察生物铁对土壤中Cr(VI)的还原率;采用SEM、XRD、XPS对生物铁修复前后的Cr(VI)污染土壤进行表征分析。实验结果表明:在土壤中,生物铁对Cr(VI)的修复效果优于活性污泥,当pH为6.0,Cr(VI)初始浓度为300 mg·kg~(-1),生物铁和活性污泥的投加量均为19.57 mg·g~(-1),修复时间为45 d时,土壤中Cr(VI)经活性污泥与生物铁修复后浓度分别为31.42、19.69 mg·kg~(-1),去除率分别为89.52%、94.12%。生物铁修复土壤Cr(VI)以还原作用为主,吸附为辅。Cr(VI)污染土壤被生物铁修复后出现了FeOOH、Fe_3O_4以及Fe_3O_4与FeCr2O4的混合物,部分Cr(VI)被还原为Cr(III),铁被氧化为Fe~(2+)、Fe~(3+)。     

电化学氧化组合工艺处理垃圾渗滤液

垃圾渗滤液是一种成分复杂、毒性较强且难处理的废水之一。实验采用混凝沉淀-厌氧-电解-好氧一体化组合工艺处理垃圾渗滤液,探索了混凝沉淀池和电解池的运行参数对垃圾渗滤液处理效果的影响,并分析了组合工艺对于6种重金属(Cu、Zn、Cd、Cr和Ni)的去除效果。实验结果表明,以PAC为混凝剂PAM为助凝剂时,投加量分别为1.2 g/L和1mg/L,COD去除率可达57%。电化学工艺阶段,在p H为6.0,电流密度15 m A/cm2,Cl-浓度2 200~2 400 mg/L,电解2.5h,垃圾渗滤液的COD去除率达55.4%。一体化电生物滤池对于重金属的去除具有明显的效果,Cu、Cd和Zn去除率达100%,Ni去除率超过90%,Cr去除率超过80%,COD整体去除率达94%;NH+4-N去除率达97.2%;TN去除率达73.6%。混凝沉淀-厌氧-电化学-好氧的组合工艺来处理垃圾渗滤液,能够有效地去除水体中的重金属及COD、NH+4-N。     

泥浆系统中Fe~(2+)活化过碳酸钠降解三氯乙烯

主要探究泥浆系统中Fe2+活化过碳酸钠(SPC)降解三氯乙烯(TCE)的效果。通过批次实验研究土壤对TCE的吸附作用,并考察泥浆系统中SPC和Fe2+投加量对TCE去除效果的影响。结果表明,土壤对TCE具有一定的吸附作用;泥浆系统中,土壤含有的有机质越多,TCE去除效果越低;当SPC/TCE摩尔比为5/1~20/1时,SPC投加量对TCE去除影响不明显,TCE去除效果随Fe2+投加量增大而提高。当水土质量比为30/1,TCE初始浓度为20 mg/L时,SPC/Fe2+/TCE最优摩尔比为10/30/1,此时TCE最终去除率达到97.5%。综上所述,Fe2+活化过碳酸钠降解三氯乙烯快速高效,为应用于实际场地修复提供有效的理论依据。     

生物炭携载纳米零价铁对溶液中Cr(Ⅵ)的去除

利用液相还原法,使生物炭携载纳米零价铁,可以有效解决纳米零价铁在水处理应用中自身团聚问题,从而提高Cr(Ⅵ)的去除效率。研究发现:在添加相同剂量纳米的条件下,当炭铁质量比为5∶1时,生物炭携载纳米零价铁对溶液中Cr(Ⅵ)的去除率可达到96.8%,比纯纳米零价铁去除Cr(Ⅵ)的效率高35.9%;TEM和BET分析表明,生物炭携载纳米零价铁比纯纳米零价铁有更好的分散性和更高的比表面积,这是其去除Cr(Ⅵ)效果更好的主要原因;当溶液中Cr(Ⅵ)的反应初始浓度从25 mg/L提升至125 mg/L时,表观速率常数kobs从0.104 1 min~(-1)降低至0.023 5 min~(-1),说明反应速率随着Cr(Ⅵ)初始浓度的增大而降低;当反应溶液初始p H在4.5~8.5之间时,携载纳米零价铁的生物炭对溶液中Cr(Ⅵ)的去除率均达到92.1%以上,表明生物炭携载纳米零价铁具有较广的p H适应范围,且对Cr(Ⅵ)具有较好的去除效果。     

某电厂堆灰场附近浅层地下水中Cr6+的成因及治理措施

分析了焦作某电厂堆灰场附近浅层地下水中Cr6+ 的形成原因。根据该区水文地质背景 ,提出在地下污染水羽的下游建可渗透反应墙的漏斗 -通道系统 ,用对Cr6+ 有很高去除效率的风化煤作为反应材料 ,使污染水羽流经此系统时有效去除地下水中的Cr6+ ,达到净化的目的     

活性焦和活性炭负载纳米铁处理TNT红水中的二硝基甲苯磺酸钠

以活性焦和活性炭为载体,采用液相还原法制备了负载纳米铁,比较了两种负载纳米铁对TNT红水中难降解物质二硝基甲苯磺酸钠(包括2,4-DNT-3-SO3Na和2,4-DNT-5-SO3Na)的去除能力。实验结果表明,作为负载材料活性焦的相对有效比表面积与孔体积要优于活性炭,而且有利于更好地发挥出负载纳米铁的优势。单位面积活性焦负载纳米铁去除2,4-DNT-5-SO3Na的能力明显高于活性炭负载纳米铁,单位面积活性焦负载纳米铁去除2,4-DNT-3-SO3Na的能力在较小投加量条件下高于活性炭负载纳米铁,但均随投加量的增加而下降;而对于活性炭负载纳米铁,其单位面积去除能力基本不受投加量的影响,而且对二硝基甲苯磺酸钠的去除率高于活性焦负载纳米铁。耦合混凝沉淀的总去除效果表明,单位面活性焦负载纳米铁对2,4-DNT-5-SO3Na的去除能力高于活性炭负载纳米铁,而对2,4-DNT-3-SO3Na的去除能力则低于活性炭负载纳米铁。     

纳米铁的制备及去除废水中的Cr(Ⅵ)

铬离子(Ⅵ)是水体、土壤中的一类重要污染物,对人体及其他动物有毒害和致癌作用。主要来源于采矿、冶金和电镀等工业排放的废水。为了寻求一种更好的铬离子(Ⅵ)处理方法,实验以三价铁盐为原料,制备了一种具有高比表面积和高反应活性的新型水处理剂———纳米铁,其广泛的应用于难降解的氯代有机物、重金属离子和染料等的处理以及对受污染地下水的原位修复等领域,通过其对六价铬离子的吸附与还原过程的研究。提出了最佳去除条件:即当投加量为0.02 g/L,pH为8,温度为30℃时,纳米铁对六价铬离子的去除效果最好,去除率大于90%。     

电极-SBBR处理含铜有机污水

采用电极一SBBR系统去除Cu^2＋，考察了电流强度，IA竞争离子（阴离子SO4^2-、NO3^-、CL^-和阳离子Zn^2＋、Ph^2＋）、初始含Cu^2＋量及溶液pH值对除铜效除果的影响。结果表明，当电流强度为40mA时Cu^2＋去除率最高为98％。投加阴（SO4^2-、NO3^-、Cl^-）、阳（Zn^2＋、Pb^2＋）离子均会引起出水Cu^2＋浓度的增加，且Cl^-和Ph^2＋含量分别为45mg／L和30mg／L时对Cu^2＋去除的影响更为显著。进水Cu^2＋浓度为30mg／L时，Cu^2＋去除率最高为98．48％，当进水Cu^2＋≥70mg／L时，出水Cu^2＋浓度不能达标。酸性（pH4．0～4．5）与碱性（pH9．0～10．0）条件均不利于Cu^2＋的去除，且酸性条件的负面影响更显著．当pH为4．5～7．5时．Cu^2＋去除率最高为97．78％。     

煅烧的水滑石同时去除水体中砷和氟

为探讨水滑石类材料对水体中氟、砷离子的同时去除效果,采用共沉淀法合成(Mg∶Al=2∶1)纳米类水滑石(LDHs),用傅立叶转换红外光谱、电子扫描透射电镜、X射线晶体衍射等手段对合成的材料进行了表征,并研究纳米材料在不同初始浓度、pH、吸附时间、阴离子干扰条件下其同时除砷氟性能。结果表明,煅烧后的水滑石(LDOs)对砷最大吸附量为51.02 mg/g,对氟最大吸附量为36.63 mg/g。吸附动力学实验表明,煅烧水滑石对砷的吸附在前6 h内基本完成,对氟的吸附在前10 h内基本完成。砷氟共存溶液保持pH=4~10及pH=6~8时,水滑石分别对砷、氟保持良好的吸附效率。对比不同阴离子对水滑石共除砷氟效率的影响,水滑石除砷速率受到阴离子影响力大小为:HPO2-4CO2-3NO-3Cl-SO2-4;水滑石除氟速率受到阴离子影响力大小为:CO2-3HPO2-4SO2-4Cl-NO-3。材料再生循环利用4次后,对砷和氟的吸附效率均能达到90%以上。实验结果表明,所合成的水滑石是一种优秀的能共除砷氟的吸附剂。     

载铁活化天然沸石处理高氟地下水

采用氯化铁改性天然沸石进行地下水除氟效果的研究,考察了地下水中4种阴离子Cl-、HCO3-、SO24-和PO34-对该改性沸石除氟效果的影响,并分析了其除氟机理和表面成分。研究结果表明,对于初始氟浓度不同的水样,随着阴离子浓度的增加,吸附剂对氟的去除率逐渐下降。Cl-对吸附剂除氟效果影响较小,氟去除率降低较慢;随着HCO3-浓度的增大(由100 mg/L到1 000 mg/L),水样pH由8.42缓慢升高到9.52,而氟去除率则由70.36%缓慢下降到56.73%(2mg/L);SO24-及PO34-对改性沸石除氟效果影响较大,氟去除率降低较快,且PO34-的影响大于SO24-。可以得到载铁活化天然沸石对4种阴离子的吸附顺序为:PO34->SO24->HCO3->Cl-。     

The reductive degradation of 1,1,1-trichloroethane by Fe(0) in a soil slurry system

Most studies on the treatment of chlorinated contaminants by Fe(0) focus on aqueous system tests. However, few is known about the effectiveness of these tests for degrading chlorinated contaminants such as 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA) in soil. In this work, the reductive degradation performance of 1,1,1-TCA by Fe(0) was thoroughly investigated in a soil slurry system. The effects of various factors including acid-washed iron, the initial 1,1,1-TCA concentration, Fe(0) dosage, slurry pH, and common constituents in groundwater and soil such as Cl^?, HCO₃ ^?, SO₄ ^2?, and NO₃ ^? anions and humic acid (HA) were evaluated. The experimental results showed that 1,1,1-TCA could be effectively degraded in 12 h for an initial Fe(0) dosage of 10 g L^?1 and a soil/water mass ratio of 1:5. The soil slurry experiments showed two-stage degradation kinetics: a slow reaction in the first stage and a fast reductive degradation of 1,1,1-TCA in the second stage. The reductive degradation of 1,1,1-TCA was expedited as the mass concentration of Fe(0) increased. In addition, high pHs adversely affected the degradation of 1,1,1-TCA over a pH range of 5.4–8.0 and the reductive degradation efficiency decreased with increasing slurry pH. The initial 1,1,1-TCA concentration and the presence of Cl^? and SO₄ ^2? anions had negligible effects. HCO₃ ^? anions had a accelerative effect on 1,1,1-TCA removal, and both NO₃ ^? and HA had inhibitory effects. A Cl^? mass balance showed that the amount of Cl^? ions released into the soil slurry system during the 1,1,1-TCA degradation increased with increasing reaction time, suggesting that the main degradation mechanism of 1,1,1-TCA by Fe(0) in a soil slurry system was reductive dechlorination with 1,1-DCA as the main intermediate. In conclusion, this study provides a theoretical basis for the practical application of the remediation of contaminated sites containing chlorinated solvent.     

共存物质对重金属絮凝剂 MCC 除镉性能的影响简

为进一步拓展天然高分子絮凝剂壳聚糖的应用范围，以壳聚糖、L-半胱氨酸为原料，通过酰胺化反应制备一种具有重金属捕集功能的高分子重金属絮凝剂-2-氨基-3-巯基丙酰壳聚糖（MCC），研究了水体中常见的阴阳离子、有机配位剂及浊度对MCC除镉性能的影响，探讨了絮体形貌与絮体分形维数及絮凝除镉效果间的关系。结果表明，Na⁺、Cl^-、NO₃^-、F^-、SO₄^2-的存在对MCC除Cd²⁺均有促进作用，Ca²⁺表现为明显的抑制作用；低浓度的EDTA对除镉有促进作用，随着EDTA浓度的增大，逐渐转为抑制作用；低浓度的腐殖酸对MCC去除Cd²⁺有显著的促进作用；在一定范围内，浊度可促进 MCC对Cd²⁺的去除；絮体间空隙越多，絮体分形维数越小，除镉效果越好。     

Multivariate Space Analysis of the Major Precipitation Ions over Europe, 1986–1997

ABSTRACT

The annual average concentrations (1986–1997) of the major ions SO₄ ^2-, NO₃ ^-, Cl^-, NH₄+, Na+, Mg²+, Ca²+, and K+ in precipitation are analyzed for selected EMEP stations. The objective is to determine the ion patterns or typologies in precipitation by principal component analysis (PCA) combined with a cluster analysis. SO₄ ^2- and NO₃ ^- ions are predominant in central and eastern Europe. This area corresponds to high emissions of SO₂ and NO₂. Sea spray ions are predominant in coastal sites. The soil components show an important contribution in southern Europe, possibly due to the soil dust transported from northern Africa.     

Removal of Chromium from Abrasive Blast Media by Leaching and Electrochemical Precipitation

ABSTRACT

Water is effective in leaching out Cr⁶⁺ from a mixture of paint powders and abrasive blast media. However, acids such as HNO₃, HCl, and H₂SO₄ significantly enhance the leaching procedure. Cr ions in the leaching solutions are successfully removed by electrochemical precipitation. The consumable Fe electrodes generate ferrous ions to cause the reduction of Cr⁶+ to Cr³+. Cr³+ ions along with Fe²+ and Fe³+ are then removed mainly by precipitation as Cr(OH)₃, Fe(OH)₂, and Fe(OH)₃ near the cathode where OH^- ions are generated by water electrolysis. The electrochemical process is capable of discharging low levels of Cr⁶+, less than 1 mg/L, without pH adjustment.     

Influence of NO2 and dissolved iron on the S(IV) oxidation in synthetic aqueous solution

The influence of dissolved NO₂ and iron on the oxidation rate of S(IV) species in the presence of dissolved oxygen is presented. To match the conditions in the real environment, the concentration of iron in the reaction solution and trace gases in the gas mixture was typical for a polluted atmosphere. The time dependence of HSO₃⁻, SO₄²⁻, NO₂⁻ and NO₃⁻ and the concentration ratio between Fe(II) and total dissolved iron were monitored. Sulphate formation was the most intensive in the presence of an SO₂/NO₂/air gas mixture and Fe(III) in solution. The highest contribution to the overall oxidation was from Fe-catalysed S(IV) autoxidation. The reaction rate in the presence of both components was equal to the sum of the reaction rates when NO₂ and Fe(III) were present separately, indicating that under selected experimental conditions there exist two systems: SO₂/NO₂/air and SO₂/NO₂/air/Fe(III), which are unlikely to interact with each other. The radical chain mechanism can be initiated via reactions Fe(III)–HSO₃⁻ and NO₂–SO₃²⁻/HSO₃⁻.     

Ionic composition of TSP and PM2.5 during dust storms and air pollution episodes at Xi'an,China

TSP and PM_2.5 samples were collected at Xi'an, China during dust storms (DSs) and several types of pollution events, including haze, biomass burning, and firework displays. Aerosol mass concentrations were up to 2 times higher during the particulate matter (PM) events than on normal days (NDs), and all types of PM led to decreased visibility. Water-soluble ions (Na⁺, NH₄⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, F^?, Cl^?, NO₃^?, and SO₄^2?). were major aerosol components during the pollution episodes, but their concentrations were lower during DSs. NH₄⁺, K⁺, F^?, Cl^?, NO₃^?, and SO₄^2? were more abundant in PM_2.5 than TSP but the opposite was true for Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺. PM collected on hazy days was enriched with secondary species (NH₄⁺, NO₃^?, and SO₄²) while PM from straw combustion showed high K⁺ and Cl^?. Firework displays caused increases in K⁺ and also enrichments of NO₃^? relative to SO₄^2?. During DSs, the concentrations of secondary aerosol components were low, but Ca²⁺ was abundant. Ion balance calculations indicate that PM from haze and straw combustion was acidic while the DSs samples were alkaline and the fireworks' PM was close to neutral. Ion ratios (SO₄^2?/K⁺, NO₃^?/SO₄^2?, and Cl^?/K⁺) proved effective as indicators for different pollution episodes.