中国大陆地区一种归化植物新记录——二十蕊商陆（Phytolacca icosandra L.）

商陆属(Phytolacca L.)主要分布于亚洲、非洲和美洲,全世界约有26种。中国本土分布4种,生长于沟谷、林下、林缘、路边等生境。该研究报道了中国大陆地区1种新归化植物:二十蕊商陆(P. icosandra L.)。该种心皮7—10枚,合生;花梗通常0.1—0.4 (—1) cm,花被片5—6枚,不等大或等大,雄蕊14—20枚;果序直立,长20—30 cm,种子种脐一侧明显突出,与中国大陆地区记载的商陆属其他物种区别较明显而容易识别。该种原产于拉丁美洲,2012年归化于中国台湾,在欧洲、南非、澳大利亚、亚洲热带亚热带地区也有归化,因其具有较强环境适应性已成为部分归化地区的恶性杂草。文章介绍了二十蕊商陆的学名、文献引证、异名,然后结合野外观察和该种的凭证标本,对其特征进行了详细描述。通过该种与其相似种的形态学比较,文章编制了实用的中国商陆属植物检索表。此外,基于该种在归化地生长和分布情况的初步观察,文章还评估了该种的经济价值与入侵风险,认为该归化种具有较高入侵潜力。根据其生物学特性和其他地区的入侵表现,文章预测该种将来可能会扩散到中国更多省区。因此,文章提出了多条针对该种的归化管理对策。建议有关部门和人员应对其开展定期监测和相关研究,密切关注其归化种群的发展扩散趋势,防止其对中国生态系统造成危害。     

北京城市边缘区建设用地空间格局与区域生态环境效应——以房山区平原地区为例

选择北京市房山区平原地区作为研究样区,在采用“渐变尺度空间结构度量方法”对该地区建设用地格局进行定量化研究的结果之上,运用景观生态学中“廊道效应”的观点,对该种建设用地格局所引发的区域生态环境效应进行了理论分析;据此,提出了有关北京城市边缘区景观格局优化的一些观点。     

基于净初级生产力的生态足迹模型及其与传统模型的对比分析

生态足迹模型因其可以定量度量生态可持续发展、计算简单、结论易懂、全球可比等特点,提出之后得到了大量的关注和应用,同时也面临着一些质疑和争论。文章介绍了一种基于净初级生产力的生态足迹理论和计算方法,并以该方法和传统生态足迹模型分别计算了中国1961-2007年的生态足迹,对计算结果进行了对比分析。结果表明,两种生态足迹模型的计算结果具有较高的相关性,表明基于净初级生产力的生态足迹模型结果可信。该种方法能够克服传统生态足迹模型的部分缺陷,在均衡因子选取、土地生态功能假设、CO2吸收等方面有了较大改进,能够较好地反映不同生态系统在生产力上的差异;在时间序列分析方面也更加合理。但该方法本身同时存在着计算方法不完善、对生态系统变化不敏感等问题,如何更紧密地结合生态足迹和净初级生产力是需要进一步研究的内容。     

基于净初级生产力的生态足迹模型及其与传统模型的对比分析

生态足迹模型因其可以定量度量生态可持续发展、计算简单、结论易懂、全球可比等特点,提出之后得到了大量的关注和应用,同时也面临着一些质疑和争论。文章介绍了一种基于净初级生产力的生态足迹理论和计算方法,并以该方法和传统生态足迹模型分别计算了中国1961—2007年的生态足迹,对计算结果进行了对比分析。结果表明,两种生态足迹模型的计算结果具有较高的相关性,表明基于净初级生产力的生态足迹模型结果可信。该种方法能够克服传统生态足迹模型的部分缺陷,在均衡因子选取、土地生态功能假设、CO2吸收等方面有了较大改进,能够较好地反映不同生态系统在生产力上的差异;在时间序列分析方面也更加合理。但该方法本身同时存在着计算方法不完善、对生态系统变化不敏感等问题,如何更紧密地结合生态足迹和净初级生产力是需要进一步研究的内容。     

相思树种子的质量评价模型

投影寻踪技术为一种新兴的非线性分析方法,但存在计算过程复杂、编程实现困难等缺陷,鉴于此,我们提出采用模拟退火法直接优化投影寻踪技术的投影函数和投影方向以克服目前投影寻踪技术的种种缺点.在此基础上,提出基于模拟退火法的改进的投影寻踪的相思树种子质量评价模型,利用该模型可把各相思树种批测定指标综合成一维投影值,投影值越大,表示该种批质量越好,根据投影值的大小可对相思树种批样本集进行合理评价.实例质量评价结果表明,直接由样本数据训练的改进投影寻踪林木种子质量评价模型用于相思树种子质量评价简单可行,具有较强的适用性和应用性,可操作性强.基于模拟退火法的改进的投影寻踪法可广泛应用于种子质量评价、群落分类及环境质量评价等研究中各类非线性、高维数据的分级与评价.表1参11     

有机物筛查软件在环境预警中的应用

使用固相萃取法富集地表水水体中的农药类有机污染物,以气相色谱质谱和全筛查软件进行分析定性、半定量,同时以气相色谱质谱法的SIM模式对半定量结果进行验证,验证结果证明除水体中的酸、醇、酮类外其它物质的回收率符合监测指标要求.验证结果显示,该种筛查方法对于在无外界标准物质和目标物未知的前提下,能够对水体中大多数潜在农药类有机污染物进行预警监测.     

城市基础设施与社会经济协调发展的定量评价方法与应用

研究了城市基础设施与社会经济协调发展的定量评价方法 ,提出衡量协调发展的定量指标及计算方法 ,并依据此方法对郑州市基础设施与社会经济协调发展状况进行评价。     

公共选修课《环境生物学》互动式教学实践

针对全校性公共选修课《环境生物学》的课程特点和选修学生特点,探讨了相应的教学方法和教学方式,提出了存在的问题与相关对策．针对学生上课状况提出了要搞好课堂气氛,将课堂与社会环境问题相结合,增加现场参观学习与社会调查等形式,以达到提高授课质量．针对学生的知识背景不一致的问题,学生人数较多不易管理问题分别提出了教学方法与方式改革的尝试,为今后取得好的教学效果提出探索性意见与方法．图1,参5．     

建设项目环境影响评价中污染物排放总量控制评价方法

本文提出了在建设项目环境影响评价中关于污染物排放总量控制评价所应包含的内容,介绍了清洁生产纳入环评中的方法,确定了在技术经济合理,污染物排放满足环境质量与排放标准前提下的排放总量,并对其合理性论证方法做了介绍,提出总量控制目标实现的对策。     

小灵猫的引种驯化技术研究

本文介绍了野生小灵猫捕捉的时间、地点和方法;提出了小灵猫的引种与驯化技术.     

Bayesian estimation of European sulphur emissions using monitoring data and an acid deposition model

A statistical method for estimating national emissions of acidifying air pollutants in Europe is presented. The method uses an acid deposition model to match official emissions data from European countries and measured depositions from a monitoring network. An application to 1990 sulphate data demonstrates the method and suggests some tendencies in the reported emissions. The proposed framework may prove useful for verifying national compliance with emissions standards, and the method should be applicable also to other substances than sulphur dioxide. The problem of designing an optimal monitoring network may also be assessed within the proposed statistical framework.     

空肠弯曲菌的快速检测方法研究与应用

为提高空肠弯曲菌的检测效率和检出率，应用免疫磁珠技术自行制备弯曲菌免疫磁珠，用以直接捕获受检样品中的空肠弯曲菌，不需要增菌培养；设计了检测空肠弯曲菌鞭毛蛋白A（flaA）基因的引物与荧光标记探针，首次建立了空肠弯曲菌的磁捕获-荧光聚合酶链式反应快速检测及鉴定方法．应用于实物检测的结果表明，该方法具有灵敏度高、选择性好、简便等特点，可在24h内完成检测，提高了环境样品及食品中空肠弯曲菌的检出率．图4表1参9     

二氧化硫被动采样器的研制和应用

本文叙述了一个灵敏、轻便的被动式二氧化硫采样装置,将此装置与主动采样方法对比用于大气中SO_2含量的测定,被动方法测得的SO_2浓度对主动方法测得的SO_2浓度的相关系数为0.9904;用五个相同的被动采样器在相同时间、相同地点测得的SO_2浓度的相对标准偏差为2.8％;采样周期可长达一个月或一个月以上。     

河流营养物参照状态的建立方法研究进展

建立营养物参照状态是河流水污染控制的关键问题之一。系统论述了参照状态的各种内涵,重点分析了国外建立河流营养物参照状态的各种方法及优缺点,并分析了其在中国的适用性。最后,提出了河流营养物参照状态的进一步研究的重点。参照状态根据允许人类活动影响的程度可有多种含义:最小干扰状态、历史状态、最少干扰状态和最佳可达成状态。其中,最少干扰状态和最佳可达成状态在现实管理中具有一定程度的可操作性。参照河流百分比法是建立营养物参照状态的首选方法,但中国水环境污染形势严峻,参照点变得越来越少。当参照点不存在时,一般河流百分比法是参照河流百分比法的替代方法,然而一般河流百分比法和参照河流百分比法的匹配性关系并不完全保持一致。由于栖息地退化等因素对生物完整性的影响程度可能比营养物浓度更大,生物响应法在实际应用中是非常困难的。流域模型法虽然有众多优点,但是数据要求较高,并且常用流域模型的机理与中国有较大差距,在中国应用的结果具有较大的不确定性。综合考虑中国水环境污染现状和数据要求,以多元线性回归模型为代表的简易模型方法在中国应有最大的适用性。然而,环境因素与营养物质间的关系往往都是非线性的,今后应着重研究建立河流营养物参照状态的多元非线性回归模型方法。此外,还应加强季风河流营养物参照状态的季节性差异与年际差异研究,并在全国层面上根据自然因素划分适当规模的生态区,分区确定各生态区的河流营养物参照状态。     

Rapid liquid chromatographic analysis of flurazepam in pharmaceutical preparation

An accurate and reproducible method for the analysis of flurazepam hydrochloride in pharmaceutical preparations has been described. A simple and rapid isocratic HPLC elution method was employed which requires about 15 minutes to be performed. The percentage mean recovery of flurazepam hydrochloride in Dalmane capsules was found to be 100.67% + 1.23% of the declared amount     

利用碎片常数和结构因子法估测农药在正辛醇／水相中的分配系数

本文详细阐述了用碎片常数与结构因子法估测农药在正辛醇与水相体系中分配系数的方法，并对６０种农药分配系数的估测结果与用经典的摇瓶测试法得到的实测值进行了比较，结果表明：估测结果与实测值基本吻合，碎片常数和结构因子估测法可以作为获得农药分配系数的另一种途径。     

An integrated method for the rapid dewatering and solidification/stabilization of dredged contaminated sediment with a high water content

• An integrated method, called PHDVPSS, was proposed for treating DCS. • The PHDVPSS method showed superior performance compared to conventional method. • Using the method, water content (%) of DCS decreased from 300 to<150 in 3 days. • The 56-day UCS from this method is 12‒17 times higher than conventional method. • Relative to PC, GGBS-MgO binder yielded greater reduction in the leachability. To more efficiently treat the dredged contaminated sediment (DCS) with a high water content, this study proposes an integrated method (called PHDVPSS) that uses the solidifying/stabilizing (S/S) agents and prefabricated horizontal drain (PHD) assisted by vacuum pressure (VP). Using this method, dewatering and solidification/stabilization can be carried out simultaneously such that the treatment time can be significantly shortened and the treatment efficacy can be significantly improved. A series of model tests was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Experimental results indicated that the proposed PHDVPSS method showed superior performance compared to the conventional S/S method that uses Portland cement (PC) directly without prior dewatering. The 56-day unconfined compressive strength of DCS treated by the proposed method with GGBS-MgO as the binder is 12‒17 times higher than that by the conventional S/S method. DCS treated by the PHDVPSS method exhibited continuous decrease in leaching concentration of Zn with increasing curing age. The reduction of Zn leachability is more obvious when using GGBS-MgO as the binder than when using PC, because GGBS-MgO increased the residual fraction and decreased the acid soluble fraction of Zn. The microstructure analysis reveals the formation of hydrotalcite in GGBS-MgO binder, which resulted in higher mechanical strength and higher Zn stabilization efficiency.     

A simple density separation technique for quantitative isolation of meiobenthos using the colloidal silica Ludox-TM

A simple, quantitative density separation method is described. The method is based on differences in specific weight between meiobenthos and sediment. Nematodes and copepods could be separated from sediment and detritus when samples were suspended in Ludox-TM, a colloidal silica. Organisms float at the surface, while sediment particles sink. Results obtained with this new method were compared with the well-known decantation method. For a quantitative isolation of nematodes from sediments, rich in coarse detritus, a maximum volume of 7 cm³ sample could be used. For copepods this maximum was 13 cm³. For such sediments the density method is more reliable than the decantation method. The time needed for sorting the meiobenthic organisms is reduced to about 30% compared with the former method. The new method can be used for preserved as well as for fresh sediment samples and can also be applied for the disolation of small polychaetes, small oligochaetes, larvae of some macrofaunal groups and net-zooplankton.Publication No. 10 of the project Biological Research in the Ems-Dollard Estuary.     

The effects of aggregation on the performance of the inverse method and indicators of network analysis

Food webs are usually aggregated into a manageable size for their interpretation and analysis. The aggregation of food web components in trophic or other guilds is often at the choice of the modeler as there is little guidance in the literature as to what biases might be introduced by aggregation decisions. We examined the impacts of the choice of the a priori model on the subsequent estimation of missing flows using the inverse method and on the indices derived from ecological network analysis of both inverse method-derived flows and on the actual values of flows, using the fully determined Sylt-Rømø Bight food web model. We used the inverse method, with the least squares minimization goal function, to estimate ‘missing’ values in the food web flows on 14 aggregation schemes varying in number of compartments and in methods of aggregation. The resultant flows were compared to known values; the performance of the inverse method improved with increasing number of compartments and with aggregation based on both habitat and feeding habits rather than diet similarity. Comparison of network analysis indices of inverse method-derived flows with that of actual flows and the original value for the unaggregated food web showed that the use of both the inverse method and the aggregation scheme affected indices derived from ecological network analysis. The inverse method tended to underestimate the size and complexity of food webs, while an aggregation scheme explained as much variability in some network indices as the difference between inverse-derived and actual flows. However, topological network indices tended to be most robust to both the method of determining flows and to the inverse method. These results suggest that a goal function other than minimization of flows should be used when applying the inverse method to food web models. Comparison of food web models should be done with extreme care when different methodologies are used to estimate unknown flows and to aggregate system components. However, we propose that indices such as relative ascendency and relative redundancy are most valuable for comparing ecosystem models constructed using different methodologies for determining missing flows or for aggregating system components.     

Towards a co-evolutionary framework for implementing sustainable development

SUMMARY

A quantitative method which can be used to gauge the sustainability of existing socio-cultural, economic and environmental constructs is proposed. An underlying assumption of the approach is that a co-evolutionary relationship exists between social, cultural, economic and environmental systems and that these cannot be addressed in a reductionist and deterministic manner. The method focuses on both broad trends and patterns of variance in a multivariate data matrix, it allows the identification of dominant trends as well as underlying tensions, does not treat socio-cultural, economic and environmental heterogeneity as statistical noise and can be applied at different administrative scales. Furthermore, it may be used to identify potential sources of human insecurity, factors that may affect the probability of positive human survival, developmental patterns at odds with the established values system of civil society that can be targeted for political action, and to inform public debate. In addition, the method can be used to identify unexpected synergies between variables and may serve as an early warning system for regional planners.