利用多物种净水监测仪在线监测水体抗生素药物及有机磷农药

通过多物种净水监测仪(Multispecies Freshwater Biomonitor,MFB)监测斑马鱼在抗生素药物(恩诺沙星、磺胺嘧啶)和有机磷农药(乐果、马拉磷硫)暴露下的行为强度变化,以验证其作为监测水体环境中抗生素类药物和有机磷农药生物指标的可行性.结果表明,恩诺沙星、磺胺嘧啶对斑马鱼没有急性毒性,乐果、马拉硫磷对斑马鱼的LC50-96值(96h半致死浓度)分别是61、5.4mg.L?1.斑马鱼对环境变化的行为反应快速且敏感,随着药物浓度的增加,斑马鱼行为变化的强度增大,反应时间缩短,且行为强度的变化符合环境压力模型(Stepwise Stress Model,SSM).斑马鱼行为的改变与一般急性毒性实验结果有相关性,可以作为对抗生素和有机磷农药污染水质早期预警的生物在线监测指标.     

四种环境雌激素对斑马鱼内脏团抗氧化防御系统的影响研究——17B-雌二醇与三种增塑剂DMP、DBP、DOP的影响

以斑马鱼(Danio rerio)为受试动物,研究了四种环境雌激素-17β-雌二醇(E2)和三种增塑剂(DMP、DBP、DOP)对其内脏团的氧化损伤及应激效应。经急性毒性实验,得到E2、DMP、DBP、DOP对成体斑马鱼96 h的半数致死浓度(LC50)分别为2.51、12.33、9.67、9.89 mg·L-1。在此基础上分别设置5个浓度梯度,研究E2(暴露2 d,4 d)、DMP、DBP、DOP(暴露4 d)对斑马鱼内脏团的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)活性以及丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响。结果表明,SOD、CAT、GST、MDA对这四种环境激素都非常敏感,其中SOD、CAT、GST活性的影响均呈现先诱导后抑制的趋势,而MDA含量则随着污染物浓度的升高而增加。高浓度暴露条件下,E2(0.4 mg·L-1)和DMP、DBP、DOP(0.8 mg·L-1)对SOD、CAT、GST活性均有显著抑制(p0.05),MDA的含量有显著升高(p0.05)。可见,E2、DMP、DBP、DOP会导致斑马鱼内脏团氧化损伤,并且在同等浓度下E2的毒性明显高于三种增塑剂。     

毒死蜱对斑马鱼胚胎氧化应激效应研究

以斑马鱼为模型,研究了毒死蜱对斑马鱼胚胎形态学的影响,及其对胚胎的氧化应激和氧化损伤作用.将斑马鱼胚胎暴露在梯度浓度的毒死蜱溶液中96h后,发现毒死蜱会造成斑马鱼胚胎严重畸形甚至死亡,其96h半致死浓度为1.18mg/L.对氧化应激相关基因的表达及抗氧化酶活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量进行检测,结果表明,在毒死蜱胁迫下抗氧化酶(SOD、CAT)活性降低,并且其编码基因(Cu/Zn-sod、Mn-sod、cat)的表达受到抑制;但在低浓度毒死蜱胁迫下,抗氧化酶活性并没有受到显著影响,而抗氧化酶基因的表达对毒死蜱更加敏感.毒死蜱能引起gstp2的表达上调,但GST活性与gstp2的表达变化并不一致.处理组胚胎中nrf2表达上调,从而上调抗氧化蛋白和II相解毒酶基因的表达.毒死蜱胁迫下,基因ucp2、cox1表达下调,能够减少呼吸链ROS的产生.同时基因bcl2表达下调,表明凋亡的平衡受到破坏.毒死蜱处理组中MDA含量显著升高,说明毒死蜱能造成斑马鱼胚胎氧化损伤.     

有机肥源磺胺类抗生素在土壤中的降解规律及影响因素分析

运用室内模拟降解法,研究了有机肥源磺胺类抗生素(磺胺嘧啶、磺胺甲嘧啶、磺胺二甲嘧啶、磺胺二甲氧嘧啶和磺胺甲恶唑)在光照或避光条件下、不同类型土壤中的降解能力.结果表明,5种磺胺类药物在土壤-粪便混合基质中的降解规律均呈"L"型;不同磺胺在土壤中的降解性与药物自身性质相关,江西红壤中降解半衰期长短顺序为:磺胺甲恶唑磺胺二甲嘧啶磺胺嘧啶磺胺甲嘧啶磺胺二甲氧嘧啶;土壤中有机质含量越高,磺胺类药物在土壤中降解性越强,其降解速率大小为:东北黑土≈太湖水稻土江西红壤;磺胺类药物在土壤-粪便混合基质中的降解速率显著大于单一土壤,粪便的加入对磺胺类抗生素的降解性有较大促进作用,光照作用则相对影响较小.     

SDM对厌氧发酵过程酶活性及产气量的影响

以磺胺二甲氧嘧啶钠(SDM)作为主要研究的磺胺类抗生素,观察其在猪粪混合发酵液中的代谢过程,以及对厌氧发酵过程中产气量与酶活性的影响。发酵过程共设置4个浓度处理:CK处理、T1处理(SDM添加量为30 mg/kg)、T2处理(SDM添加量为60mg/kg)、T3处理(SDM添加量为120 mg/kg)。结果表明,厌氧发酵过程中SDM对尿酶活性呈现出"抑制-激活-抑制"的作用。在一定添加浓度范围内(T1≤T3),磺胺二甲氧嘧啶钠对厌氧过程中脱氢酶的活性有一定的促进作用。SDM在混合发酵液中降解遵从一级动力学规律,代谢速率为T2>T1>T3,而T3处理对COD去除率达最大为48%,其累积产气量是空白处理累积产气量的2倍。随着磺胺二甲氧嘧啶钠添加量的增加促进了更多的产酸菌群的生长,合成更多的甲烷形成的前驱体,以得到更多的累积产气量。     

纳米塑料和砷对斑马鱼的联合毒性

以斑马鱼为供试生物,采用半静态实验法,将其分别暴露于5mg/L聚苯乙烯纳米塑料(PS-NPs),1、10和100μg/L砷(As)单一及其复合污染中7d,探讨PS-NPs影响下As在斑马鱼肝脏、肠道、鳃和肌肉组织中的积累,肝脏和鳃中PS-NPs的荧光强度和应激响应.结果表明:PS-NPs能在斑马鱼的肝脏和鳃中富集,且促进As在斑马鱼各组织中的积累.在5mg/L PS-NPs和100μg/L As复合污染下,肝脏、鳃、肠道和肌肉组织的As含量较As单一暴露时分别上升了35.18%、147.33%、163.12%和66.96%. PS-NPs和As的共同暴露导致肝脏的GST和GPx活性增加, MDA含量减少,氧化胁迫减弱.而鳃的GSH含量和GST活性减少,MDA含量增加,氧化胁迫增强.高浓度(100μg/L)As叠加PS-NPs后,鳃中AChE活性显著降低.相比单一As胁迫,混合暴露导致肝脏和鳃中gpx, Mn-sod, Cu/Zn-sod和ache表达量下降, PS-NPs的存在能降低As对斑马鱼氧化应激和神经毒性相关基因的诱导表达量.     

头孢噻肟钠对斑马鱼SOD活性、MDA含量及DNA损伤的影响

研究了不同浓度头孢噻肟钠溶液暴露15 d对斑马鱼肌肉组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)和磷酸化组蛋白H2AX(γ-H2AX)含量的影响.结果表明,低浓度组(1、5 mg·L-1)暴露时,斑马鱼肌肉组织SOD活性呈现不规则变化;随着暴露浓度增加(25 mg·L-1),SOD活性在实验初期(3 d)被抑制,后期逐渐被诱导,并在12 d达到峰值;高浓度(125 mg·L-1)头孢噻肟钠显著抑制了鱼体内SOD活性,6 d时活性达到最小值.进一步测定了斑马鱼肌肉组织中MDA含量的变化,发现其与SOD活性呈负相关性,且在1 mg·L-1和125 mg·L-1暴露时尤为明显.在所选暴露浓度,斑马鱼肌肉中γ-H2AX含量均呈现先升高后降低的变化趋势.1、5、25 mg·L-1浓度组在6 d时达到峰值,125 mg·L-1浓度组在9 d时达到峰值.随着暴露时间的增加,γ-H2AX含量均降至空白水平,表明鱼体对产生的DNA损伤有自我修复功能.本研究表明,斑马鱼对头孢噻肟钠的氧化胁迫反应可能是导致其DNA损伤的重要机制之一.     

微塑料对红鲫鱼幼鱼抗氧化酶系统的影响

为了研究不同微塑料对鱼类的毒性效应,探讨其可能的作用机理,文章以红鲫鱼为目标生物,采用半静态毒性实验方法,对不同暴露时间下不同浓度聚乙烯微塑料对红鲫鱼幼鱼肝脏组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)活性以及丙二醛(MDA)含量进行了测定。结果表明:经聚乙烯微塑料暴露后,红鲫鱼幼鱼肝脏组织SOD活性、GST活性和MDA含量均随暴露时间延长"先升高后降低"的趋势,而CAT活性则表现为"先降低再升高然后再降低"的波浪型变化趋势。在相同处理时间下,不同浓度微塑料对抗氧化酶的作用效果表现为在处理前期诱导作用比较高且3个处理组之间差异明显,处理后期3组浓度的抗氧化酶活性之间差异逐渐减小。     

诺氟沙星对阿部鲻鰕鯱Ⅰ相、Ⅱ相酶活性及CYP1A1和P-gpmRNA表达影响

通过饲料暴露的方式研究了抗生素诺氟沙星（Norfloxacin,NFLX）对阿部鲻鰕鯱（Mugilogobius abei）Ⅰ相、Ⅱ相代谢酶活性以及CYP1A1和P-糖蛋白(P-gp) mRNA表达的影响。结果表明随着暴露时间的延长,NFLX对阿部鲻鰕鯱肝脏Ⅰ相代谢酶APND、 ERND均表现出先诱导后抑制的作用。24 h时NFLX的暴露浓度为20 μg?g-1对Ⅰ代谢酶APND和ERND的诱导达到最大值。当暴露时间达到168 h, APND和ERND均受到极显著抑制。Ⅱ相代谢酶GST和MDA在72 h受到最大诱导,经过168 h暴露后,GST活性逐渐恢复到正常水平,而MDA含量在50 μg?g-1浓度组仍然维持较高水平。CYP1A1和P-gp mRNA表达量随着暴露时间的延长而增加,168 h达到最大。APND、 ERND、GST、 MDA、CYP1A1 mRNA和P-gp mRNA响应敏感,适合作为NFLX暴露的生物标记物。 关键词：诺氟沙星;阿部鲻鰕鯱;肝脏酶活;CYP1A1;P-gp     

三丁基锡对文蛤鳃的抗氧化酶活性及脂质过氧化的影响

在实验室条件下,观察质量浓度分别为高、中、低(0·1,1,10ng·L-1(以Sn计))3组的三丁基锡(TBT)暴露2、8、20d以及恢复7d和20d后对文蛤鳃的谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性以及丙二醛(MDA)含量、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量的影响.结果显示,除了高浓度TBT(10ng·L-1)暴露在早期(2d)对GSH含量、GST和CAT活性产生抑制之外,TBT暴露对GSH含量、GST和CAT活性的作用主要为诱导效应.在暴露8d后,MDA的含量表现出显著的诱导.恢复7d后除了高浓度组对MDA还有影响外,其它各指标均恢复到与对照组相当的水平.结果表明,环境水平的TBT暴露对文蛤产生明显的氧化胁迫,抗氧化防御系统可以作为海洋环境有机锡污染监测的潜在的生物标志物.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.