我国1991年长江中下游洪涝灾害的反思

本文首先概述了长江洪水一般规律以及今年兩情、水情、灾情,说明今年长江流域总的雨情、水情都没有超过1954年,灾害性质属较大范围的严重涝灾和局部地区洪灾,但损失巨大.如果长江上游或中下游几条主要支流发生类似历史上曾经出现过的大洪水,其后果将更为严重. 今年抗洪涝斗争中.建国以来修建的水利工程发挥了巨大作用,减少了灾害损失,但也暴露出我们防洪除涝中存在的弱点和问题. 文章结合长江中下游平原区防洪情况.从“洪水不分省界、县界、从全局出发,通力协作,团结治水才能战胜洪水;”“分蓄洪措施不可避免.认真贯彻《关于蓄滞洪区安全与建设指导纲要》才能减少損失;”“长江防洪潜在危险不可忽视,必须抓紧解决,才能保证国家建设顺利进行;”“增强全社会和全民防洪意识.依法治水,努力减轻洪涝灾害损失.”等四个方面对今年发生的严重洪涝灾害进行了反思.并提出了建议.     

1954、1998年长江两次特大洪灾形成原因及防治对策初探

１９９８ 年长江中下游地区发生的特大洪水具有洪水水位高、洪量大、历时长的特点, 这次洪水灾害造成的直接经济损失超过了２ ０００ 亿元。本文在长江上中游地区降水量总量及强度超常、长江上中下游洪水遭遇严重、分洪区没能发挥作用等洪灾形成主要原因进行分析的基础上, 提出了加大对影响长江流域灾变性气候的研究、调整江湖水系结构、加强区域间防洪的协调和协作等对策建议。     

长江中下游大洪水与中强地震的相关性分析

1998年 ,长江流域发生了类似 195 4年的百年一遇全江性大洪水 ,1999年长江又发生了较大洪水。在上述背景下 ,长江中下游地区是否会发生中强震 ,需要进行认真的探讨。初步研究结果表明 ,长江大洪水之后 3年内 ,鄂、湘沿江地区中强地震受长江大洪水的“耦合振荡”作用较大。     

防洪投资效益惊人

中国水电科学研究院水灾问题专家刘树坤介绍,防洪投入资金与产生经济效益之比大约是1:10,即投资1亿元,可减少灾害损失10亿元。 防洪投资与一般的投资项目不同的是,防洪投资所产生的效益是无法产生直接经济回报的,只有在遭遇洪灾时这种巨大的社会效益才体现出来。一般投     

复杂河网平原地区的防洪调度决策——基于洪水灾害时空模拟的西洞庭湖冲柳地区案例研究

长江中下游大部分复杂河网平原地区的防洪调度决策由于缺乏全面准确的灾害预测手段而一直处于过度依赖经验调度的局面。这类调度手段适应性和操作性较强,但缺乏准确性和时效性,特别是存在着资源的极大浪费和极端条件下的洪水溢出情况。提出了从洪灾风险出发,通过运用ERDAS,Damage Calculator等模型相关模块,在GIS环境下对复杂河网平原地区进行洪水灾害的时间和空间动态模拟,预测和分析区域内各种条件下的洪灾风险时空分布,在此基础上计算洪水优化调度分洪序列,并最终制定针对性的防洪调度决策。研究结果表明,以洪水灾害风险为依据,在对区域洪水进行时空动态模拟基础上形成的防洪调度方法能够更有针对性地解决或缓解复杂河网平原地区特大洪水时期的分洪限洪问题,降低洪灾损失。     

中国与荷兰洪水风险分析方法的比较研究

基于洪水风险的定义,从洪灾发生概率、洪灾后果评估、风险评价指标和防洪标准经济优化决策原则等方面阐述了中荷两国在洪水风险分析研究方面的异同,初步分析了存在差别的原因以及两种方法的特点.在分别应用中国和荷兰现有风险评估方法分析安庆市堤防圈的洪水风险的基础上,探讨了将两国的风险分析方法进行整合的思路.算例表明,将堤防的工程风险与洪水本身出现的水文风险相结合,并考虑在不同洪水位下损失的差异的方法是与洪灾发生机理相符,综合考虑了各种不确定因素的、切合我国洪灾特点的一种值得进一步深入研究的新方法.     

国内外洪水灾害经济损失评估方法综述

洪水灾害是当今世界最严重的自然灾害之一,洪水灾害实质就是人员伤亡和经济损失的问题。洪灾经济损失评估是防洪减灾领域的一项基础性工作。从其灾害损失评估方法的角度对国内外洪水灾害损失的研究进展作了简要介绍;对经济损失进行了分类;概述了洪灾损失的评估方法和计算经济损失的新方法。     

基于模糊聚类因子分析的区域洪灾风险评价

在从洪灾风险形成机理出发建立区域洪灾风险评价指标体系的基础上,综合模糊C-均值聚类、因子分析和聚类有效性函数,建立基于模糊聚类因子分析的区域洪灾风险评价方法,并将其应用于怀洪南片防洪保护区15个乡镇的洪灾风险评价中。结果表明,怀洪南片防洪保护区的洪灾风险与社会经济因子、土地覆盖物因子和洪水因子等3个主要因子关系密切,被评价的15个乡镇中,小蚌埠镇为特高风险区,怀远县城关镇为高风险区,吴小街镇为较高风险区,新集镇、头铺镇、大新镇、曹顾张乡、梅桥镇、曹老集镇和沫河口镇为中等风险,临北回族乡为较低风险区,新马桥镇、王庄镇、浍南镇和魏庄镇为低风险区。研究结果揭示了影响怀洪南片防洪保护区洪灾风险的主要因子及防洪保护区洪灾风险的空间分布,可为区域防洪减灾活动提供指导。     

防洪减灾观念的理论进展--灾害双重属性概念及其科学哲学基础

提出灾害的双重属性概念,是国际减灾十年活动中的重要理论进展之一,已被国家防洪减灾主管部门所采纳,被认为是防洪减灾方针转变的理论基础.作者总结了多年来的研究心得,论述了灾害双重属性概念的实质,以及它和工程与非工程相结合的减灾措施之异同.论述了这个科学概念系来源于我国传统治水理念和西方现代防洪减灾思想,并阐述了这一概念的科学和哲学基础.     

洪灾风险分析的国内外研究现状与展望（Ⅰ）——洪水为害风险分析研究现状

从"洪水控制"到"洪水风险管理"是国内外防洪减灾形势发展的必然要求.全面了解洪灾风险分析的国内外研究现状,并分析其研究趋势是进行洪灾风险管理研究的基础性工作.从洪灾危险性分析和洪灾易损性分析和洪灾灾情评估分析等方面,综述洪水为害风险分析的国内外研究现状.     

Cholera in Sudan: An account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.     

The cultural politics of mining and natural disaster in Indonesia: by fire and sword

Natural disasters are inevitably the outcome of cultural agonisms. The cultural politics of natural disasters are shaped by competing claims and conceptions of ‘nature’. Recent disasters in Indonesia are directly linked to these contending conceptions and the ways in which different social groups imagine risk and reward. The Sidoarjo volcanic mudflow of 2006 represents a volatile and violent exemplar of contending cultural and economic claims. Like other disasters in Indonesia and elsewhere in the developing world, this ‘natural’ disaster is characterised by differing conceptions of ‘nature’ as cultural tradition, divine force, and natural resource. A new extractive project in East Java is exhibiting similar economic and cultural agonisms, particularly around the notion of development, environment, self‐determination, and tradition. This paper examines the ‘disputes over meaning’ associated with natural disasters in contemporary societies, and the ways in which they are related to human culture, social organisation, and hierarchical systems of violence.     

Fiji, land of tropical cyclones and hurricanes: A case study of agricultural rehabilitation

Tropical cyclones and hurricanes have a severe impact on the social and economic activities of affected communities. For small island nations in the Pacific region, the effects can be devastating because of their smallness. FQi and several other countries in the region are vulnerable to such disasters as they are situated in the zone where cyclones occur frequently.
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems.     

Risk communication in emergency response to a simulated extreme flood

Risk communication in flood incident management can be improved through developing hydrometeorological and engineering models used as tools for communicating risk between scientists and emergency management professionals. A range of such models and tools was evaluated by participating flood emergency managers during a 4-day, real-time simulation of an extreme event in the Thamesmead area in the Thames estuary close to London, England. Emergency managers have different communication needs and value new tools differently, but the indications are that a range of new tools could be beneficial in flood incident management. Provided they are communicated large model uncertainties are not necessarily unwelcome among flood emergency managers. Even so they are cautious about sharing the ownership of weather and flood modelling uncertainties.     

The ethical contours of research in crisis settings: five practical considerations for academic institutional review boards and researchers

The number of research studies in the humanitarian field is rising. It is imperative, therefore, that institutional review boards (IRBs) consider carefully the additional risks present in crisis contexts to ensure that the highest ethical standards are upheld. Ethical guidelines should represent better the specific issues inherent to research among populations grappling with armed conflict, disasters triggered by natural hazards, or health‐related emergencies. This paper seeks to describe five issues particular to humanitarian settings that IRBs should deliberate and on which they should provide recommendations to overcome associated challenges: staged reviews of protocols in acute emergencies; flexible reviews of modification requests; addressing violence and the traumatic experiences of participants; difficulties in attaining meaningful informed consent among populations dependent on aid; and ensuring reviews are knowledgeable of populations' needs. Considering these matters when reviewing protocols will yield more ethically sound research in humanitarian settings and hold researchers accountable to appropriate ethical standards.     

The need to look beyond the production and provision of relief seed: experiences from southern Sudan

Free distribution of seeds in selected areas of southern Sudan has been widespread as a way of increasing food security. Field research in areas targeted for seed relief found that farmer seed systems continue to meet the crop and varietal needs of farmers even following the 1998 famine. Donor investments in seed multiplication of improved sorghum have not been sustained due to a lack of effective demand for the improved seed beyond that created by the relief agencies. The article argues that rather than imposing outside solutions, whether through seed provisioning or seed production enterprises, greater attention needs to be given to building on the strengths of existing farmer systems and designing interventions to alleviate the weaknesses. The case is made to support dynamically the process of farmer experimentation through the informed introduction of new crops and varieties that can potentially reinforce the strength and diversity of local cropping systems.     

Social capital and food security in post-conflict rural Lira District,northern Uganda

While a strong relationship has been established between social capital and food security in the research literature, it is uncertain whether this holds in post-conflict situations. This study examines associations between social capital and food security in post-conflict Lira District, northern Uganda. Since factors affecting food security are complex, we explored the roles of households' characteristics in food security outcomes. Data were collected from March to July 2011 through face-to-face interviews with 221 heads of household in rural Lira. Using multinomial logistic regression, a strong positive association was identified between social capital and household food security. The study also found significant associations of food security with sex, education of household head, amount of cultivated land, and farm and home possessions. The results of this analysis can aid the design of food security programmes that empower poor people while targeting the most vulnerable groups, thereby promoting sustainable development in post-conflict communities.