共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
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Joseph C. Cooper Giovanni Signorello 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2008,51(1):1-14
Programs that reimburse farmers for the cost of implementing more environmentally benign management practices are becoming increasingly popular in both the US and the EU. Utilizing the random utility and random profit difference approaches, the paper develops a theoretical model that explains why farmers may require a premium in excess of the decrease in profits to adopt a conservation plan, and may even require a premium in the case where adoption of the plan is associated with a mean increase in profits. This premium is estimated using a survey of farmers in conjunction with predictions of changes in production costs. 相似文献
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Sarika P. Cardoso Harvey S. James Jr. 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2012,25(3):377-404
There are a number of agricultural farming practices that are controversial. These may include using chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides, and planting genetically modified crops, as well as the decision to dehorn cattle rather than raise polled cattle breeds. We use data from a survey of Missouri crop and livestock producers to determine whether a farmer’s ethical framework affects his or her decision to engage in these practices. We find that a plurality of farmers prefer an agricultural policy that reflects principles based on rights rather than principles of utilitarianism or justice. Furthermore, after controlling for personal and farm characteristics, we find a positive correlation between farmers preferring a rights-based policy and a farmer’s use of chemical farm inputs and polled rather than horned cattle. We also find that a combination of ethical framework and farm and farmer characteristics correlate with decisions to use farm chemicals, while only farm and farmer characteristics affect the decision to plant GM crops and only a farmer’s ethical framework affects the decision to use polled cattle. 相似文献
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Jefferson Fox Rebekah Kanter Sanay Yarnasarn Methi Ekasingh Royce Jones 《Environmental management》1994,18(3):391-399
This research has two interrelated objectives. The first is to determine the extent to which a relationship exists between
farmer characteristics and farming practices in three villages in northern Thailand. The second is to use standard statistical
methods for incorporating spatial variables into the analysis and to assess the effects of these variables on farmer decision
making. The data base includes information on the location and size of villages, roads, streams, and fields; a digital elevation
model with information on elevation, slope, and aspect; and information keyed to individual fields on crops and cropping methods
and the ethnicity, income, and religion of farmers. The map data (517 plots) were entered into a computerized geographic information
systems (GIS). Results suggest several hypotheses about the relationships between land use and owner characteristics. More
significantly, the study concludes that spatial analysis appears to be most useful when the dependent variable is either continuous
or ordinal. The outlook is not quite as optimistic when the dependent variable is a nonordinal categorical variable. Before
spatial analysis can be applied regularly to social science data, better computational tools need to be developed. 相似文献
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Conservation policy in agricultural systems in the United States relies primarily on voluntary action by farmers. Federal conservation programs, including the Environmental Quality Incentives Program, offer incentives, both financial and technical, to farmers in exchange for adoption of conservation practices. Understanding motivations for (as well as barriers to) participation in voluntary programs is important for the design of future policy and effective outreach. While a significant literature has explored motivations and barriers to conservation practice adoption and participation in single programs, few studies in the U.S. context have explored general participation by farmers in one place and time. A mixed-methods research approach was utilized to explore farmer participation in all U.S. Farm Bill programs in Indiana. Current and past program engagement was high, with nearly half of survey respondents reporting participation in at least one program. Most participants had experience with the Conservation Reserve Program, with much lower participation rates in other programs. Most interview participants who had experience in programs were motivated by the environmental benefits of practices, with incentives primarily serving to reduce the financial and technical barriers to practice adoption. The current policy arrangement, which offers multiple policy approaches to conservation, offers farmers with different needs and motivations a menu of options. However, evidence suggests that the complexity of the system may be a barrier that prevents participation by farmers with scarce time or resources. Outreach efforts should focus on increasing awareness of program options, while future policy must balance flexibility of programs with complexity. 相似文献
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Nicholas P. Guehlstorf 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2008,21(6):541-558
In the beginning, policy debates between critics and advocates of genetically modified (GM) crops focused on scientifically
determined risks. Ten years later, the argument between environmentalists or consumers and regulators or industry has changed
into a discussion about the implementation of more democratic policymaking about GM farming. A notable omission from the political
debate about food biotechnology in the United States, however, is the opinion of farmers who cultivate the GM crops. Policymakers
should value practical knowledge based on experiences from farmers, not only scientific industry reports or consumer product
opinions. This project uses in-depth interviews to create an original mail survey that uses the practical discourse of farmers
in order to explore the relationship of farmer attitudes and GM agriculture. Although national research indicates that larger
yields are the most common reason for GM adoption, qualitative information suggest that the potential of GM crops to increase
revenue per acre does not truly reflect all the concerns of modern farmers. For example, farmers who use GM seeds indicate
that they constantly question the social impacts of their agricultural practices. As such, GM policies should be restructured
as a political rationalization of both economic modeling and political theory because this research suggests that farmers’
business decisions are utility calucations that consider economics without ignoring environmental and political contexts.
Farmers’ concerns about non-economic risks suggest that they need more information about GM crops and that governmental policies
should respond to their interests, as they are more democratic or pluralistic than industry or consumer arguments. 相似文献
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Land-Use and Land-Cover Change and Farmer Vulnerability in Xishuangbanna Prefecture in Southwestern China 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Jianchu X Fox J Vogler JB Yongshou ZP Lixin Y Jie Q Leisz S 《Environmental management》2005,36(3):404-413
This study investigated land-use and land-cover change in three hamlets and two state rubber farms in the Nan-e watershed
of the Xishuangbanna prefecture of Yunnan province in Southwestern China. The overall objective of the study was to understand
how state policies affected land use and land cover and how changes in these variables affected farmer vulnerability to economic,
social, and political events. Emphasis was placed on the cultivation of rubber (Hevea brasiliensis), promoted in southern Yunnan province since the 1950s as a means to meet the demands of rapid economic development. The
study combined remote sensing analysis with secondary data and in-field interviews in order to understand the coupling between
land-use and land-cover change and farmer vulnerability in light of the geographic, historical, and sociopolitical situation. 相似文献
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Guillerme S Kumar BM Menon A Hinnewinkel C Maire E Santhoshkumar AV 《Environmental management》2011,48(2):351-364
Agroforestry systems are fundamental features of the rural landscape of the Indian state of Kerala. Yet these mixed species
systems are increasingly being replaced by monocultures. This paper explores how public policies on land tenure, agriculture,
forestry and tree growing on private lands have interacted with farmer preferences in shaping land use dynamics and agroforestry
practices. It argues that not only is there no specific policy for agroforestry in Kerala, but also that the existing sectoral
policies of land tenure, agriculture, and forestry contributed to promoting plantation crops, even among marginal farmers.
Forest policies, which impose restrictions on timber extraction from farmers’ fields under the garb of protecting natural
forests, have often acted as a disincentive to maintaining tree-based mixed production systems on farmlands. The paper argues
that public policies interact with farmers’ preferences in determining land use practices. 相似文献
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Ereney Hadjigeorgalis 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2008,44(3):594-605
Abstract: Managing drought in agriculture has taken on growing importance as population growth and environmental concerns place increasing pressures on agricultural water use. One alternative for agricultural water resource management in areas of recurrent drought is allocation through market mechanisms. While past research has aimed to explain why farmers are reluctant to participate in already established water markets, this research seeks to identify the appropriate market mechanism given farmers’ preexisting attitudes toward water markets. Statistical analysis of survey data from 166 farmer interviews in the Rio Grande Basin indicate that farmers are significantly more likely to participate in short‐term water mechanisms, such as spot water markets and water banks than in permanent transfer mechanisms, particularly those that fully separate water rights from land. In sharp contrast to expectations, the choice of market mechanism did not differ significantly between farmers based on their a priori intention to buy, sell or both buy and sell in these markets. Choice of market mechanism also did not differ among farmer types although small, lifestyle or hobby farmers clearly preferred spot water markets to other types of short‐term mechanisms. Evaluating these attitudes a priori may help to design more suitable water market mechanisms for the basin. 相似文献
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While farming has been the subject of frequent critical analysis with respect to its environmental impacts, including its greenhouse gas emissions, there has been relatively little consideration of the potentially positive role of agriculture in responding to a future greatly influenced by climate change. One possible realm for agriculture to contribute successfully to this future is through biofuels cultivation. This paper uses the state of Kansas as an example to examine factors that are influencing farmer decision-making during a time of heightened debates about climate and energy. Drawing on interviews with key informants and Kansas farmers, we apply and refine a conceptual model for understanding farmer decisions. We find that farmers have largely positive perceptions of the natural environment. Climate change, especially, is not a salient concern at this time. Factors that appear most likely to influence farmer decisions to adopt a new practice include the relative advantage of that practice and the ability to learn about and discuss it through existing social networks. Successful policy incentives must provide farmers with a continued sense of both independence and contribution to greater societal good. 相似文献
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Digging Deeper: A Case Study of Farmer Conceptualization of Ecosystem Services in the American South
The interest in improved environmental sustainability of agriculture via biodiversity provides an opportunity for placed-based research on the conceptualization and articulation of ecosystem services. Yet, few studies have explored how farmers conceptualize the relationship between their farm and nature and by extension ecosystem services. Examining how farmers in the Southern Piedmont of South Carolina discuss and explain the role of nature on their farm, we create a detail-rich picture of how they perceive ecosystem services and their contributions to the agroeconomy. Using 34 semi-structured interviews, we developed a detail-rich qualitative portrait of these farmers’ conceptualizations of ecosystem services. Farmers’ conceptualization of four ecosystem services: provisioning, supporting, regulating, and cultural are discussed, as well as articulation of disservices. Results of interviews show that most interviewees expressed a basic understanding of the relationship between nature and agriculture and many articulated benefits provided by nature to their farm. Farmers referred indirectly to most services, though they did not attribute services to biodiversity or ecological function. While farmers have a general understanding and appreciation of nature, they lack knowledge on specific ways biodiversity benefits their farm. This lack of knowledge may ultimately limit farmer decision-making and land management to utilize ecosystem services for environmental and economic benefits. These results suggest that additional communication with farmers about ecosystem services is needed as our understanding of these benefits increases. This change may require collaboration between conservation biology professionals and extension and agriculture professionals to extended successful biomass provisioning services to other ecosystem services. 相似文献
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The Ethics of Constrained Choice: How the Industrialization of Agriculture Impacts Farming and Farmer Behavior 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
The industrialization of agriculture not only alters the ways in which agricultural production occurs, but it also impacts the decisions farmers make in important ways. First, constraints created by the economic environment of farming limit what options a farmer has available to him. Second, because of the industrialization of agriculture and the resulting economic pressures it creates for farmers, the fact that decisions are constrained creates new ethical challenges for farmers. Having fewer options when faced with severe economic pressures is a very different situation for farmers than having many options available. We discuss the implications of constrained choice and show that it increases the likelihood that farmers will consider unethical behavior. 相似文献
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辽宁农民不论从经济结构还是人口结构上看,都是一个不可忽视的群体。开发辽宁农民旅游市场,对刺激省内消费、全面发展旅游业意义重大,但地区差异、思想意识、旅游企业的服务质量等方面都大大制约了辽宁农民外出旅游。通过分析,提出了该旅游市场良性开发的若干建议:旅游部门与企业提高认识和服务质量;强化农村旅游市场的宣传力度;大力发展短途旅游;农民旅游线路“量体裁衣”等。 相似文献
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Mark Fisher 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2003,16(1):77-90
Easy-care or natural lambing pertainsto those sheep able to successfully lamb andrear at least one lamb without human assistancein a difficult environment. Such sheep may havea higher survival rate, lower lamb mortality,and require less shepherding at lambing thanother sheep breeds or strains. The farmer orshepherd account of easy-care lambing revealsseveral themes. Firstly, stock were bred tosurvive or suit local environments orconditions, particularly steep hill country inNew Zealand. This involved extensive culling ofundesirable dams, regardless of how well theymight perform in traits other than the abilityto survive and to produce live lambs atweaning. Sheep that did have problems wereoften assisted, recorded or marked and thenculled at an appropriate time; thus bothartificial (culling) and natural selection wereused. Secondly, natural selection enabled theimportant traits to be identified and they weresubsequently incorporated into artificialselection programs. Thirdly, the practice wasnecessitated by the impracticality ofsupervising lambing in difficult terrain andthe cost of skilled farm labor. Finally, it wasacknowledged that disturbance at lambingcreated problems and most importantly, theeasy-care approach reduced some of the problemstraditionally associated with lambing.Easy-care lambing systems thus aim to minimizesome of the detrimental effects associated withcarefully supervised lambing in someenvironments, by selecting sheep to suit boththat environment and modern farm management.They overcame pervasive influences our culturallegacy was exerting on the way we interact withanimals, and may have produced a system more inkeeping with the biology of the animal in anextensive environment. 相似文献
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合理的农业生态补偿方式应符合农户利益预期和意愿。基于重庆10区县357户农户的调查数据,采用选择实验法和随机参数Logit模型分析了农户参与农业减量化的补偿方式偏好及异质性。结果表明:①各种补偿方式均能显著提高农户农业减量化的参与效用;②农户平均偏好程度最高的是农资补偿和现金补偿,其次是技术补偿,最低的是政策补偿;③农户对不同补偿方式存在显著的偏好异质性,并且部分偏好异质性来源于决策者特征、家庭经营/生计特征和区域因素。建议继续通过生态补偿有效推进化肥农药减量施用,但补偿方式应该结合不同农户的偏好采取差异化设计。 相似文献