EFFECTS OF CONTEXT ON EVERYDAY CONVERSATIONS OF TURKISH UNIVERSITY STUDENTS

This study employed a diary method to investigate everyday conversations. Consistent with a dynamic view of partner context interaction, it was predicted that conversations occurring in different contexts would show variations with respect to topics and conversation partners. Turkish university students recorded durations, topics, and conversation partners of their conversations for seven consecutive days. Contexts, topics, and partners were categorized. Respondents were utilized as units of analyses. Analyses revealed that context of conversations were related to topic and partner categories as well as intimacy ratings of partners and topics.     

AN EXPANSION OF ROGER BARKER'S BEHAVIOR SETTING SURVEY FOR AN ETHNO-ECOLOGICAL APPROACH TO PERSON–ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS

Roger Barker's Behavior Setting Survey is generally recognized as the first major effort to bring physical and social contexts into psychological methodologies for studying human behavior. Since Barker's day, advances in social theory, speech act philosophy, pragmatics and other disciplines within the human sciences have converged with Barker's concerns in various ways, making it possible to sharpen and enrich a number of his formulations. The methodological school of critical qualitative research in many ways occupies the vanguard of approaches synthesizing advances in social theory for methodological application. Critical qualitative research, however, has yet to take advantage of Barker's work on behavior settings. Thus both Barker's work and the work of critical ethnographers can be enriched through a synthesis of their theoretical constructs and procedures. This pilot study explores the advantages of synthesizing behavior setting survey and critical qualitative methodology. A university department was studied through a truncated version of the Behavior Setting Survey (BSS) and also with Carspecken's five-stage model for critical social research. Results are significant on both substantive and analytical levels. It was found that departmental behavior patterns discovered through the BSS are only explicable when their cultural conditions are reconstructed via critical qualitative data analysis. This was true particularly with respect to the ‘circuitry’ discovered by the BSS but explained through cultural reconstructions.     

SOCIAL HEURISTICS IN INTERIOR DESIGN PREFERENCES

A model of aesthetic impression formation is introduced which had been developed according to the heuristic–systematic processing theory in social judgment. It is assumed that heuristic processing is based upon socially relevant aspects of lifestyles (labeled as social heuristic), whereas structural properties are processed in a systematic analysis. Theory suggests that the social heuristic allows a faster and more certain aesthetic decision-making than the systematic attribute analysis. The social heuristic, however, can only be adopted if the target's social information is decodable and consistent (social prototypes). If a target's social properties are not decodable or inconsistent (polyvalent), theory assumes a systematic analysis of nonsocial properties.Two experiments were conducted to confirm the existence of social heuristic processing in aesthetic judgment. In the first experiment, an on-line measure to control latencies for preference judgment was used in a priming paradigm. Experiment two is based on a paper-and-pencil task in which subjects had the free choice of ranking the targets to be evaluated. Data from both experiments reveal the expected higher latencies and higher mean ranks in the evaluation order for polyvalent rather than prototypical targets. These results are interpreted as indicators of the same underlying pattern of successful social heuristic processing in prototypes, and its failure in polyvalents.     

PRIVACY REGULATION AND PLACE ATTACHMENT: PREDICTING ATTACHMENTS TO A STUDENT FAMILY HOUSING FACILITY

Although similar processes and functions have been proposed for privacy regulation and place attachment, little theoretical or empirical work encompasses both constructs. In the present study, a theoretical model relates privacy regulation to place attachment in the home. According to this model, the home setting may either facilitate or inhibit privacy regulation with family. When regulation is facilitated, family functioning and feelings of control should be enhanced, promoting attachments to the home.Questionnaire data from student family apartment residents supported this model. Residents who reported greater ease in regulating privacy with family also reported greater apartment attachment. Analyses suggested that this relationship was mediated by family functioning and feelings of control. Similar relationships were found for three different types of attachment.By bridging across concepts often treated separately, the model supported in this study suggests new directions for theoretical and empirical study, and new applications for housing policy and design.     

Heathland Seedbanks under BrackenPteridium aquilinum(L.) Kuhn and their Importance for Re-vegetation after Bracken Control

In Great Britain, the regeneration of heathland and moorland plant communities after bracken control is slow and variable. Successful restoration depends on the availability of seed and the provision of suitable regeneration niches, as well as on the expansion of the plants previously present underneath the bracken canopy. This study investigates the availability of the seed resource of heathland species and its distribution, both in relation to increasing time since bracken invasion and with respect to its presence in litter or mineral soil.Calluna vulgariswas found to be the predominant species that germinated from the soil and litter beneath bracken at the sites studied. It appeared in greatest numbers from samples taken outside and at the edge of the bracken patch; numbers decreased deeper into the patch. Land which has been under bracken for a considerable period (>50 years) is likely to have a very reduced seedbank so that some form of propagule introduction, as well as litter disturbance, may be needed to speed up regeneration. On sites which have been invaded by bracken more recently, it is likely that litter incorporation into the soil would conserve the seed resource, whereas burning or litter removal would remove a significant proportion of that seed resource.     

THE MYTH OF THE INDOOR CITY

Shopping malls have become major features in the urban landscape, yet have received little attention from environmental psychologists. Malls have become more than just a particular type of retail outlet, but places providing a complex array of commercial, community and leisure facilities. They have sought not only to complement urban provision, but to replace it. Malls have become the ‘indoor city'—a new type of place, generating particular repertoires of perceptions, evaluations and behaviours. This paper reviews the predominantly behaviourist approaches that have characterized the analysis of consumer spatial and shopping behaviour and suggests that a transactionalist approach might be more valuable. An empirical study, undertaken in Guildford, U.K., demonstrates that users of the mall do not principally evaluate malls in terms of their retail performance but as social places and spaces satisfying many psychological needs and preferences. They should not be regarded simply as an extension of the high street but rather as different sorts of places. The paper concludes with an extended discussion of the consequences of mall development for the city and urban life, arguing that the indoor city is a myth.     

BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ESTUARINE/COASTAL POLLUTION1

ABSTRACT: Sustained interest in and concern about the health status of the aquatic environment has resulted in extensive research focused on (1) effects of pollution on survival, growth, and reproduction of resource species at all life stages; (2) diseases of fish and shellfish, as they may be related to pollution and as they may serve as indicators of environmental stress; and (3) contaminant body burdens in fish and shellfish - their effects on the aquatic animals and their potential effects on humans. Effects, lethal and sublethal, of pollutants on life history stages of fish and shellfish have been documented, as have impacts on local stocks in badly degraded habitats, but as yet there has been no adequate quantitative demonstration of effects on entire aquatic species - probably because of the difficulty in sorting out relative effects of the many environmental factors that influence abundance. Sublethal effects, especially those that result in disease, have been examined intensively, and some diseases and disease syndromes have been associated statistically with pollution. Other pollution indicators (biochemical, physiological, genetic, behavioral, and ecological) have also received some attention, as have body burdens of contaminants in aquatic species. Research, especially that conducted during the past decade, has done much to clarify the many pathways and toxic effects of contaminants on aquatic animals, and has also helped to identify mechanisms for survival of fish and shellfish in the presence of environmental changes caused by human activities.     

AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL MEMORY AND AFFECT UNDER CONDITIONS OF REDUCED ENVIRONMENTAL STIMULATION

Two experiments were conducted to study the effects of 1-hour sessions of flotation REST (restricted environmental stimulation technique) on mood and autobiographical memory. In Study 1, flotation was shown to produce a significant decrease in self-rated anxiety and arousal. Subjects in Study 2, who experienced similar changes in mood and arousal, reported that autobiographical memories retrieved in REST were more pleasant and intense, and had been more frequently recalled in the past, than those recollected in a control environment.     

STREAM WATER CHEMISTRY IN WATERSHEDS RECEIVING DIFFERENT ATMOSPHERIC INPUTS OF H+, NH4, NO3−, AND SO42−1

ABSTRACT: Weekly precipitation and stream water samples were collected from small watersheds in Denali National Park, Alaska, the Fraser Experimental Forest, Colorado, Isle Royale National Park, Michigan, and the Calumet watershed on the south shore of Lake Superior, Michigan. The objective was to determine if stream water chemistry at the mouth and upstream stations reflected precipitation chemistry across a range of atmospheric inputs of H⁺, NH₄⁺, NO₃^?_?, and SO₄^2?. Volume-weighted precipitation H⁺, NH₄⁺, NO₃^?_?, and SO₄^2? concentrations varied 4 to 8 fold with concentrations highest at Calumet and lowest in Denali. Stream water chemistry varied among sites, but did not reflect precipitation chemistry. The Denali watershed, Rock Creek, had the lowest precipitation NO₃^?_? and SO₄^2? concentrations, but the highest stream water NO₃^?and SO₄^2? concentrations. Among sites, the ratio of mean monthly upstream NO₃^?_? concentration to precipitation NO₃^?_- concentration declined (p < 0.001, R²= 0.47) as precipitation NO₃^?_? concentration increased. The ratio of mean monthly upstream to precipitation SO₄^2? concentration showed no significant relationship to change in precipitation SO₄^2? concentration. Watersheds showed strong retention of inorganic N (> 90 percent inputs) across inputs ranging from 0.12 to > 6 kg N ha^?1 y^?1. Factors possibly accounting for the weak or non-existent signal between stream water and precipitation ion concentrations include rapid modification of meltwater and precipitation chemistry by soil processes, and the presence of unfrozen soils which permits winter mineralization and nitrification to occur.     

PREDICTING THE SUMMER PEAK BIOMASS OF FOUR SPECIES OF BLUE-GREEN ALGAE (CYANOPHYTA/CYANOBACTERIA) IN SWEDISH LAKES1

ABSTRACT: Stepwise multiple regression analysis was used to develop models predicting the summer peak biomass of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, Anabaena flos-aquae, Oscillatoria agardhii, and Microcystis aeruginosa in four Swedish lakes. These analyses suggest that while epilimnetic total phosphorus concentration is the principal predictor of their peak biomass, other factors such as station mean depth, water temperature, total nitrogen, and total CO₂ concentration are also important.     

DECISION-MAKING IN THE DEVLOPMENT OF URBAN WATERFRONTS FOR PARK/BUSINESS USE1

Abstract: Opportunities for the development of an amalgam of park and leisure-oriented commercial establishments in urban-core waterfont settings exist in many U.S. cities. Public awareness of the need to enhance the environmental quality of these waterfont areas has resulted in a demand for planning and implementation action. However, the lack of understanding of urban political systems has been an inhibiting factor in the development of this park/ business concept. The major factors that influence the decision-making process leading to the development of urban-core waterfronts for park/business use are identified inthis paper. Understanding this decision-making process can aid project implementation and avoid waste of planning effort in time, dollars, and productivity.     

AN EVALUATION OF FLOOD FREQUENCY ESTIMATES BASED ON RAINFALL/RUNOFF MODELING1

ABSTRACT: An evaluation of flood frequency estimates simulated from a rainfall/runoff model is based on (1) computation of the equivalent years of record for regional estimating equations based on 50 small stream sites in Oklahoma and (2) computation of the bias for synthetic flood estimates as compared to observed estimates at 97 small stream sites with at least 20 years of record in eight eastern states. Because of the high intercorrelation of synthetic flood estimates between watersheds, little or no regional (spatial) information may be added to the network as a result of the modeling activity. The equivalent years of record for the regional estimating equations based totally on synthetic flood discharges is shown to be considerably less than the length of rainfall record used to simulate the runoff. Furthermore, the flood estimates from the rainfall/runoff model consistently underestimate the flood discharges based on observed record, particularly for the larger floods. Depending on the way bias is computed, the synthetic estimate of the 100-year flood discharge varies from 11 to 29 percent less than the value based on observed record. In addition, the correlation between observed and synthetic flood frequency estimates at the same site is also investigated. The degree of correlation between these estimates appears to vary with recurrence interval. Unless the correlation between these two estimates is known, it is not possible to compute a weighted estimate with minimum variance.     

VALIDATION OF AGNPS FOR SMALL WATERSHEDS USING AN INTEGRATED AGNPS/GIS SYSTEM1

ABSTRACT: The AGNPS (AGricultural NonPoint Source) model was evaluated for predicting runoff and sediment delivery from small watersheds of mild topography. Fifty sediment yield events were monitored from two watersheds and five nested subwater-sheds in East Central Illinois throughout the growing season of four years. Half of these events were used to calibrate parameters in the AGNPS model. Average calibrated parameters were used as input for the remaining events to obtain runoff and sediment yield data. These data were used to evaluate the suitability of the AGNPS model for predicting runoff and sediment yield from small, mild-sloped watersheds. An integrated AGNPS/GIS system was used to efficiently create the large number of data input changes necessary to this study. This system is one where the AGNPS model was integrated with the GRASS (Geographic Resources Analysis Support System) GIS (Geographical Information System) to develop a decision support tool to assist with management of runoff and erosion from agricultural watersheds. The integrated system assists with the development of input GIS layers to AGNPS, running the model, and interpretation of the results.     

AN APPLICATION OF DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS TO PREDICT INDUSTRIAL/COMMERCIAL FLOOD PLAIN LOCATION1

ABSTRACT: This paper describes the techniques of factor and discriminant analyses to isolate and quantify the statistical differences between firms located on flood plains and those located off flood plains. The research effort described consists of three segments: data collection, isolation of potential classification variables, and the determination of the appropriate discriminant functions to classify a given fm as either on or off the flood plain. Significant classification functions are developed for both manufacturing and commercial establishments, whose arguments include dollar sales volume, total shipping cost, total employee cost, dollar valuations on the building and inventories, all on an annual basis, and the square footage of the site.     

THE CHUBB/BAUMAN METHOD FOR ESTIMATING THE RECREATION POTENTIAL OF RIVERS: A CRITICAL REVIEW1

ABSTRACT: The Chubb/Bauman (Ch/B) method for making quantitative estimates of recreation potential for rivers is based on the 1968/ 69 Leopold method for quantitative assessment of the scenic beauty of rivers. Both use classifications of environmental variables as the database. Unlike the Leopold method, the classifications used in the Ch/B method consistently reflect human preferences. The Ch/B method collects information on 67 variables, and uses a computer program to produce estimates of potential for 16 common recreation activities. This critique evaluates selected concepts and procedures of the Ch/B method partly by comparison with other available methods of recreation resource inventory. It considers the validity and utility of numerical weighting of variables, the use of numbers derived from place in a classification, and the transformation process. The quantitative techniques of the method exhibit serious flaws. Much of the data produced by the method appears to be quantitative but in fact is not, and it does not produce truly quantitative estimates of recreation potential. Classifications of generalized geographic or environmental variables are shown to have serious defects as a basis for evaluation of recreational potential.     

MODELING OF WATER SUPPLY/DEMAND IN THE SOUTH PLATTE RIVER BASIN, 1970–20201

ABSTRACT: The application of a water balance model in finding “solutions” to the supply/demand problem was demonstrated using the South Platte River basin as a case study. Solutions were ascertained by hand, using both “average” and “stress” supply/demand conditions, and were developed for 1980, 2000, and 2020; nonquantifiable boundary conditions were incorporated by judgement. The solution obtained for a particular set of conditions is not unique and has strong normative characteristics; thus it must be judged by various interest groups having different ethical positions. The water balance model has a tabular display format and so the “model” is merely a simple table, i.e., a “water balance table.” In this work the water balance table was displayed on an eight-foot by eight-foot color-coded magnetic board. The board provides a means to both find and display the needed supply/demand “solution.” The tabular display facilitates understanding of the systemwide solution and the formulation of value judgments. Based upon these value judgments and an initial “straw man” solution, successive negotiated solutions can be found which can minimize “conflict.”