广州流溪河流域典型农业集水区降雨径流污染物输出特征分析

选取广州市流溪河流域典型农业集水区--新田小流域为研究对象,对研究区降雨地表径流进行定点监测,探讨降雨-径流条件下农业非点源污染物的动态变化规律和不同利用类型的地表景观对非点源污染的贡献情况.结果表明:在降雨事件下,污染物输出浓度总体上高于日常非降雨条件的污染物浓度,T-N、T-P和CODCr的平均输出浓度分别是非降雨条件下的3.8倍、7.8倍和32.1倍;整个降雨-径流过程中,降雨初期是非点源污染物流失的高峰期,污染物浓度变化总体趋势滞后于降雨强度的变化,但与径流量变化趋势总体上相似;从不同地表景观径流产污来看,经生活区的径流CODCr输出浓度显著上升,水田田面径流是引起水体环境N、P污染的主要原因.     

典型自然降雨条件下太湖地区水稻田氮磷输出特点

为了探究典型自然降雨径流过程中氮、磷的水稻田输出特点,了解各形态污染物之间径流输出关系,在2013年对太湖何家浜流域两次典型降雨全过程中产生的径流污染物进行了系统的原位监测分析。通过绘制田块混合出水及独立单田块出水的污染物浓度变化曲线、M(V)曲线以及计算径流事件平均浓度(EMC)、降雨径流过程中PN/TN(颗粒态氮/总氮)、PP/TP(颗粒态磷/总磷)质量输出百分比,发现:在中雨条件下,强降雨使水稻田中的SS(悬浮态颗粒物)、PN、PP输出浓度激增,最大变幅分别为628.77、4.43、0.46 mg·L-1,对AN(氨氮)、NN(硝酸盐氮)、PO(磷酸盐)无明显影响;降雨前期氮素磷素污染物输出以颗粒态为主,且颗粒态土壤对磷素的富集作用强于氮素,在径流量输出前35%时,颗粒态污染物(PN、PP)占据总污染物(TN、TP)输出量的60%左右;整场降雨PN/TN、PP/TP输出EMC比重在40%~60%之间波动;在氮肥进入低水平稳定期后,降雨中氮素输出峰值稳定;独立田块出水中颗粒态污染物(SS、PN、PP)初期效应明显,而在混合田块出水中初期效应被弱化;污染物EMC指标输出特点为SSTNPNANNNTPPPPO。     

城市雨水管网降雨径流污染特征及对受纳水体水质的影响

以北京市城区和近郊区选取的2个不同下垫面类型的汇水小流域为代表,在2008—2009年共进行了4场降雨过程的雨水管网出口和下游受纳水体水质同步监测.研究结果表明,分流制雨水管网降雨径流污染严重,其中悬浮物浓度高于城市污水,COD、氨氮、总磷和总氮浓度略低于城市污水,但明显高于《地表水环境质量标准》（GB3838—2002）中的Ⅴ类标准,以及《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》（GB18918—2002）中的一级B标准;木樨园小流域由于绿地面积比例小,道路面积比例大,城乡结合部地带环境卫生相对较差,雨水管网降雨径流各污染物的EMC浓度比西蒲小流域高21.4%—246.5%.雨水管网降雨径流存在一定程度的初期冲刷效应;雨水管网降雨径流中COD和总磷与悬浮物之间具有较强的相关性.管网降雨径流使受纳水体污染物浓度升高16.9%—541.7%,其中悬浮物、COD和氨氮升高幅度最大.增加城市绿地可明显降低降雨径流中的悬浮颗粒物及其携带的有机污染物的含量.     

基于雨型的南方城市道路雨水径流污染物分析

以嘉兴市区主干道为研究区域,开展了该市两种典型降雨条件下,道路雨水径流中典型污染物初期冲刷效果、质量浓度变化规律、道路雨水径流水质污染指标相关性,污染物平均质量浓度(EMC)的研究。针对城市典型降雨,分析城市降雨径流污染过程的变化规律,对城市道路径流污染的控制和雨水资源有效利用具有重要意义。利用模式雨型对嘉兴市2010年至2013年间90场降雨进行归纳,总结出Ⅲ型和Ⅶ型为嘉兴市的常见雨型。从2013年降雨监测期间筛选出与该市发生频率最高的两种雨型相似的典型降雨进行分析,结果表明,(1)降雨雨型、降雨强度、降雨前期干燥时间均会对道路径流雨水中污染物浓度产生较大的影响,这也是Ⅶ型降雨比Ⅲ型降雨中道路雨水径流中污染物较高的原因。(2)以携带80%污染物所实际发生的径流量的多少来判断初期冲刷效应的强弱,则Ⅶ型降雨中TN、NH4+-N、SS、TP、COD的初期冲刷效应均强于Ⅲ型降雨。两场降雨中TP的初期冲刷效应均低于其他4种污染物。(3)道路雨水径流中TN、NH4+-N、COD与SS之间均存在良好的相关性。Ⅶ型降雨中TP与SS的相关系数为0.917,而在Ⅲ型降雨中TP与SS的相关系数仅为0.772,所以TP与SS的相关性受降雨条件影响较为明显。(4)Ⅲ型和Ⅶ型降雨中道路雨水径流中SS、COD、TP质量浓度分别为353.2、465.71、4.03mg·L-1和548.41、335.96、1.18 mg·L-1均不同程度的高于地表水V类标准。Ⅲ型和Ⅶ型降雨中TN浓度为3.47和6.62 mg·L-1高于国家污水一级排放标准,因此SS、COD、TP是道路雨水径流中的主要污染物。     

城市高架桥降雨径流多环芳烃（PAHs）污染特征及其生态风险评价

以上海市高架桥降雨径流作为研究对象,分析了4场高架路面降雨径流溶解相、颗粒相16种PAHs的质量浓度和场次降雨径流平均浓度（Event Mean Concentration）。探讨了城市高架降雨径流中PAHs质量浓度特征、动态变化过程和污染状况。通过对无量纲累积径流量和无量纲累积污染物负荷曲线M（V）进行幂函数拟合,对4场降雨径流不同环数和总PAHs冲刷强度进行了定量表征。以水样中8种PAHs的监测质量浓度及其对3至40种水生生物的LC50为基础数据,采用推广风险系数法对径流水体PAHs进行了生态风险评价。结果表明：地表径流中溶解态PAHs的质量浓度为27.9~979.4 ng·L-1,主要以3环和4环组分为主;颗粒态PAHs中的质量浓度为1120.1~4892.6 ng·L-1,主要以4-6环的组分为主。径流样品中PAHs更容易吸附在颗粒物上,PAHs主要以颗粒相为主,且4-6环颗粒相PAHs所占比例更高,也显示了化石燃料不完全燃烧的特征。4场降雨径流以2013-05-26次降雨EMC值最大,PAHs污染水平最高。其中通过对BaP的EMC值计算,发现4场降雨径流中BaP的EMC值皆超过了国家的排放标准,应引起相关监测管理部门重视。4场降雨径流均表现不同程度的初始冲刷效应,雨强和径流量是影响初始冲刷的2个重要因素。初始冲刷散点拟合状况良好,定量表征发现2013-06-27次降雨初始冲刷强度最大。风险商表征说明,径流水体PAHs造成的生态风险较小,但部分单体PAH对水生生物的生态影响不容忽视。     

基于场降雨的北京某高架桥雨水径流中多环芳烃污染特征

以北京市某高架桥的典型场次雨水径流作为研究对象,通过对多场雨水径流中多环芳烃(PAHs)的监测,研究了高架桥雨水径流中PAHs的污染特性以及冲刷规律.结果表明,随着降雨历时的增加,雨水径流中PAHs浓度呈现先增加后减小的变化趋势,实验均值中w(Flu)/w(Pyr)为0.94,因此,高架桥雨水径流中溶解态PAHs主要来源于石油燃料的不完全燃烧.雨水径流中溶解态PAHs以三环、四环组分为主,五和六环次之,二环组分最少.高架桥雨水径流中PAHs存在浓度和质量初期冲刷现象,∑_(16)PAHs和四环组分在不同降雨事件中均存在浓度初期冲刷现象,∑_(16)PAHs及各环组分在降雨强度大、降雨历时长的场降雨存在明显的质量初期冲刷现象,而降雨强度小的场降雨质量初期冲刷不明显.     

不同下垫面类型对地表径流中多环芳烃污染特征的影响分析

为了解下垫面对径流中多环芳烃(PAHs)污染特征的影响,对4次降雨事件中不同下垫面地表径流中的PAHs污染特征进行了分析.研究发现,屋面(A点)与交通路面(C点)的PAHs污染负荷远远大于另两种下垫面,降雨事件平均浓度分别达到26.66μg·L-1和27.87μg·L-1.各场降雨事件都存在随着降雨历时污染物浓度逐渐降低的过程,其中交通路面变化最为剧烈,PAHs浓度由初始的33.50μg·L-1经90 min后下降至16.36μg·L-1,而屋面则在径流结束前伴有浓度回升的现象.径流中溶解态PAHs含量远低于颗粒态含量,以2—3环略占优势,达31%—42%;而在颗粒态PAHs中5—6环则相对更多.广场路面(B点)和交通路面(C点)由于汇流面积较大,具有较明显的初期冲刷效应;屋面(A点)的冲刷效应相对较弱;草地(D点)则未表现出初期冲刷效应.研究结果表明下垫面对径流中PAHs的含量和消除均有一定影响,但与PAHs组分的相对比例无明显相关.     

城市高架公路雨水径流的污染特征

对上海市内环高架一段路面的7场降雨径流进行监测,分析了径流中固体悬浮物和营养盐的变化特征,以期加深对城市高架公路径流污染物的认识和为高架公路径流净化工艺的选择提供理论支持。结果表明：溶解态氮、颗粒态磷是径流中TN和TP的主要输出形式;TP质量浓度变化与TSS基本一致,但TN质量浓度变化与TSS相关关系较弱;通过分析不同粒径固体悬浮物与污染物的相关性,发现〈45μm固体悬浮物是径流中营养盐吸附的重要载体,去除细小固体悬浮物是治理城市高架径流污染的有效途径。     

天津市路面雨水径流重金属污染特征

对天津市3条典型主要交通干线雨水径流中的Cr、Cd、Fe、Cu、Hg 5种重金属进行了取样监测,重点探讨了路面径流重金属的平均质量浓度、冲洗特征、重金属之间以及重金属与悬浮物之间的相关关系,并用聚类分析方法对降雨特征对重金属污染的影响进行了研究。结果表明,天津市路面雨水径流重金属污染严重,Fe、Cr和Cd质量浓度较高,污染贡献率大,为径流主要重金属污染物;重金属污染水平高于国内外城市研究结果,反映出天津市在道路路面环境维护和管理上与其他城市的差距。路面径流的重金属具有明显的径流初期冲洗效应,在径流的初始阶段,重金属质量浓度达到最大值,随着降雨和径流的延续,污染物质量浓度呈波浪性锯齿状下降,至降雨结束,重金属质量浓度最终趋于稳定。径流中不同种类重金属具有同源性,且与径流中的悬浮固体具有明显的相互依存关系,重金属主要以悬浮固体吸附的形式或重金属颗粒形式存在。通过聚类分析可知,重金属污染受降雨强度和前期晴天积累影响显著,其次是降雨量和降雨历时。     

城镇暴雨初期雨水产流与产污模拟研究

降雨过程中形成的污染已成为重要的城市面源污染,尤其是降雨初期雨水对城市地表的冲刷导致大量的污染物排放入水体,造成城市河流的冲击性污染。当城镇遭遇暴雨时,下垫面硬化和污染物积蓄使得初雨污染峰值过程更剧烈,对河流的水质影响更为严重。本文采用暴雨洪水管理模型(storm watermanagementmodel,SWMM)平台对具有不同下垫面特性的城镇流域开展暴雨条件下的径流模拟,在此基础上开展面源污染产生过程模拟,对比研究不同下垫面特性对产流、产污过程的影响。结果表明:降雨强度越大,径流产流速度越快,径流峰值流量越大;流域中建成区占比越高,产生的径流量越大,单位面积产污量线性增大。建成区占比高的流域产污过程线较尖瘦(峰值相对较大但历时较短),受支流汇流历时影响,干流产流过程线形状比支流宽胖(峰值相对较小但历时较长),干流峰值比支流滞后10~14 h。暴雨后期地面冲刷的污染物浓度随时间降低,干流的产污过程峰值相对于支流滞后不显著。研究成果可为城镇初期雨水污染防治的技术实施提供理论支撑,对消除城镇黑臭水体和维护河流水环境健康具有指导意义。     

Aufkommen und Verteilung von Feststoffen in Kanalsystemen

Suspendend solids (SS) are important parameters in the assessment of potential effects of emissions out of sewer systems. This is due to the fact that many pollutants are transported with particles in the sewer systems and therefore are emitted into receiving waters. In this paper, significant emissions in commonly applied sewer systems (combined sewer system [CSS], separate sewer system [SSS]) are mentioned, and typical concentration ranges of SS are listed. Furthermore, data from selected pollutants (lead, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [PAH]) are collected and concentration ranges in typical flow types of the sewer systems are calculated. In the second part of the paper results from pollution load simulations are introduced. The calculations are based on assumptions from literature and were conducted in a hypothetical catchment. Main interest was the comparison of emissions out of SSS and CSS, shown for selected parameters SS, lead and PAH. Results of the pollution load simulation show that emissions for surface runoff related compounds like lead are extremely high in the SSS in comparison to the CSS. This is mainly reasoned by the high elimination rate in the waste water treatment plant (WWTP). In summary, a general answer, which sewer system emits higher pollution loads is not possible. It is extremely dependent on the considered substance and its specific properties and resulting behaviour in the sewer systems. For a first estimation, new classes of substances are distinguished considering their origin (surface runoff versus dry weather flow) and their elimination capacity in the WWTP.     

Stormwater runoff pollution loads from an urban catchment with rainy climate in China

An older urban district in Wuhan, China, is transitioning from discharging sewage and stormwater directly into lakes, to directing the sewage to wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Dealing with polluted stormwater discharge is a great challenge. Stormwater runoff from an urban catchment with a combined sewer system was sampled and analyzed over a three-year period. Results indicate that wet weather flows account for 66%, 31%, 17%, and 13% of the total load of suspended solids (SS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen, and total phosphorus, respectively. The first flush of COD and SS was significant in all runoff events. More than 50% of the SS and COD loads were transported by the first 30% of runoff volume. Storage and treatment of the first 10 mm from each combined sewer overflow event could reduce more than 70% of the annual COD overflow load. An integrated solution is recommended, consisting of a tank connected to the WWTP and a detention pond, to store and treat the combined sewer overflow (CSO). These results may be helpful in mitigating CSO pollution for many other urban areas in China and other developing countries.     

Neue Aspekte in der Behandlung von Siedlungsabflüssen

The surface runoff from urban areas is one of the most important sources of pollutants emitted into surface waters. Suspended solids which act as a transport vehicle for many anthropogenic pollutants (e.?g. heavy metals, PAH) are a key factor in this regard. The development of efficient measures of storm water runoff treatment thus requires a further differentiation of suspended solids in a fine (clay and silt) and coarse (sand and gravel) fraction. Both fractions show distinctly different characteristics in pollutant loading, transport and retention on urban surfaces and sewer systems. The primary aim of storm water runoff treatment is the reduction of the fine particles which are always highly loaded with anthropogenic pollutants. In contrast the coarse particles are almost unpolluted especially if they have a low organic share. The widespread sedimentation tanks with surface loadings between 10 and 2?m/h are very inefficient. A significant, save and lasting reduction of the emitted load of fine particles requires a considerable reduction of the surface loads. That can be achieved with the installation of lamellar settler or the utilization of the very large volumes of flood management tanks frequently present in urban areas. Filtration plants are highly efficient but there application in urban areas is limited due to their high space demands.     

Temporal variation of heavy metal pollution in urban stormwater runoff

Stormwater runoff from three types of urban surfaces, a parking lot, a street, and a building roof, was monitored during four rainfall events that occurred in the one-year period from June 2009 to June 2010. The event mean concentrations (EMC) of dissolved copper (Cu), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and iron (Fe) exceeded China’s National Water Quality Standards for Surface Water. The degree of heavy metal contamination was related to the type of underlying surfaces. Additionally, the concentration of dissolved heavy metals peaked shortly after the runoff began and then declined sharply as a result of adequate flushing. First flush effects of varying degrees were also observed during all of the monitored rainfall events based on the first flush ratio (FF₂₅). Redundancy analysis revealed that four environmental variables (rainfall depth, intensity, antecedent dry weather period and type of underlying surface) had significant effects on the strengths of the first flush effects, accounting for 72.9% of the variation in the FF₂₅. Dissolved metals presented varying first flush effects on different underlying surfaces that occurred in the following relative order: parking lot>roof>road for low intensity and high runoff volume rainfall events; parking lot>road>roof for high intensity and low runoff volume events. The relative strength of the first flush for dissolved heavy metals was Fe, Mn>Cu, Zn>Pb.     

城市雨水口垃圾污染调查与研究

雨水口既是城市排水管系汇集雨水径流的瓶颈，又是城市非点源污染物进入水环境的首要通道，一旦被垃圾充塞，不仅导致排水不畅甚至水涝，还会对城市水体造成严重的污染。从对北京城区雨水口垃圾的抽样调查分析，和对雨水口垃圾产生的污染模拟实验和量化计算，讨论了我国城市雨水口垃圾问题的严重性和实施有效控制的重要性。     

Treatability aspects of urban stormwater stressors

Pollution from diffuse sources (pollution from contaminants picked up and carried into surface waters by stormwater runoff) has been identified as a significant source of water quality problems in the U.S. scientists and engineers continue to seek solutions that will allow them to optimize existing technologies and develop new ones that will provide the best possible protection to people, wildlife, and the environment. This paper addresses the various pollutants or stressors in urban stormwater, including flow (shear force), pathogens, suspended solids/sediment, toxicants (organic and metals), nutrients, oxygen demanding substances, and coarse solids. A broad overview of the pollutants removed and the removal mechanisms by and of conventional best management practices (BMPs) is also presented. The principal treatment mechanisms of conventional wet ponds, vegetative swales/buffer strips, and wetlands are sedimentation and filtration. These mechanisms have the capability to remove significant amounts of suspended solids or particulate matter and are a vital component of strategies to reduce pollutant loads to receiving waters. In addition, because most of the nation??s receiving water violations are caused by pathogen indicator bacteria, it is of utmost importance that research efforts address this problem. Further research is also needed on the treatment of emerging contaminants in BMPs and on the costs and affects of maintenance and maintenance schedules on the long-term performance of BMPs.     

北京城区屋面径流中PAHs的污染特征与来源解析

以北京典型城区屋面径流中的PAHs为研究对象,在2008年雨季采集了不同地点的屋面径流,分析了溶解相和颗粒相PAHs的质量浓度,对屋面径流中PAHs的质量浓度特征、时空变化规律及来源进行了讨论。结果表明,屋面径流具有较严重的PAHs污染,16种PAHs在溶解相中的总质量浓度为563.85~937.01 ng.L-1,来源主要是机动车排放（31.9%）、煤燃烧（39.6%）、天然气燃烧（15.3%）及石油类的挥发（14.2%）;在颗粒相中的总质量浓度为844.48~1372.62 ng.L-1,来源主要包括燃煤（51.8%）、汽油（38.1%）和柴油（10.1%）的燃烧等。BaP的EMC平均值（172 ng.L-1）远远超过我国污水排放标准（30 ng.L-1）,且以颗粒相为主。不同地点采集的屋面径流中的PAHs质量浓度大部分表现出较明显的初期效应和时间变化,而在不同采样点之间则没有明显的空间差异。     

尾巨桉人工林小流域降水产流特征分析

研究尾巨桉(E.urophylla×E.grandis)生长阶段(林龄3.5—5.5 a)所处小流域的降水产流特征,有助于了解桉树生长过程的生态水文效应,对修订桉树人工林经营方案中注重提高生态系统的水源涵养能力有重要参考意义。以广西南宁桉树森林生态系统定位观测研究站(南宁桉树生态站)的闭合尾巨桉林小流域为试验区,在小流域出水口建设1个测流堰,在测流堰附属房的测定池安放1个自动水位计,定位观测小流域2013年5月—2015年4月的地表径流,使用生态站的自动气象观测系统观测降水量和土壤体积含水量,建立降水、土壤含水量和径流的函数关系,分析土壤前期含水量对径流形成和持续的影响。小流域年均降水量1300 mm,以小雨为主,两个年度小雨共计191场,占降水强度等级总场数74%;降水年内分布不均,雨季集中在季夏,占全年降水量的60%以上,冬季降水最少,属于干旱季节;降水产流现象在降水集中的月份才可能出现,2013年5月—2014年4月的径流深为81 mm,径流系数6%,2014年5月—2015年4月的径流深只有9 mm,径流系数仅为0.7%;径流初始时间明显滞后于降水初始,滞后时间与前期土壤含水量密切相关;径流递增率与降水历时呈线性函数关系,径流递减率与径流消退时间呈对数函数关系;降水产流过程经历径流递增期、稳定期和递减期3个阶段。