沸石-壳聚糖吸附剂吸附废水中的Ni2+

采用沸石-壳聚糖吸附剂吸附废水中的Ni2＋。将粒径为180μm的天然沸石与脱乙酰度90％的壳聚糖混合，制成沸石一壳聚糖吸附剂。考察了沸石一壳聚糖吸附剂对模拟含镍废水中的Ni2＋静态吸附效果的影响因素。正交实验结果表明，在壳聚糖与天然沸石质量比为0．05、吸附剂加入量为14g/L、Ni2＋初始质量浓度为40mg／L、模拟含镍废水pH为6—7、吸附时间为40min的条件下，模拟含镍废水中Ni2＋去除率大于96％。对实际电镀含镍废水的动态吸附实验结果表明，NP的质量浓度由38．0mg／L减少到0．8mg／L，小于GB8978-96《污水综合排放标准》规定值（1．0mg／L）。     

生物絮凝剂MBFGA1预处理乳制品加工废水

用生物絮凝剂MBFGA1预处理乳制品加工废水（简称废水）。实验结果表明，废水处理的水力条件为：以150r／min的转速搅拌30S，再以30r／min的转速搅拌20min；MBFGA1的最佳加入量为15mg／L；废水pH为4．0时，MBFGA1对废水的絮凝处理效果最好；废水温度对浊度、COD去除率有一定的影响，在20～45℃时，废水浊度的去除率始终保持在85％以上；30℃时，COD去除率达到最大值65．0％。     

Ca(OH)2、高岭土与FeCl3组配处理含Pb2+废水

采用Ca（OH）2、高岭土与FeCl3组配处理含Pb^2＋废水。考察了Ca（OH）2加入量、高岭土加入量、FeCl3加入量、废水pH、搅拌转速、沉淀时间等因素对Pb^2＋去除率的影响。在Ca（OH）2加入量50mg／L、高岭土加入量90mg／L、FeCl3加入量13．2mg／L、废水pH7．0～8．0、搅拌转速170r／min、沉淀时间90min的条件下，该法可将废水中金属离子（包括Pb^2＋及少量的Zn^2＋，Cu^2＋,Cr^3＋，Ni^2＋）的质量浓度由42．4mg／L降至1．0mg／L以下，达到了GB18918--2002〈《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》。     

用累托石吸附处理含铁(Ⅲ)废水

用累托石作吸附剂处理有色金属厂冶炼过程中产生的含Fe(Ⅲ)废水。在废水pH为7．5～8．5、反应时间为30min、累托石投加量为12g／L的条件下,Fe(Ⅲ)质量浓度可由5mg／t．降到0．08mg／L,Fe(Ⅲ)的去除率最高为98．4％,外排废水符合GB8978--1996一级标准。对Fe(Ⅲ)进行等温吸附实验,其等温吸附曲线符合Langmuir模型,其吸附机理主要是吸附作用和沉淀作用。     

超声吹脱—吸附工艺处理高浓度氨氮废水

采用超声吹脱—吸附工艺处理高浓度氨氮废水。在超声吹脱工艺的基础上,利用改性沸石对超声吹脱后的废水进行超声强化吸附处理,考察了沸石粒度、吸附时间、沸石投加量、吸附温度、吸附超声功率等因素对处理效果的影响。实验结果表明：超声吸附处理废水的优化工艺条件为沸石粒度0.198~0.245 mm、吸附时间60 min、沸石投加量4 g/L、吸附pH 7.0、吸附温度30 ℃、吸附超声功率100 W;在该条件下,超声吹脱—吸附工艺的总氨氮去除率可达77.39%,较单独超声吹脱工艺的41.98%大幅提高。     

混凝法处理丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯树脂废水

以聚合氯化铝铁为混凝剂、阴离子型聚丙烯酰胺为助凝剂，采用混凝法处理丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯树脂（ABS）废水（简称废水），考察了聚合氯化铝铁加入量、沉降时间、搅拌转速、搅拌时间、废水pH和混凝温度对废水处理效果的影响。实验结果表明，在聚合氯化铝铁加入量50mg／L、阴离子型聚丙烯酰胺加入量2mg／L、废水pH6．0～8．0、快速搅拌1min、慢速搅拌6min、沉降时间25min、混凝温度20～25℃的条件下，废水的SS去除率达97％以上，COD去除率达77％以上。     

粉煤灰及其制备沸石对高浓度氨氮的去除比较

以粉煤灰为原料,采用改进的水热合成法制备了粉煤灰沸石,并将粉煤灰和粉煤灰沸石用于高浓度氨氮的吸附去除。实验结果表明:在粉煤灰和粉煤灰沸石的投加量分别为0.10 g/m L和0.04 g/m L、反应体系p H为5~7、初始氨氮质量浓度为500 mg/L的条件下,分别吸附660 min和60 min,粉煤灰和粉煤灰沸石对氨氮的去除率分别约为20.1%和50.7%左右,粉煤灰沸石对高浓度氨氮的去除效果明显优于粉煤灰;粉煤灰和粉煤灰沸石对氨氮的吸附动力学行为符合准二级动力学方程;Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附模型能较好地描述粉煤灰对氨氮的等温吸附过程,而粉煤灰沸石对氨氮的等温吸附过程则更适宜用线性模型和Freundlich模型描述。     

氯化锌活化法制备甘蔗渣活性炭吸附剂

采用氯化锌活化法制备了甘蔗渣活性炭吸附剂，并考察了活化剂氯化锌溶液浓度、活化温度和活化时间对吸附剂吸附性能的影响。实验结果表明，氯化锌活化法制备甘蔗渣活性炭吸附剂的最佳工艺条件为：活化温度800℃、氯化锌溶液质量浓度190g／L、活化时间60min。所得甘蔗渣活性炭吸附剂的得率为30．3％，碘吸附值为1070mg／g，亚甲基蓝吸附值（以0．1g吸附剂吸附的亚甲基蓝体积计）为15．0mL，达到了GB／T13803．2—1999《木质净水用活性炭》一级品标准（碘吸附值1000mg／g，亚甲基蓝吸附值9mL）。     

生物絮凝法与化学絮凝法处理洗毛废水的比较

分别采用生物絮凝法和化学絮凝法处理300 mL COD为20 000 mg/L、SS为4 000 mg/L的洗毛废水,最佳生物絮凝条件:生物絮凝剂加入量为5 mL,反应温度为30℃,先以120 r/min搅拌5 min、再以60 r/min搅拌35 min,洗毛废水pH为9.0.COD去除率达92%.最佳化学絮凝条件:化学絮凝剂加入量为30 mL,反应温度为40℃,先以120 r/min搅拌5 min、再以60 r/min搅拌25 min,洗毛废水pH为5.0.COD去除率达93%.生物絮凝剂和化学絮凝剂对洗毛废水的絮凝效果接近,但生物絮凝剂的加入量比化学絮凝剂少很多.     

聚合硅酸氯化铝铁的制备及其絮凝性能

利用盐酸酸洗废液制备聚合硅酸氯化铝铁（PSAFC），并用PSAFC处理造纸脱墨废水，考察了各种因素对絮凝效果的影响。实验结果表明：在废水pH为6、PSAFC加入量为240mg／L、搅拌转速为150r／min、搅拌时间为2min，静置时间为25min的条件下，COD、浊度、色度的去除率分别为87．2％，99．2％，94．5％；PSAFC的絮凝效果明显好于市售的聚合氯化铝和聚合氯化铁.     

Distribution of Cd,Ck, Pb and Zn in Soil and Vegetation Compartments in Stands of Five Boreal Tree Species in N.E. Sweden

Concentrations and total quantity of cadmium (Cd), cupper (Cu),lead (Pb) and zink (Zn) were determined in biomass and soil compartments in a replicated tree species experiment with 27-yr-old stands growing on former farmland in N.E. Sweden. Sequentialextractions of soil samples were performed in order to estimate the exchangeable and an organically bound fraction of each element. The tree species included were Picea abies (L.)H. Karst., Pinus sylvestris L., Pinus contorta Dougl., Larix sibirica Ledeb., and Betula pendula Roth.Tree species influenced the rate of removal of Cu, Pb and Zn incase of stemwood harvesting, and of Cd, Cu and Zn in the case ofwhole-tree harvesting. B. pendula and P. abies had higher quantities and average concentrations of Zn in the biomass. For all species, >50% of the Zn in the stems was found in the bark. P. abies and L. sibirica had higher quantities of Cu in the biomass than the other species.P. abies and P. contorta had high quantities of Cd inthe biomass in relation to the other species. Branches and stembark contained high concentrations of Cd and Pb in relation to foliage and stemwood. Dead branches had especially high concentrations of Pb. The high accumulation rate of Zn in thebiomass of B. pendula was related to a low exchangeable amount of Zn in the A horizon. In the superficial centimeters ofthe A horizon, a depletion similar to that found for Zn was detected for Cu, whereas for Cd and Pb, no correlations were found between quantities of elements in the trees and element pools in the soil.     

Programs assessing implementation and effectiveness of state forest practice rules and BMPs in the West

The major forest nonpoint source control programs in the West are largely regulatory, either under forest practices acts (California, Idaho, New Mexico, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington) or a streamside management act (Montana). These programs and the specific rules they enforce continue to undergo intensive scrutiny. Still, the questions are the same for these regulatory programs as for states that base nonpoint source control on voluntary BMPs (Arizona, Colorado, Utah, Wyoming). Are the rules or BMPs being applied, and are they effective in reducing nonpoint source pollution to levels that protect beneficial uses of water? The level of debate about forestry in the West has resulted in detailed monitoring and research to answer these questions. In the past, state agencies have assumed levels of BMP compliance based on the percent of operations without enforcement actions. These estimates are being replaced by statistically valid and reproducible monitoring of forest practices rules and BMP compliance levels. BMP effectiveness is being assessed using both qualitative and quantitative methods. This can involve field assessments, process-based research, and control watershed studies. Some trend monitoring is also beginning. With the regional implementation rate for forestry BMPs at about 94% and rising, it is likely that effectiveness testing will continue to be a priority and consume the majority of assessment resources for this region.     

Hysteresis in Reversal of Central European Mountain Lakes from Atmospheric Acidification

Extremely high emissions of S and N compounds in Central Europe (both 280 mmol m^-2 yr^-1) declined by 70and 35%, respectively, during the last decade. Decreaseddeposition rates of SO₄ ^-2, NO₃ ^-, and NH₄ ⁺ in the region paralleled emission declines. The reduction in atmospheric inputs of S and N to mountain ecosystemshas resulted in a pronounced reversal of acidification in the Tatra Mountains and Bohemian Forest lakes. Between the 1987–1990and 1997–1999 periods, concentrations of SO₄ ^-2 and NO₃ ^- decreased (average ± standard deviation) by 22±7 and 12±7 mol L^-1, respectively, in theTatra Mountains, and by 19±7 and 15±10 mol L^-1, respectively, in the Bohemian Forest. Their decrease was compensated in part (1) by a decrease in Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺ (17±7 mol L^-1) and H⁺ (4±6 mol L^-1), and an increase in HCO₃ ^-(10±10 mol L^-1) in the Tatra Mountains lakes, and (2) by a decrease in Al (7±4 mol L^-1), Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺ (9±6 mol L^-1), and H⁺ (6±5 mol L^-1), in Bohemian Forest lakes. Despite the rapid decline in lake water concentrations of SO₄ ^-2 and NO₃ ^- in response to reduced S and N emissions, their present concentrations in some lakes are higher than predictionsbased on observed concentrations at comparable emission rates during development of acidification. This hysteresis in chemical reversal from acidification has delayed biological recovery of the lakes. The only unequivocal sign of biological recovery hasbeen observed in erné Lake (Bohemian Forest) where a cladoceran species Ceriodaphnia quadrangular has recentlyreached its pre-acidification abundance.     

Reconstruction of Long-Term Changes in Lake water Chemistry,Zooplankton and Benthos of a Small,Acidified High-Mountain Lake: Magic Modelling and Palaeolimnogical Analysis

Starolesnianske pleso is a small and shallow acid lake in the High Tatra Mountains, situated at 2000 m above sea level, on granitic bedrock, with sparse and thin soil cover. When detailed measurements began in the 1980s Starolesnianske pleso had pH below 5 and only one species of cladoceran zooplankton, the ubiquitous Chydorus sphaericusPalaeolimnological investigations show changes in cladoceran zooplankton and chironomid zoobenthic assemblages since about 1920 and a major change in 1970–1980. The dynamic acidification model MAGIC was used to reconstruct changes in water chemistry over the past 150 years. The results from MAGIC agree well with the sediment record; pH levels gradually decreased from 6.5 in the mid-1800s to about 5.6 in 1920 (first response in biota) to below 5.0 by 1970, and concentrations of inorganic aluminium rose dramatically beginning about 1960. In the 1990s the lake water chemistry showed clear signs of reversal in acidification brought about by a major decline in S deposition.     

Heavy Metals Removal by Biosorption and Flotation

The removal of a mixture of heavy (toxic) metal cations (copper, nickeland zinc) from liquid effluents was investigated in this study at pilotscale, using counter-current contact mode. The innovative processinvolved the abstraction of metal ions onto fungal biosorbents, followedby the application of flotation for the subsequent solid/liquid separationof biomass particles. The ability of microorganisms to remove metal ionsfrom aqueous solutions is a well-known phenomenon. Nevertheless,engineering considerations are very important in decisions, concerningthe commercial future of biosorption and practical solutions are neededfor certain problems, such as the efficient post-separation ofmetal-loaded biomass. The two processes (flotation and biosorption) caneffectively operate in combination, in what it was termed biosorptiveflotation process. The sorbents may be recycled, after appropriate elutionof metals, as well as the treated (clean) water.     

Starch-plastic materials—Preparation,physical properties,and biodegradability (a review of recent USDA research)

Recent starch-plastic research at the National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research is reviewed and related worldwide efforts are noted. Properties of starch that influence its formulation and performance in plastics are discussed. Methods are given for preparation of starch-poly(methyl acrylate) graft copolymer, starch-poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid), and starch-poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid)-polyethylene plastics. Their physical properties are discussed, as is degradability by enzymes or amylolytic organisms from soil, ponds, and streams.The mention of firm names or trade products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the U.S. Department of Agriculture over other firms or similar products not mentioned.     

四氮唑废水处理工艺设计

高浓度、高盐分的四氮唑生产废水通过三效蒸发浓缩，馏出液经铁炭氧微电解和混凝预处理，再采用水解酸化一接触氧化一反应二沉主体组合工艺进行处理。研究了该工艺所需构筑物和设备的设计与选型。该工艺在正常运行条件下，处理后出水pH6～9，COD 302mg／L，BOD5 108mg／L，SS30mg／L，色度36倍，水质达到GB8978--1996（污水综合排放标准》三级标准。     

Application of Cellulose Microfibrils in Polymer Nanocomposites

Cellulose microfibrils obtained by the acid hydrolysis of cellulose fibers were added at low concentrations (2–10% w/w) to polymer gels and films as reinforcing agents. Significant changes in mechanical properties, especially maximum load and tensile strength, were obtained for fibrils derived from several cellulosic sources, including cotton, softwood, and bacterial cellulose. For extruded starch plastics, the addition of cotton-derived microfibrils at 10.3% (w/w) concentration increased Young’s modulus by 5-fold relative to a control sample with no cellulose reinforcement. Preliminary data suggests that shear alignment significantly improves tensile strength. Addition of microfibrils does not always change mechanical properties in a predictable direction. Whereas tensile strength and modulus were shown to increase during addition of microfibrils to an extruded starch thermoplastic and a cast latex film, these parameters decreased when microfibrils were added to a starch–pectin blend, implying that complex interactions are involved in the application of these reinforcing agents.     

Bioassessment of silvicultural impacts in streams and wetlands of the Eastern United States

Bioassessment is a useful tool to determine the impact of logging practices on the biological integrity of streams and wetlands. Measuring biota directly has an intuitive appeal for impact assessment, and biota can be superior indicators to physical or chemical characteristics because they can reflect cumulative impacts over time. Logging can affect stream and wetland biota by increasing sedimentation rates, altering hydrologic, thermal, and chemical regimes, and changing the base of food webs. Biotic impacts of logging on streams compared to wetlands probably differ, and in this paper we review some of those differences. In streams, invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, algae, and macrophytes have been used as indicators of logging impacts. In wetlands, bioassessment is just beginning to be used, and plants and birds are the most promising indicator taxa. Various best management practices (BMPs) have been developed to reduce the impacts of logging on stream and wetland biota, and we review quantitative studies that have evaluated the efficacy of some of these techniques in streams and wetlands in the eastern United States. Remarkably few studies that address the overall efficacy of BMPs in limiting biotic changes in streams and wetlands after BMP implementation have been published in scientific journals, although some work exists in reports or is unpublished. We review these works, and compile conclusions about BMP efficacy for biota from this body of research.     

Characterization of air emissions and residual ash from open burning of electronic wastes during simulated rudimentary recycling operations

Air emissions and residual ash samples were collected and analyzed during experiments of open, uncontrolled combustion of electronic waste (e-waste), simulating practices associated with rudimentary e-waste recycling operations. Circuit boards and insulated wires were handled separately to simulate processes associated with metal recovery. The average emissions of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDFs) were 92 ng toxic equivalency (TEQ)/kg [n = 2, relative standard deviation (RSD) = 98%] and 11 900 ng TEQ/kg (n = 3, RSD = 50%) of the initial mass of the circuit boards and insulated wire, respectively. The value for the insulated wire is about 100 times higher than that for backyard barrel burning of domestic waste. The emission concentrations of polybrominated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/PBDFs) from the combustion of circuit boards were 100 times higher than for their polychlorinated counterparts. Particulate matter (PM) sampling of the fly ash emissions indicated PM emission factors of approximately 15 and 17 g/kg of the initial mass for the circuit boards and insulated wire, respectively. Fly ash samples from both types of e-waste contained considerable amounts of several metallic elements and halogens; lead concentrations were more than 200 times the United States regulatory limits for municipal waste combustors and 20 times those for secondary lead smelters. Leaching tests of the residual bottom ash showed that lead concentrations exceeded U.S. Environmental Protection Agency landfill limits, designating this ash as a hazardous waste.