《医疗废物消毒处理设施运行管理技术规范》(HJ1284-2023)解读及实施建议

为促进相关单位准确理解《医疗废物消毒处理设施运行管理技术规范》(HJ 1284-2023)各条款,推动医疗废物集中处置行业全面执行环境管理技术要求,结合行业典型工艺路线、特征污染物排放和环境污染防治措施现状,对新发布的技术规范进行了解读。技术规范的实施将进一步完善我国现行医疗废物环境管理体系,更好的推进我国医疗废物处理处置行业合理发展。     

医疗废物排放统计变量的选择及排放系数的确定

为解决医疗行业废物排放量核定难的问题，通过对医疗机构废物产生量的调查、统计、分析，在确定医疗废物排放统计变量的基础上，得出相应的医疗废物排放系数，以供排污申报医疗废物排放量的核定。     

用高温蒸气处理有毒废物

据加州Synthetica技术公司总经理Tcrry Galloway宣称,他所发明的用高温蒸气原位破坏有毒废物的新工艺,已于今年4月份投入商业化运行。系统使用电力和废热,形成蒸气。该技术在经济上比焚烧方法处理有毒废物来得可取。     

重大疫情期间医疗废物应急处置中的问题及建议

医疗废物安全处置是阻断疫情蔓延的重要环节。重大疫情期间,由于医疗废物产生量急剧增加,常态下的医疗废物收集、转运、处置能力无法满足需要。通过分析我国医疗废物管理现状、重大疫情期间医疗废物产生特点,讨论疫情期间医疗废物应急处置存在的问题及原因,提出构建新的医疗废物处置模式、建立医疗废物应急处置制度体系、组建国家级和省级医疗废物应急机构、做好医疗废物应急处置设施备用工作等建议,为提升医疗废物应急处置能力提供参考,保障重大疫情期间医疗废物得到及时、安全处置。     

医疗废物处置单位运营存在的问题及对策

医疗废物污染防治是环境保护工作的重要组成部分,若医疗废物处置不当,将对水体、大气和土壤造成污染,甚至严重威胁人民群众身心健康.在“十一五”期间,中国投入了大量资金用于医疗废物处置设施建设,但大部分医疗废物处置单位的运营存在问题.介绍了医疗废物处置的背景,综合分析了问题产生的原因,提出了完善医疗废物管理的建议.     

医疗废物中有机质的热解动力学研究

在空气气氛下，对医疗废物中几种有代表性的有机质进行非等温热解实验。分析实验结果发现，热解失重曲线与N2气氛下不同，出现多个DTG峰。利用Freeman—CarroⅡ法求出了各有机质的表观动力学参数，并建立了能较好反映各物料失重过程的表观多步反应动力学模型。针对混合物料无法直接求出表观动力学参数，建立了多组分反应动力学模型。     

污泥流变学及其厌氧消化混合特性数值模拟研究进展

污泥作为一种非牛顿流体,其流变特性对厌氧消化过程中的传质、传热、搅拌和物料输送等有着重要影响。系统阐述了污泥流变学属性,如流变特性的影响因素、流变模型以及其测试方法。由于污泥在厌氧消化反应器中流场的复杂性及其本身的不透明性,难以对其流场进行高效的实验测试,利用计算流体力学(CFD)技术结合流变学参数对流场进行数值模拟是一种有效工具。因此,综合分析了CFD技术在污泥厌氧消化过程中的研究现状及其搅拌混合过程中旋转桨叶处理方法的选择,并对污泥厌氧消化过程中进行数值模拟存在问题及进一步研究方向进行了展望。随着深入研究,以污泥流变学、计算流体力学为基础结合污泥厌氧消化生化反应过程联合数值模拟研究,将会为控制污泥的厌氧消化工艺提供更加全面和重要的技术措施。     

安徽加强医疗废弃物污染防治

日前 ,安徽省环保、卫生部门联合下发通知 ,要求各地针对医疗废水和医疗垃圾处理处置方面存在的问题 ,进一步加强医疗废弃物污染防治工作。通知要求 ,各级环保、卫生部门对医疗废弃物污染防治工作要加强领导 ,落实责任制 ,切实做好医疗废物的环境监督管理工作。进一步督促医疗卫生机构和医疗废物集中处置单位建立有效工作机制 ,严防因医疗废水和医疗废物处置不当造成二次污染或交叉感染。通知强调 ,各级环保部门要加强医疗废水和医疗废物处理处置设施的排放监测 ,严禁未经处理的或处理未达标的医疗废水和医疗废物排放。各医疗卫生机构直接从…     

医疗废物消毒集中处理工程技术规范修订思路及实施建议

高温蒸汽、微波消毒、化学消毒3项医疗废物消毒集中处理工程技术规范发布实施以来,对引导和规范我国医疗废物消毒集中处理工程建设和运行发挥了有益作用.然而,随着行业发展和技术升级,尤其是新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情发生之后,医疗废物处置行业面临新的挑战和机遇,医疗废物消毒集中处理工程的建设和运行也亟需与之匹配.在此背景下,修订后的高...     

天津市医疗废物处置规划及策略研究

以天津市医疗废物管理现状为研究对象，对处置方式进行深入探讨，分析目前分散处置和集中处置存在的缺陷，提出“区域集中处置”设想；并运用模糊决策模型理论，建立较完善的处置方式评价指标体系，应用模糊综合评价模型得出“区域集中处置”是最佳的医疗废物处置方式，同时提出了相应的区域集中处置策略。     

新型活性污泥废水处理供氧方式--中空纤维膜无泡式供氧研究进展

中空纤维膜无泡式供氧是一种新型活性污泥废水处理供氧方式,具有传氧效率高、无泡沫产生和能耗低的特点.本文对无泡式供氧的基本原理、传质过程、工艺设备、在废水生物处理中的应用、发展前景以及存在问题等方面的国内外研究概况,作一扼要的介绍.     

Hydrothermal treatment for inactivating some hygienic microbial indicators from food waste–amended animal feed

To achieve the hygienic safety of food waste used as animal feed, a hydrothermal treatment process of 60–110 °C for 10–60 min was applied on the separated food waste from a university canteen. Based on the microbial analysis of raw waste, the inactivation of hygienic indicators of Staphylococcus aureus (SA), total coliform (TC), total aerobic plate counts (TPC), and molds and yeast (MY) were analyzed during the hydrothermal process. Results showed that indicators' concentrations were substantially reduced after hydrothermal treatment, with a greater reduction observed when the waste was treated with a higher temperature and pressure and a longer ramping time. The 110 °C hydrothermal treatment for 60 min was sufficient to disinfect food waste as animal feed from the viewpoint of hygienic safety. Results obtained so far indicate that hydrothermal treatment can significantly decrease microbial indicators' concentrations but does not lead to complete sterilization, because MY survived even after 60 min treatment at 110 °C. The information from the present study will contribute to the microbial risk control of food waste–amended animal feed, to cope with legislation on food or feed safety.

Implications: Reduction of microbial indicators at ramping time and holding time during the hydrothermal process showed that hydrothermal treatment is an effective method to achieve hygienic feed from food waste to a certain extent, but the conditions researched in this study were not enough for the complete sterilization of food waste, because of the different heat resistance of bacteria and spores.     

Technology selection for infectious medical waste treatment using the analytic hierarchy process

The overall objective of this paper was to evaluate five different technologies used for infectious medical waste treatment and select the optimum one by means of multicriteria analysis. Steam disinfection was selected as the optimum treatment technology, among others using incineration, microwave disinfection, chemical disinfection with sodium hypochlorite, and reverse polymerization with microwaves. The evaluation was based on four groups of criteria, specifically, environmental, economic, technical, and social criteria, using the analytic hierarchy process. Selection among four commercial systems using steam disinfection was not possible, because it required additional site-specific criteria, e.g., loading capacity and requirements of local regulations.

Implications: The paper can help health care facilities to select the system for infectious waste treatment that best fits their needs. It was concluded that steam disinfection was the optimum technology, using environmental, economic, technical, and social criteria.     

污泥活性炭固定床吸附甲苯

采用ZnCl2化学活化法制备的污泥活性炭用于固定床吸附甲苯实验,研究了吸附剂床层厚度、甲苯初始浓度、气体线速等操作条件对其吸附性能的影响,并建立了污泥活性炭吸附甲苯的传质模型,计算不同操作条件下的传质区长度和物质总传质系数。结果表明,当床层厚度从3 cm增加到7 cm,传质区长度基本不变,物质总传质系数增加了66.66%;当甲苯初始浓度增大3.36倍,传质区长度增加了17.19%,而物质总传质系数降低了22.05%;在实验流速范围内,气体线速变为原来的2倍,物质总传质系数增加了65.27%,说明污泥活性炭对甲苯吸附属于外扩散控制。     

Use of carbonised beet pulp carbon for removal of Remazol Turquoise Blue-G 133 from aqueous solution

Carbonised beet pulp (BPC) produced from agricultural solid waste by-product in sugar industry was used as adsorbent for the removal of Remazol Turquoise Blue-G 133 (RTB-G 133) dye in this study. The kinetics and equilibrium of sorption process were investigated with respect to pH, temperature and initial dye concentration. Adsorption studies with real textile wastewater were also performed. The results showed that adsorption was a strongly pH-dependent process, and optimum pH was determined as 1.0. The maximum dye adsorption capacity was obtained as 47.0 mg g^?1at the temperature of 25 °C at this pH value. The Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption models were used for describing the adsorption equilibrium data of the dye, and isotherm constants were evaluated depending on sorption temperature. Equilibrium data of RTB-G 133 sorption fitted very well to the Freundlich isotherm. Mass transfer and kinetic models were applied to the experimental data to examine the mechanisms of adsorption and potential rate-controlling steps. It was found that both external mass transfer and intra-particle diffusion played an important role in the adsorption mechanisms of dye and adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo second-order type kinetic model. The thermodynamic analysis indicated that the sorption process was exothermic and spontaneous in nature.     

城市生活垃圾在机械炉排炉内焚烧过程研究及数值模拟

研究城市生活垃圾在机械炉排炉内焚烧过程，建立了垃圾在炉排炉移动床内燃烧过程中垃圾体积变化、水分蒸发、挥发分析出及燃烧、垃圾颗粒的移动、气-固两相热传递、焦炭燃烧等各个反应阶段的热化学模型，采用一维非稳态模型分别建立了床层内气固两相介质控制方程。通过对炉排上垃圾焚烧过程的数值模拟研究，获得料层中温度分布、料层高度、炉床机械负荷、气相中反应物组分和污染物浓度分布。利用建立的模型对某大型垃圾焚烧炉的燃烧过程进行数值仿真，对燃烧过程、烟气成分进行预测，为垃圾焚烧炉排炉的设计和燃烧控制提供理论依据。     

Prediction of Flue Gas Composition of an Incinerator Based on a Nonequilibrium-Reaction Approach

A nonequilibrium-reaetion model is developed to predict the flue gas composition of an incinerator for solid waste combustion and gasification. The model may also be effectively utilized to predict the composition of exit gas from the primary chamber of an incinerator where invariably substoichiometrie combustion conditions exist The model assumes that the drying and pyrolysis of waste occurs in sequence followed by combustion of devolatilized gas and residue separately. The model is applied to the combustion of pine wood, and the flue gas compositions are computed as a function of operating parameters such as temperature (1100 to 1500 K), initial moisture content (0 to 40 percent), and percentage excess air (up to 100 percent). The model is extended to include substoichiometric combustion (to simulate the gasification process without steam injection) to compare its predictions with the available experimental data. The general agreement of theory and experiment is good.     

垃圾堆放发酵机理与应用工艺研究

对垃圾的发酵机理进行了实验研究,对渗沥液的析出量及其酸碱度、堆酵后垃圾热值的变化以及堆内温度的变化进行了观测,并对堆酵过程的机理进行了初步分析,给出了垃圾堆酵应用工艺的建议。     

Hydrothermal treatment for inactivating some hygienic microbial indicators from food waste-amended animal feed

To achieve the hygienic safety of food waste used as animal feed, a hydrothermal treatment process of 60-110 degrees C for 10-60 min was applied on the separated food waste from a university canteen. Based on the microbial analysis of raw waste, the inactivation of hygienic indicators of Staphylococcus aureus (SA), total coliform (TC), total aerobic plate counts (TPC), and molds and yeast (MY) were analyzed during the hydrothermal process. Results showed that indicators' concentrations were substantially reduced after hydrothermal treatment, with a greater reduction observed when the waste was treated with a higher temperature and pressure and a longer ramping time. The 110 degrees C hydrothermal treatment for 60 min was sufficient to disinfect food waste as animal feed from the viewpoint of hygienic safety. Results obtained so far indicate that hydrothermal treatment can significantly decrease microbial indicators' concentrations but does not lead to complete sterilization, because MY survived even after 60 min treatment at 110 degrees C. The information from the present study will contribute to the microbial risk control of food waste-amended animal feed, to cope with legislation on food or feed safety.