广州市灰霾期间大气颗粒物中无机元素的质量浓度

用ICP-MS测定K,Al,Fe,Mn,Cu,Pb 和Zn等27种元素的浓度,讨论了这些元素在灰霾与非灰霾期的浓度特征.结果表明, 广州市大气PM10中无机元素的质量浓度在灰霾期要高于非灰霾期,同时灰霾与非灰霾期间所测元素的分布特征基本一致,说明灰霾与非灰霾期间无机元素的来源基本上是一致的.富集因子法分析结果显示,来源于人为活动的Zn, Pb, As和Cu在灰霾期更容易富集.     

广西热带亚热带典型森林岩溶区土壤-植物系统元素分布特征

对广西热带亚热带典型岩溶区土壤-植物系统13种元素分布特征及相关性进行了研究.结果表明:与非岩溶区植物相比,岩溶植物Ca、Al含量比较高,Na、Fe、Mn、Si、K、P的含量较低.植物体内元素的分布特点是:叶>茎>根;石灰土更易富集Fe、P、K、Cu、Zn和Co.大多数土壤元素含量随纬度的降低而降低,Fe和Zn表现较为明显,而Mn和Si在热带较中亚热带的更易淋失.土壤中与Fe元素明显相关的元素最多,包括Mn、Zn、Co、S、Al,其相关性分别为Mn> Al > Co > Zn > S,其中,Fe与Mn、S呈负相关,与Zn、Co、Al呈正相关;植物中的Na、Fe、Si、P、Al与土壤中对应的元素相关性显著,呈正相关关系,主要体现在土壤的A层;植物对大量元素的吸收强于对微量元素的吸收,其中,对Mn的吸收能力最强(8229.38%),主要集中在根部的Al(0.57%)和Fe(0.0049%)的吸收能力最小.     

上海市公园绿地小羽藓中微量元素时空分布特征

以上海市26个公园绿地中2014年8月至2015年8月采集的104件小羽藓样品为研究对象,分析样品中15种微量元素含量,结合地统计和GIS技术方法,对重金属元素在小羽藓中含量的时空分布特征进行了探究.结果表明,15种微量元素在苔藓体内富集明显.相关性分析表明,Al、Ba、Ca、Cr、Cu、Fe、Hg、Mg、Mn、Ni、Pb、Sr和Zn两两都具有显著的相关性(P0.05),K和Na元素存在显著相关性(P0.05);主成分分析进一步表明,小羽藓重金属元素主要来源于工业活动与交通污染,也受到地表扬尘和海盐气溶胶的影响.小羽藓重金属含量在季节上主要表现为冬季秋季夏季春季,随生长周期不断积累;与上世纪80年代相比Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr含量显著增大,近年来呈现降低趋势.采用克里金插值法对小羽藓中典型重金属做空间分布表明,Hg、Pb、Fe、Cr、Cu等呈现以中心城区和工业区为高值区,市郊为低值区的格局,Al元素呈现污染范围广的特征;Cu、Pb、Cr高值区域与2005年相比存在一定的差异,无论是污染范围还是污染程度均明显高于上世纪80年代.     

浅析新疆巩乃斯河重金属时空分异特征

在对巩乃斯河进行水质监测的基础上,探讨了巩乃斯河水体中重金属的时空分布特征.结果表明,巩乃斯河重金属含量基本呈现丰水期>平水期>枯水期>春汛期的趋势,所测重金属Pb,Cd,Mn,Cr,Cu,Ni,Zn含量均符合国家地表水环境标准(GB3838-2002)的Ⅰ类水标准和生活饮用水卫生标准(GB5749-2006).由于地质条件和人类生产活动的影响,同一重金属元素在不同的水期沿程变化趋势不同;不同的重金属在相同的水期分布不同.通过多元统计分析发现,巩乃斯河水体中所测的7种重金属元素的来源可由2个主成分来反映,它们的贡献率分别为56.939%和26.166%.其中Pb,Cu和Mn主要受第一主成分控制,即矿物岩石的自然风化、侵蚀过程对河流重金属来源的影响;Cd主要受第二主成分控制,即人类工业活动对河流中重金属含量的影响;Zn则是受第一主成分和第二主成分共同支配.     

北京市怀柔区冬季大气重金属污染状况分析

环境大气中重金属元素通常存在于细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))中,对人体健康和生态环境具有潜在威胁.开展大气中重金属的监测对评估其环境健康影响以及针对性控制措施的制定具有重要科学意义和现实意义.本文对北京市怀柔区大气中20种重金属元素于2016年1月19日至3月4日进行了连续现场监测,并分析了大气重金属的污染现状、特征及来源.观测期间大气平均总重金属浓度为0.52μg·m~(-3),约占PM_(2.5)平均浓度(70.3μg·m~(-3)的0.75%,其中以Fe、Zn、Ba、Pb、Mn、Cu、Cd、As浓度较高;在2月8日(大年初一)烟花爆竹燃放高峰期间大气颗粒物中重金属元素浓度明显升高,总重金属浓度最高可达7.94μg·m~(-3),占PM_(2.5)的比例为9%,尤其以Ba、Pb、Cu、Zn、Mn、Cr浓度增长最为突出.以Fe作为地壳参比元素,发现怀柔冬季大气中Ni、Mn、Ga、Cr的富集因子小于10,其它元素的富集因子大于10,表明怀柔冬季大气中Ni、Mn、Ga、Cr主要来源于土壤或岩石风化,其它元素则主要来自人为污染源排放.基于怀柔冬季大气中不同重金属变化特征分析,推测Pb、Zn、Hg、Mn、Ni、Se与As共同来源于冬季燃煤采暖以及周围工业园区煤炭燃料燃烧排放,Cu、Pb、Cr、Zn、Mn和Ba主要来源于烟花爆竹燃放,Cd等元素来源于周围工业园区的工业生产过程.     

典型西北钢铁城市冬季大气颗粒物重金属来源解析及健康风险评价——以嘉峪关为例

为研究嘉峪关市冬季PM_2.5,PM₁₀中重金属来源并对其健康风险进行评估,于2019年12月18日—2020年1月16日进行PM_2.5,PM₁₀样品的采集,并利用电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP-MS）对16种金属及无机元素（Mg、Al、Ca、Fe、V、Cr、Mn、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Se、Cd、Ba、Pb）进行质量浓度的分析;通过富集因子及主成分分析法对16种金属及无机元素的来源进行解析;用EPA的健康风险评估模型对Cr、Ni、As、Co、Cd、Cu、Mn、Zn、Pb、V等10种元素进行健康风险评价.结果表明,PM_2.5与PM₁₀中质量浓度较高的元素为Mg、Al、Ca、Fe等4种地壳元素,其余12种元素的浓度相对较低;Se、Cd、Pb、Zn、Mg等5种元素在PM_2.5与PM₁₀中的富集因子值均大于10,其中Cd元素在PM_2.5与PM₁₀中的富集因子值最大,分别...     

芜湖市区土壤重金属污染评价及来源分析

对芜湖市区153个土壤样品中9种重金属的含量进行测定和评价,利用多元地统计方法进行污染来源分析。结果表明：芜湖市区土壤Zn、Fe、Mn、Cu、Pb、Co、Cd、Ni、Cr的平均含量分别为96.8、30600.1、466.1、35.0、29.1、16.7、1.2、26.3、78.3mg/kg;除Fe、Mn、Ni外,其他元素均高于相应土壤背景值,Zn、Cu、Pb、Co、Cd、Cr分别是背景值的1.26、1.09、1.17、1.20、6.11、1.29倍,说明这些元素出现了一定程度的积累。单因子评价结果表明Cd污染最为严重,Zn、Cu、Pb、Co和Cr为轻度污染,Fe、Mn和Ni没有污染。综合相关性、聚类及主成分分析可知,Fe和Mn为＂自然源因子＂,不同功能区分布主要受成土母质控制;Zn、Cu、Pb和Cd为＂交通及工业活动因子＂,Cu、Cd高值区均分布在开发区,Zn和Pb的高值区分布在镜湖区;Ni、Co和Cr为＂农业活动因子＂,其空间变异受成土母质及农业活动等因素影响。     

忻州市市区大气颗粒物中的元素组成特征

采集忻州市市区冬季和夏季总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)和可吸入颗粒物(PM10)样品,测定其中Na、Mg、Al、Si、K、Ca、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Pb等18种元素含量,并对元素的浓度水平、时空分布特征和重金属的潜在生态风险以及元素的主要来源进行了研究.结果表明,忻州市TSP和PM10中18种元素平均浓度分别为47662.2 ng·m-3和17546.4 ng·m-3,重金属的生态危害在TSP中由高到低依次为CdCuCoPbAsCrZnNiMn,在PM10中为CdCuPbCoZnCrAsNiMn,且PM10比TSP具有更强的生态危害性.富集因子和主因子分析法表明,忻州市PM10中元素的主要排放源包括:煤烟尘和工业粉尘、土壤风沙尘、建筑水泥尘和汽车尾气,贡献率分别为56.30%、23.88%、19.78%.     

盘锦市冬季大气PM2.5元素污染特征及来源解析

为研究盘锦市冬季大气PM_(2.5)中元素污染特征及其来源,于2017年1月采集盘锦市3个点位PM_(2.5)样品,通过富集因子以及因子分析法对盘锦市PM_(2.5)中载带的元素进行污染特征分析及来源解析.结果表明,盘锦市冬季大气PM_(2.5)日均浓度顺序为开发区第二中学文化公园,日均浓度值超过环境空气质量标准(GB3095—2012)二级标准限值(75μg·m~(-3))的天数分别为9、4、7 d;各元素浓度平均值由高到低依次为AlCaFeNaMgZnPbMnVAsCuNiCrCd,其中Al、Ca、Fe、Na、Mg、Zn和Pb元素质量浓度之和占所有检测元素浓度的96.85%.富集因子分析表明,Cd、Zn、Pb、As、Cu属于极强富集,Ni、V属于强烈富集,Cr、Ca和Mg属于显著富集,Mn、Na属于中度富集,Fe属于轻微富集.因子分析结果表明,盘锦市冬季大气PM_(2.5)污染元素主要来源为煤烟尘、道路交通尘、燃油尘和土壤扬尘.     

九洲江流域水环境重金属污染特征及来源解析

九洲江流域环境综合治理已被列为国家跨地区生态补充试点,开展流域重金属污染调查与研究,能为流域生态补偿和综合治理提供科学依据.为了研究九洲江流域水环境重金属浓度分布特征,在流域干流和支流选取了33个采样点,于2018年枯水期、丰水期和平水期分3次进行采样监测,测定13种重金属(Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr、Ni、Fe、Mn、Hg、As、Sb、Tl、Se)的含量.结果表明,13种重金属平均浓度从大到小排序为Fe>Mn> Zn> As> Sb> Pb> Cu> Cr> Ni> Tl> Se=Cd=Hg,Fe、Zn、Pb、Sb和As呈现出丰水期>枯水期>平水期浓度分布特征,Mn则是枯水期>平水期>丰水期,As、Sb、Pb和Mn呈现出干流>支流浓度分布特征,Fe和Zn则是支流>干流,干流As和Sb呈现出丰水期浓度明显升高的污染特征;九洲江流域干流和支流Fe和Mn污染较重,大部分点位均超过参照标准限值,是九洲江流域重金属的首要污染物,As在丰水期支流点位有超标,超标率为5.6%,Sb在枯水期、丰水期的干流和支流均有超标现象,超标率范围为6.7%—30%,其它重金属浓度均未超标.内梅罗综合指数法分析结果表明,S13温泉镇中屯河重金属污染最重,污染相对较重的前10位均为支流点位.相关性分析、主成分分析和聚类分析结果表明,Mn、Pb、Cu、Tl、Fe和Zn浓度主要受自然地质环境影响,As和Sb具有同源性,主要来源于化肥和农药的农业面源污染,Ni和Cr来源可能是自然环境和畜禽养殖和城镇污水处理厂排放共同影响的结果.     

Cluster analysis of inorganic elements in particulate matter in the air environment of an equatorial urban coastal location

Concentrations of nine inorganic elements (Na, Zn, Ca, Fe, Ni, Mn, Cu, Cd and Al) in particulate matter (PM₁₀) in the air of an equatorial urban coastal location during 2009 were studied during summer and winter monsoon seasons using high-volume sampling techniques. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry was used to analyse the samples. The concentrations of most inorganic elements were higher during summer than winter, except for Cu and Zn. The main inorganic elements in PM₁₀ are Na, Zn and Ca. High concentrations of Na and Ca are due to marine aerosols. Analysis of enrichment factors showed that inorganic elements are from non-crustal sources. Cluster analysis identified five clusters in the summer and six in the winter: (1) PM₁₀–Ni, (2) Zn–Na, (3) Fe–Cu–Ca–Cd, (4) Mn and (5) Al for summer; and (1) PM₁₀, (2) Zn, (3) Fe–Ni, (4) Cu–Ca–Na–Cd, (5) Mn and (6) Al for winter. Combining both correlation and cluster analysis, it was found that Fe–Cu–Cd was from industry/vehicle emissions, Zn was from resuspended soil, Mn was from metallurgical processes, Ni was from a nearby power plant and Al was from crustal sources. Inorganic element concentrations could be a good indicator of local sources of PM₁₀.     

南京城市土壤中重金属的化学形态分布

采取Tessier连续提取法，研究了南京市不同城区表层土壤中Fe,Mn,Cr,Ni,Co,V,Cu,Zn,Pb的化学形态分布。结果表明，南京城市土壤中Fe,Mn,Cr,Ni,Co,V,Zn,Pb以残渣晶格态为主，可交换态比例极低；Cu在城市道路旁的土壤中有机物结合态所占的比例最高，其他区域残渣晶格态所占的比例最高，与非城区自然土壤相比，主要来源于人为输入的Mn,Cu,Zn,Pb残渣晶格态所占的比例低，活性态比例大；Cr和主要来源于原土壤物质的Fe,Ni,Co,V在城市土壤与非城区自然土壤中各形态所占的比例相似，残渣晶格态比例大，活性态比例极低。     

Toxicity of metals to tadpoles of the common Sunda toad,Duttaphrynus melanostictus

Tadpoles of the common freshwater Sunda toad, Duttaphrynus melanostictus (Amphibia, Bufonidae), were exposed for a 4-day period under laboratory conditions to copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), iron (Fe), aluminum (Al), and manganese (Mn) at various concentrations. Mortality was assessed and median times of death (LT₅₀) and lethal concentrations (LC₅₀) were calculated. LT₅₀ and LC₅₀ increased with the decrease in mean exposure times and concentrations for all metals. LC₅₀ (96?h) for Cu, Cd, Zn, Pb, Ni, Fe, Al, and Mn were 0.03, 0.3, 4.2, 1.5, 8.8, 0.4, 1.9, and 39?mg?L^?1, respectively. Cu was the most toxic to D. melanostictus, followed by Cd, Fe, Al, Pb, Zn, Ni, and Mn (Cu?>?Cd?>?Fe?>?Al?>?Pb?>?Zn?>?Ni?>?Mn). Duttaphrynus melanostictus is similarly sensitive to these metals as other amphibian tadpoles.     

宝鸡城市街尘、土壤及河流沉积物重金属形态迁移特征

在宝鸡城市街尘、土壤及河流沉积物基本理化性质和重金属元素含量分析的基础上,重点研究了重金属元素在街尘、土壤及河流沉积物中的赋存形态和迁移特征.结果表明:在街尘中Cu主要以可氧化态和残余态形式存在,Pb主要以可还原态和可氧化态形式存在,Zn和Cd主要以乙酸可提取态形式存在,Mn、Fe、Co、Ni和Cr主要以残余态形式存在...     

Bioavailability and health risk assessment of potentially toxic elements in Thriasio Plain,near Athens,Greece

Elevated concentrations of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) are usually found in areas of intense industrial activity. Thriasio Plain is a plain near Athens, Greece, where most of the heavy industry of the country has been situated for decades, but it also is a residential and horticultural area. We aimed at measuring the levels of PTEs in soils and indigenous plant species and assessing the health risk associated with direct soil ingestion. Samples of soils at roadsides and growing plants were collected from 31 sites of that area. Concentrations of Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, V and Zn were measured in both soils (as pseudo-total) and aerial plant tissues. We found that As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn were higher than maximum regulatory limits. Element concentrations in plants were rather lower than expected, probably because indigenous plants have developed excluder behaviour over time. Copper and Zn soil-to-plant coefficients were highest among the other elements; for Cu this was unexpected, and probably associated with recent Cu-releasing industrial activity. Risk assessment analysis indicated that As was the element contributing more than 50 % of the health risk related to direct soil ingestion, followed by Cr, Pb, and, surprisingly, Mn. We concluded that in a multi-element contamination situation, elevated risk of PTEs (such as As, Cr and Pb) may reduce the tolerance limits of exposure to less-toxic elements (here, Mn).     

Assessing heavy-metal contamination and sources by GIS-based approach and multivariate analysis of urban–rural topsoils in Wuhan,central China

Nine potentially harmful heavy metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Pb, Ni, and Zn) were measured in 477 topsoil samples collected from urban–rural areas in the city of Wuhan in order to identify their concentrations and possible sources, and characterize their spatial variability for risk assessment. Results showed that in most rural areas heavy-metal concentrations in soil were similar to their natural background values, but Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, and Zn concentrations were relatively higher in densely populated districts and around industrial facilities. Multivariate analyses (correlation matrix, principal component analysis, and cluster analysis) indicated that Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, and Zn were mainly derived from anthropogenic inputs, and Co, Cr, and Mn were controlled by natural source, whereas Ni appeared to be affected by both anthropogenic and natural sources. The result of risk assessment indicated that nearly 48% of the study area suffered from moderate to severe contamination.     

Effect of acid rain on the fractionation of heavy metals and major elements in contaminated soils

Acid rain is a serious environmental problem worldwide. In the present study, we investigated the effect of acid rain (1:1 equivalent basis H₂SO₄:HNO₃) at pH values of 2.0, 4.0 and 7.0 on the fractionation of heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) and major elements (K, Na, Ca, and Mg) in contaminated calcareous soils over a 2084 h period. Heavy metals and major elements in soil samples were fractionated before and after 2084 h kinetic release using a sequential extraction procedure. Before kinetic studies the predominant fractions of K, Na, Ca, Mg, Cd and Ni were mainly associated with carbonate fraction (CARB), whereas Fe, Mn and Zn were associated with the Fe–Mn oxide fraction (Fe–Mn oxide). The highest percentage of Pb and Cu were found in the exchangeable (EXC) and organic matter (OM) fractions, respectively. After kinetic study using different simulated acid rain solutions, the major fractions of heavy metals (expect of Cu) and Na was the same as before release. Upon the application of different acid rain solutions, K and Mg were found dominantly in Fe–Mn oxide fraction, whereas Ca was in the EXC fraction. The results provide valuable information regarding metal mobility and indicated that speciation of metals (Cu and Zn) and major elements in contaminated calcareous soils can be affected by acid rain.     

Trace element atmospheric pollution in South Albania studied by the moss technique and inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometry

Monitoring hazardous air pollutants is needed for understanding their spatial and temporal distribution and ultimately to minimize their harmful effects. For the first time, the moss biomonitoring technique has been applied to air pollution monitoring in South Albania. Moss samples were collected during the period of September–October 2010, and were analyzed for total concentration of the elements Al, As, Ba, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Sr, V, and Zn by inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometry. Geographical distribution maps of the elements over the sampled territory were constructed using geographic information systems technology. Multivariate statistical analysis was applied to distinguish elements mainly of anthropogenic origin from those predominantly originating from natural sources. Four factors were identified: Factor 1 reflects wind-blown mineral particles or local emissions from industry (Al, As, Ba, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, V, Zn); Factor 2 is related to long-range atmospheric transport of elements or local emissions from industry (Cd, Pb); Factor 3 (Na, Mg) and Factor 4 (K) reflect the natural origin of elements as crustal, marine, and vegetation components.     

Heavy Metal Distribution in Valley Sediments in Wadi Al-Karak Catchment Area, South Jordan

Valley sediments samples collected from the major and minor valleys of Al-Karak catchment area (southern Jordan) were leached with hot dilute HCl and analysed for their heavy metals content. The results of leachable metal concentrations indicated the absence of anomalous values for metal occurrences. However, appreciable contamination of the sediments with Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd and Cr was observed. Using an index of pollution the extent of contamination was better delineated. The geographical distribution of the samples showed higher Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd and Cr concentrations mainly around heavily inhabited areas indicating an anthropogenic source of contamination. Lithological influence indicated from the anomalies of Fe and Mn was found to be very low.