地震应急响应系统研究

地震应急响应系统（EERS）作为城市地震灾害应急管理和指挥系统的一个重要组成部分，其时效性和对灾情宏观把握的准确性都会直接影响到应急指挥系统能否发挥最大的减灾效能。介绍了在ArcView9．0的GIS平台上研发的城市地震应急响应系统的设计目标、系统构架、主要功能以及基于Oracle9i的系统数据库结构。通过接口设计EERS将震情会商机制纳入到系统中，并结合地震影响场绘制模型可以快速地进行地震应急等级判别，同时利用GIS的空间叠加和专题渲染功能可以直观地把握灾情信息。在山西省运城市地震应急指挥系统中的实际应用表明，EERS能够为应急指挥和救灾工作提供有效的决策支持信息。     

地震现场应急指挥及其标准化研究

介绍了我国严峻的地震灾害形势，论述了制定地震现场工作技术标准的迫切需求；阐述了地震应急、地震现场应急及地震现场应急指挥的定义及关系，给出了地震现场应急指挥及其信息管理系统技术标准的标准化内容。期望该标准能规范地震现场工作的技术行为，提高地震现场的工作效率，有效地减轻地震灾害和维护灾区社会稳定。     

社会救援资源动员信息系统总体设计研究

社会救援资源动员作为突发事件应急处置中的重要一环,对应急处置有着至关重要的影响。设计合理高效的社会救援资源动员信息系统框架,为系统的具体实现打下坚实基础。在国内外应急管理及国民经济动员信息系统现状基础上,分析当前我国应急管理信息系统存在系统设计标准不统一,系统安全以及智能化程度较低等问题,提出系统的构建原则和社会救援资源动员业务构成。依据业务构成探讨并设计系统的总体框架,即B/S混合C/S模式结构,并阐述系统核心子模块功能———信息收集发布、预案库管理、社会资源管理以及事后分析评价等,给出系统处理流程。     

应急指挥体系风险管控与体系完善研究

应急管理理论与实践应用的发展成熟度远不及传统项目管理的发展。运用传统项目管理中的风险管理理论对应急管理体系与响应流程进行风险评估。以应急指挥体系作为研究对象,结合WBS(工作分解结构技术)制定了一种应用于应急响应系统的风险管理WBS法,将应急响应体系中的全部工作及其相应的责任分别予以细化和界定,得到风险节点。这些风险节点就是整个响应系统的管控核心。另外还依据风险节点的分布与自然灾害应急响应的特点,提出了三核六控的管理架构,完善应急管理响应流程与管理架构,理论上提高了整个体系的运作效率。     

基于事件驱动模型的电力突发事件应急处置流程研究

为提高应急抢修工作的效率和应急处置的能力,认真履行电力企业的社会责任,在详细分析目前电力应急管理研究存在的问题和面临的挑战的基础上,对电力突发事件、电力应急预案体系等一些重要基本概念进行重新完善和明确,为了让各级应急指挥及救援人员熟悉应急职责及流程,关注各级各类预案相互衔接,力图基于事件驱动模型和应急预案要素建立应急处置流程的生成方法,为电力突发事件应急指挥决策方法的研究和实践提供理论和技术支撑。     

大气化学灾害应急气象保障系统的设计与开发

大气化学灾害应急气象保障系统是针对危险化学品的泄漏、爆炸和光化学烟雾等大气化学灾害应急处置专门设计开发的技术支持系统，该系统由大气化学灾害事故信息接警、现场气象监测、气象资料综合显示、社会经济环境背景查询、危险大气成分预报、决策服务产品制作、应急指挥、预警信息发布等若干子系统组成，可以为各级政府指挥大气化学灾害的应急工作提供科技支撑平台。     

国家地震应急指挥软件系统研究

通过分析国家地震应急指挥系统的业务特点、数据和应用需求,提出了国家级地震应急指挥软件系统的实现思路和总体功能要求,重点研究了系统实现的总体框架、关键点和主要功能.国家地震应急指挥系统采用面向服务(SOA)的框架结构进行设计和实现,其中涉及到大型数据库技术、GIS WebServcie 技术、网络技术、服务总线技术等;系统的基本功能为针对中国大陆及其周边发生的对中国大陆具有影响的破坏性地震进行触发响应、灾害评估与动态跟踪、辅助决策、信息服务、应急指挥.该系统是中国数字地震观测网络项目的重要组成部分,系统的实现将为地震应急指挥系统的研究和建设提供丰富的理论基础和实践经验,进一步提高我国的地震应急响应能力.     

城市灾害应急管理体制研究

城市是人类赖以生存和发展的物质基础,城市灾害是个全球性的问题.当前城市灾害形势依然严峻,仍面临着来自多方面的挑战.首先阐述了城市灾害应急管理的定义,针对目前城市灾害的严峻形势和灾害损失现状,分析了城市灾害应急的重要性;通过对城市灾害应急管理体制的系统分析,指出了存在的主要问题,进而提出了可行性对策:必须构建统一的城市灾害应急管理体制,建立健全的应急管理机构,充分发挥各级政府的职能,完善应急预警.同时,提出要建立城市灾害管理信息系统和灾害应急指挥决策系统,完善我国城市灾害法律法规与标准体系,建成一个科学、系统、全面的城市灾害应急管理体制.     

洪涝灾害后医务应急护理远程指挥系统设计

为了提升应急指挥系统的应急响应能力,结合现代化信息技术研究并设计了一种洪涝灾害后医务应急护理远程指挥系统,科学预测以及评估突发性洪涝灾害事件的危险性。运用应急决策处理逻辑和多个信息子系统的联动,全方位监控重点目标灾情,获取可靠的洪涝灾害预警预报信息。根据应急护理状态信息以及应急医务资源配置信息,形成动态的事故处理预案以及医务应急资源调度方案,并组建洪涝灾害后医务应急调度模型,运用遗传算法对模型进行求解,实现洪涝灾害后医务应急资源的调度。     

小城镇突发公共事件应急决策系统的研究

近年来,突发公共事件的应急研究是研究热点,但对小城镇却缺少应有的关注和重视.本文剖析了当前小城镇突发公共事件应急管理存在的弊端,简要介绍了小城镇突发公共事件应急决策系统的设计与实现,包括应急预案、历史灾情库和法律法规库三大功能.着重论述了小城镇突发公共事件应急流程和预案的框架要素,并分析了应急决策系统与小城镇应急管理体制的融合机制问题.     

Cholera in Sudan: An account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.     

The cultural politics of mining and natural disaster in Indonesia: by fire and sword

Natural disasters are inevitably the outcome of cultural agonisms. The cultural politics of natural disasters are shaped by competing claims and conceptions of ‘nature’. Recent disasters in Indonesia are directly linked to these contending conceptions and the ways in which different social groups imagine risk and reward. The Sidoarjo volcanic mudflow of 2006 represents a volatile and violent exemplar of contending cultural and economic claims. Like other disasters in Indonesia and elsewhere in the developing world, this ‘natural’ disaster is characterised by differing conceptions of ‘nature’ as cultural tradition, divine force, and natural resource. A new extractive project in East Java is exhibiting similar economic and cultural agonisms, particularly around the notion of development, environment, self‐determination, and tradition. This paper examines the ‘disputes over meaning’ associated with natural disasters in contemporary societies, and the ways in which they are related to human culture, social organisation, and hierarchical systems of violence.     

Reflections on 40 years of Disasters, 1977–2017

This reflection, based on a keynote address to celebrate the fortieth anniversary of Disasters on 14 September 2017, begins by considering some of the prevailing assumptions that existed at the time of the journal's creation. Next is a summary of significant milestones during the past 40 years, covering major global trends, changing disaster impacts, and key developments in disaster risk management. Contrasting approaches in the first and fourth decade of the journal's history are then followed by examples of changes in terminology in the disaster field as an indication of shifting values. The paper goes on to explore the context of 2017, with observations of problem areas such as the loss of knowledge, failures to tackle the root causes of disasters, shortfalls in international assistance, and some negative attitudes. It closes by evaluating some current positive occurrences, including a reduction in casualties, sharing of experience, technological advances, and dramatic improvements in disaster warning.     

Fiji, land of tropical cyclones and hurricanes: A case study of agricultural rehabilitation

Tropical cyclones and hurricanes have a severe impact on the social and economic activities of affected communities. For small island nations in the Pacific region, the effects can be devastating because of their smallness. FQi and several other countries in the region are vulnerable to such disasters as they are situated in the zone where cyclones occur frequently.
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems.     

Risk communication in emergency response to a simulated extreme flood

Risk communication in flood incident management can be improved through developing hydrometeorological and engineering models used as tools for communicating risk between scientists and emergency management professionals. A range of such models and tools was evaluated by participating flood emergency managers during a 4-day, real-time simulation of an extreme event in the Thamesmead area in the Thames estuary close to London, England. Emergency managers have different communication needs and value new tools differently, but the indications are that a range of new tools could be beneficial in flood incident management. Provided they are communicated large model uncertainties are not necessarily unwelcome among flood emergency managers. Even so they are cautious about sharing the ownership of weather and flood modelling uncertainties.     

Tsunami survivors' perspectives on vulnerability and vulnerability reduction: evidence from Koh Phi Phi Don and Khao Lak, Thailand

This paper presents the results of primary research with 40 survivors of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in two communities: Khao Lak (n=20) and Koh Phi Phi Don (n=20), Thailand. It traces tsunami survivors' perceptions of vulnerability, determines whether residents felt that the tsunami affected different communities differently, identifies the populations and sub-community groups that survivors distinguished as being more vulnerable than others, highlights community-generated ideas about vulnerability reduction, and pinpoints a range of additional vulnerability reduction actions. Tsunami survivors most consistently identified the 'most vulnerable' community sub-populations as women, children, the elderly, foreigners, and the poor. In Khao Lak, however, respondents added 'Burmese migrants' to this list, whereas in Koh Phi Phi Don, they added 'Thai Muslims'. Results suggest that the two case study communities, both small, coastal, tourism-dominated communities no more than 100 kilometres apart, have differing vulnerable sub-groups and environmental vulnerabilities, requiring different post-disaster vulnerability reduction efforts.     

The ethical contours of research in crisis settings: five practical considerations for academic institutional review boards and researchers

The number of research studies in the humanitarian field is rising. It is imperative, therefore, that institutional review boards (IRBs) consider carefully the additional risks present in crisis contexts to ensure that the highest ethical standards are upheld. Ethical guidelines should represent better the specific issues inherent to research among populations grappling with armed conflict, disasters triggered by natural hazards, or health‐related emergencies. This paper seeks to describe five issues particular to humanitarian settings that IRBs should deliberate and on which they should provide recommendations to overcome associated challenges: staged reviews of protocols in acute emergencies; flexible reviews of modification requests; addressing violence and the traumatic experiences of participants; difficulties in attaining meaningful informed consent among populations dependent on aid; and ensuring reviews are knowledgeable of populations' needs. Considering these matters when reviewing protocols will yield more ethically sound research in humanitarian settings and hold researchers accountable to appropriate ethical standards.