每年5月12日为“防灾减灾日”

经国务院批准，自2009年起，每年5月12目为“防灾减灾日”。 我国是世界上自然灾害最为严重的国家之一，灾害种类多、分布地域广、发生频率高、造成损失重。在全球气候变化和我国经济社会快速发展的背景下，我国面临的自然灾害形势严峻复杂，灾害风险进一步加剧。国家设立“防灾减灾日”，既体现了国家对防灾减灾工作的高度重视，也是落实科学发展观，     

打造防灾减灾产业专业平台——SIDR已启程

从汶川地震到甲型H1N1流感蔓延,再到莫拉克台风肆虐,一系列自然灾害给我国乃至全世界带来了巨大的损失,也在防灾减灾层面向世人敲响了警钟。今年国务院批准设立"防灾减灾日",体现了国家对防灾减灾工作的高度重视。从被动应对到主动防范,我国防灾减灾工作发生深层变革。     

韧性视角下的综合防灾减灾规划研究

我国自然灾害种类多、影响范围大,各类灾害风险交织叠加,防灾减灾工作面临严峻挑战,同时也对“十四五”期间综合防灾减灾规划编制提出了更高要求。韧性是一种应对风险的科学理念,运用韧性理念指导防灾减灾规划编制有助于发挥规划在防灾减灾工作中的引领作用,全面提高防灾减灾工作治理体系与治理能力。在对韧性概念理念与内涵进行了深入分析的基础上,该文将“城市安全五维体系”运用于防灾减灾领域并对防灾减灾工作内容进行了重构,通过五维体系视角回顾上两版国家层面综合防灾减灾规划,总结了综合防灾减灾规划趋势,系统梳理了综合防灾减灾规划编制背景,基于韧性理念提出了“十四五”综合防灾减灾规划编制建议。     

国家综合减灾"十一五"规划

党中央、国务院高度重视减灾工作，把防灾减灾作为实现国民经济社会可持续发展总体目标的重要保障。1998年国务院颁布实施《中华人民共和国减灾规划（1998—2010年）》以来，各地区、各部门、各行业大力加强减灾工程和非工程建设，国家防灾减灾能力明显提高，灾害损失占GDP比例有了明显下降。     

城镇化与减灾

正2014年5月12日是我国第六个防灾减灾日,主题是"城镇化与减灾"。近年来,受全球气候变暖和地质活跃的影响,致灾因素增多,发生洪涝、台风和地质灾害等的风险较高,防灾减灾形势严峻。社会各界需对防灾减灾工作高度关注,增强全社会防灾减灾意识,学习全民防灾减灾知识和避灾自救技能,保障生命和贝才产安全。当前,我国正处于工业化和城镇化发展进程中,城镇人口密度不断增加,基础设施承载负荷不断加大,各类灾害风险明显增多,城市安全设防问题日益突出。所以必须充分认识城镇化给防灾减灾工作带     

全民参与防灾减灾 构建灾害防御新长城

在国际减灾日来临之际，中国灾害防御协会组织有关单位和专家研讨防灾减灾工作，很必要，也很有意义。我国是世界上自然灾害最为严重的国家之一，强化以人为本，预防为主，综合防御，     

小城镇的综合防灾减灾规划

我国幅员辽阔．地理气候条件复杂．是世界上自然灾害发生最频繁、灾害损失最大的少数国家之一。尤其是从2008年至今，南方雪灾、汶川地震、北方干旱、广西水患等相然灾害频发．经济和人员损失惨重．因此．综合防灾减灾已经成为摆在“统筹城乡发展”面前的一个重要课题。大中城市由于其地位上的重要性，多已制定了相应的防灾减灾规划及采取了相应的防灾减灾措施。但据资料显示．我国70％以上的城镇、半数以上的人口、75％以上的工农业产值分布在气象、海洋、洪水、地震等灾害严重的地区，这些小城镇的数量大．防灾基础薄弱．因此，防灾减灾所面临的困难也更大。     

沙兰镇突发性洪水灾害损失评估及其反思

我国是洪水灾害频发的国家.本文通过实地调查,对黑龙江省宁安市沙兰镇2005年6月10日突发的洪水灾害损失进行了评估,总结了教训,对防灾、减灾工作进行了反思.     

美国地质灾害防治的经验总结及启示——灾害防治的“规划软措施”

美国是国际上开展以城市规划和土地利用政策作为防灾减灾手段研究较早的国家之一,美国减灾实践证明土地利用政策的防灾减灾效果十分明显。通过文献梳理、归纳和总结,美国防灾减灾"规划软措施"的经验主要为:①从制度上把防灾减灾作为各级政府的一项日常任务确定下来,并对减灾责任进行明确的划分;②地质灾害防治"规划软措施"在法律法规中得到了确立和强化,重视灾前减灾和防灾规划;③重视地质调查局、规划协会等职能部门的联合防灾机制的建设,确保地质灾害信息有效服务于土地利用防灾政策;④注重GIS、监测、通讯等先进技术的应用,构建地质灾害信息数据库,实现信息共享。文中最后提出了对我国地质灾害防治的几点启示。     

应急物流园与城市综合防灾减灾体系相互功用的初步研究

以分析城市综合防灾减灾体系的局限性入手,认为部门负责制下城市综合防灾规划的实用性较低,应急保障系统的危机意识淡薄。而建设应急物流园可以弥补城市综合防灾减灾体系的缺陷,实现综合防灾减灾由虚体向实体转化,增强综合防灾系统应对非传统灾害的能力。应急物流园的建设完善了城市减灾防灾系统的信息平台与物资储备功能,开拓了综合防灾减灾的社会化功能,弥补了城市综合防灾减灾体系的诸多不足。应急物流园的应该建设依托中心城市的物流园区,与国家主体功能区划、生产分布格局和综合运输体系相协调。     

Environmental knowledge and human experience: using a historical analysis of flooding in Ireland to challenge contemporary risk narratives and develop creative policy alternatives

Focusing on three of the largest coastal cities in the Republic of Ireland, this paper highlights the importance of a historical analysis of flood hazards in contextualising current events and potential future risks. Over the last decade, the cities of Dublin, Cork and Galway have experienced several major coastal, river and pluvial floods. In the aftermath of these floods, two distinct but related narratives have dominated public discourse and official responses. The first narrative presents recent floods as unprecedented and as possible evidence of climate change. The second constructs floods primarily as natural events and assumes that the optimal means of reducing flood losses is to prevent flood events. In this paper, I suggest that these narratives are not supported by a historical analysis of exposure and vulnerability to flood hazards in Irish cities. This paper draws primarily on newspaper archives to construct a record of past flooding that challenges these narratives in several ways and in doing so offers lessons for similar cities in other countries. I contend that these narratives are perpetuated by a narrow form of knowledge production (quantitative risk assessment) and a narrow range of data (numeric instrumental records). Incorporating a broader range of sources and data types into risk and vulnerability assessments may illuminate more creative strategies for reducing both contemporary and future flood losses.     

黄河北干流与渭河相遇洪水分析

黄河北干流与渭河位于黄土高原，暴雨是洪水的重要成因．本文分析了近２０００年的历史资料，提出该地区的洪水具有周期性，１９世纪洪水达到高峰，２０世纪洪水规模有所降低，并分析了黄河北干流与渭河及其支流径、洛河洪水相遇问题：四河相遇的概率很小，多形成特大洪水，两河相遇是较常发生的事件，多形成中等以下洪水。三门峡水库的淤积使该地区洪水灾害加剧．同时还分析了该地区洪水对黄河下游洪水的影响。     

Foundations of indigenous knowledge on disasters due to natural hazards: lessons from the outlook on floods among the Bayira of the Rwenzori region

The role of indigenous knowledge in increasing context specificity and exposing blind spots in scientific understanding is widely evidenced in disaster studies. This paper aims to structure the processes that shape indigenous knowledge production and its optimisation using the case of floods. An inductive analytical approach is applied among riparian indigenous communities (focus on the Bayira) of the Rwenzori region of Uganda where plenty of indigenous flood practices have been recorded. Indigenous knowledge of floods is found to be based on intimate comprehension of local hydrometeorological regularities. Insofar as these regularities follow natural dynamics, indigenous socio-epistemic processes are noted to be consistent with the laws of nature. Coupled with regular open sociocultural deliberations, the conceptualisation of hydrometeorological regularities induces an indigenous ontology and empiricist epistemology. This, together with the techniques used, is the driver of crucial epistemic virtues which enable indigenous knowledge to provide disaster solutions that are adapted, pragmatic, and holistic.     

江苏省典型年梅雨洪涝灾害对比分析

梅雨期降水形成的洪涝和枯梅年产生的干旱是江苏省主要的气象灾害.为了能客观地划分各年梅雨的旱涝等级,从而为防灾减灾决策提供依据,利用江苏省近50年来的梅雨资料,考虑梅期持时长短、梅期平均日雨量及暴雨日数等3个因子,给出了梅雨强度计算模型及梅期旱涝指标,较好地反映了江苏省每年各地的梅期旱涝状况.结合实际灾情,确定了典型梅雨洪涝年的标准.针对1954,1991和2003年3个比较典型的梅雨洪涝年,进行了详细的比较分析,结果表明:(1)长江及淮河流域上游的客水、入梅之前的降水量和梅期降水会直接影响该省梅雨期的洪涝灾情;(2)1991年的洪涝是历年来最为严重的,1954年的洪涝稍重于2003年;(3)3个典型梅雨洪涝年中全省最涝的地区都位于沿淮地区或江淮之间地区的北部,淮北地区这3年中都出现了较重的涝灾,淮北南部的灾情重于北部.     

Floods and Livestock in Bangladesh

The effects of monsoon floods on livestock in terms of death, loss of livestock feeds, distress sales of livestock and their consequences for livestock owners were assessed using data derived from a survey of 1000 households in nine districts conducted after the 1984 floods. The results show that there were very few deaths due to drowning during the floods but there were large number of deaths after the floods due to disease and hunger caused by loss of animal feeds. Floods contributed to increased distress sales of livestock, land and other assets. Floods worsened the already serious draught power problem making it difficult for many farmers to plant winter crops on time and in adequate quantity, thereby adversely affecting output. In general, floods exacerbated the livestock related problems which are quite serious even under normal conditions. The post-flood relief/rehabilitation programmes included very few of these problems, if at all. In reality, the solution to these problems should be sought within the framework of overall longterm agricultural and livestock development policies and programmes.     

洞庭湖区退田还湖的洪水效应模拟

洞庭湖多年平均削减入湖洪峰流量约10000m3/s,这对于保护长江中下游,特别是中游地区的防洪安全十分重要.但由于泥沙的严重淤积,以及湖泊湿地被大规模垦殖,使洞庭湖的调蓄功能下降,江湖洪水威胁加剧.1998年长江流域发生特大洪涝灾害,中央及时提出了"退田还湖、平垸行洪"等长江流域洪水治理的32字指导原则,洞庭湖区是实施该原则的重点地区.应用数值模拟方法,通过建立洞庭湖与长江耦合的水动力学数值模型,针对1998年洪水,模拟研究了洞庭湖区退田还湖的洪水效应,并设计了8种方案分别进行定量评估.结果显示,退田还湖工程的实施,对降低洞庭湖区江湖洪水位,缓解江湖洪水威胁具有重要意义.     

我国自然灾害时空分布及其粮食风险评估

分析了旱灾、水灾、风雹灾、霜冻灾、台风灾和农业病虫害、草害、鼠害8种自然灾害的时空分布情况,计算了其造成的历年粮食减产量,并在此基础上评估2020年自然灾害对粮食产量的影响。结果表明,2020年不同自然灾害对我国各省粮食生产的影响程度不同。旱灾风险区集中在我国北方地区,分布在黄淮海区、西北区等;涝灾风险区集中在我国南方地区,分布在长江中下游区等;风雹灾风险区对我国粮食产量影响相对较小,主要分布在新疆和青海;台风灾风险区集中在我国南方沿海地区;农业病虫害风险区集中在我国的南方地区,分布在华南沿海区和西南区等;而霜冻灾、农业草害、鼠害对粮食生产的影响范围和影响程度较小。     

The Protection of China's Ancient Cities from Flood Damage

Over many centuries, the repeated and serious flooding of many of China's ancient cities has led to the development of various measures to mitigate the impact of floods. These have included structural measures, such as the construction of walls, dams and dykes, with tree planting for soil consolidation; installation of drainage systems and water storage capacity; the raising of settlement levels and the strengthening of building materials. Non-structural measures include warning systems and planning for emergency evacuation. Urban planning and architectural design have evolved to reduce flood damage, and government officials have been appointed with specific responsibilities for managing the flood control systems. In view of the serious consequences of modern neglect of these well-tried methods, this paper examines China's historical experience of flooding and demonstrates its continuing relevance for today. A brief historical survey is followed by a detailed discussion of various flood prevention measures. The paper is illustrated by city plans from ancient local chronicles.     

About bridges and bonds: community responses to the 2000 floods in Mabalane district, Mozambique

Massive floods hit Mozambique in 2000.1 Many of the affected regions benefited from external aid. This paper investigates how the floods impacted on two communities in the interior of the Limpopo Valley, which did not receive significant assistance during the event and in the immediate aftermath. Drawing on the livelihood approach, it focuses on the role of two types of local resources: knowledge and social capital. The paper shows that the scale of the 2000 floods surpassed the response capacity of these resources and looks at how wealth and gender influenced access by households to the local support mechanisms that enhance survival and recovery. It appears that the floods mainly affected wealthier households, as these more frequently lost houses and cattle. The paper points to the importance of ploughs and cattle for local support mechanisms, which, in turn, most likely reduced the capacities of communities to recover from the disaster.     

试析1920年湖南瘟疫

1920年湖南省省多事之年，兵灾、水灾、疫灾同时并发，有如雪上加霜，本文从是年湖南瘟疫产生的原因、特点、后果及防治各方面进行初步探讨，认为天灾与人祸互为因果，不革新政治、发展生产和科技是无法战胜瘟疫的。