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1.
In this paper, we first discuss various vantage points gained through the authors’ experience of approaching conservation
through a “cultural lens.” We then draw out more general concerns that many anthropologists hold with respect to conservation,
summarizing and commenting on the work of the Conservation and Community Working Group within the Anthropology and Environment
Section of the American Anthropological Association. Here we focus on both critiques and contributions the discipline of anthropology
makes with regard to conservation, and show how anthropologists are moving beyond conservation critiques to engage actively
with conservation practice and policy. We conclude with reflections on the possibilities for enhancing transdisciplinary dialogue
and practice through reflexive questioning, the adoption of disciplinary humility, and the realization that “cross-border”
collaboration among conservation scholars and practitioners can strengthen the political will necessary to stem the growing
commoditization and ensuing degradation of the earth’s ecosystems. 相似文献
2.
Daniel H. Henning 《Environmental management》1987,11(3):283-293
This article deals with wilderness politics in relationship to values and public participation; these terms are defined for the purpose of the study. It is argued that the survival, quantity, and quality of wilderness everywhere will basically be determined by the political and governmental processes through values. Yet there is a strong tendency in these processes to avoid value exposure and emphasis.Much of governmental approach toward wilderness affairs hinges upon economic development, technoscientific facts, and short-term considerations, in contrast to the intangible noneconomic and long-term values of wilderness. By not articulating nd involving wilderness values more in public participation and the political processes, the public often misses opportunities for influencing far-reaching wilderness decisions. In short, wilderness values need to be more explicitly and implicitly stated and implemented politically.More study and emphasis need to be given to wilderness values per se. It is necessary to develop more innovative ways of educating the public on wilderness values in terms of their lives and of ensuring that their value inputs are effectively incorporated into public participation and political processes. The last section of this article is devoted to efforts by the author and others to identify and describe wilderness tropical forest values. 相似文献
3.
The process of locating waste disposal sites in the Eastern Caribbean country of Grenada illustrates important lessons in the implementation of new international mandates to invite stakeholder participation in projects with environmental and social impacts. This case study analyzes the participatory methods and results of the World Bank-funded project in Grenada, including an unexpected shift in the policy agenda toward habitat protection for the elusive Grenada Dove, the national bird of Grenada. We conclude that the impact of new requirements for stakeholder inclusion by funding agencies such as the World Bank and Global Environmental Facility has been palpable, but mixed. As the catalysts of more participatory methods, funding agencies still must give more careful consideration to the methods by which their participatory requirements are implemented. In particular they must develop more effective knowledge of and relationships with a broader range of stakeholders than are routinely considered by existing methods, allow for and learn from unexpected contingencies, and be flexible as to project goals and methods. 相似文献
4.
Environmental service payments: evaluating biodiversity conservation trade-offs and cost-efficiency in the Osa Conservation Area, Costa Rica 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Barton DN Faith DP Rusch GM Acevedo H Paniagua L Castro M 《Journal of environmental management》2009,90(2):901-911
The cost-efficiency of payments for environmental services (PES) to private landowners in the Osa Conservation Area, Costa Rica, is evaluated in terms of the trade-off between biodiversity representation and opportunity costs of conservation to agricultural and forestry land-use. Using available GIS data and an 'off-the-shelf' software application called TARGET, we find that the PES allocation criteria applied by authorities in 2002-2003 were more than twice as cost-efficient as criteria applied during 1999-2001. Results show that a policy relevant assessment of the cost-effectiveness of PES relative to other conservation policies can be carried out at regional level using available studies and GIS data. However, there are a number of data and conceptual limitations to using heuristic optimisation algorithms in the analysis of the cost-efficiency of PES. Site specific data on probabilities of land-use change, and a detailed specification of opportunity costs of farm land, labour and capital are required to use algorithms such as TARGET for ranking individual sites based on cost-efficiency. Despite its conceptual soundness for regional conservation analysis, biodiversity complementarity presents a practical challenge as a criterion for PES eligibility at farm level because it varies depending on the set of areas under PES contracts at any one time. 相似文献
5.
Kumi Kato 《The Environmentalist》2008,28(2):148-154
A commitment to conservation of a place is based on the sense of place expressed by its “conceptual community”, including
those who are not its residents in the geographical sense, but who nonetheless identify with it for various reasons. With
the global nature of environmental issues being clearly recognized, such communities form a “terrain of consciousness” (Berg and Dasmann 1978), extending responsibility for conservation across cultures, time and space. Although the social
mobility and diversity brought about by today’s technology often work against the development of a sense of place, they also
allow the formation of such conceptual communities, who can highlight local distinctiveness while at the same time positioning
local issues in a global context, so generating a sense of global responsibility. In the case of Tasmania, Australia, recent
international interest in its ecologically and culturally significant places, such as Recherche Bay and the Styx Valley, has
intensified the focus on forest issues, building on Tasmania’s already well-recognized history of environmentalism. It is
important that these issues be recognized in Japan in particular, where a rising awareness about climate change and mass consumerism
has alerted the public to the problem of deforestation; however the fact that Tasmania is one of the major sources of woodchips
for paper production is not widely known. Awareness by the consumer, it is argued, is a foundation for forming a sense of
global responsibility and it is necessary to form a conceptual community of those committed to the same issue. Cross-cultural
collaboration is therefore necessary, and creativity can be an effective facilitating agent for this. This paper illustrates
this point, through the example of the Kodama Forest, a forest of tree spirits, in North East Tasmania, that arose from such a collaboration between a group of Japanese students and a local community
group. The collaboration also facilitated meaningful learning opportunities for the students, who chose to study in Tasmania
because of its natural environment. The forest now provides a cultural heritage that also defines the evolution of this conceptual
community through on-going collaboration. The importance of human connection at all levels, local, regional and global, in
promoting environmental sustainability is addressed through the example of this forest. 相似文献
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7.
Strategic environmental assessment in China: motivations, politics, and effectiveness 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This paper examines how strategic environmental assessment has been practiced at the national level in China through 2005 and why it has been practiced in the manner observed. Based on literature reviews and interviews carried out in 2005 and 2006, we find that bureaucratic politics between environmental and nonenvironmental ministries has limited the legislation and implementation of strategic environmental assessment to environmental assessment (EA) for a set of government plans defined in the 2003 Environmental Impact Assessment Law. Interviewees from environmental and nonenvironmental ministries and key research institutes have reported that few planning EAs have been performed at the sectoral level. Nonenvironmental ministries have either evaded the 2003 Environmental Impact Assessment Law and have not undertaken required planning EA or have organized planning EA on their own without participation by the State Environmental Protection Administration. The rising tension between the environmental and nonenvironmental ministries has limited the role of planning EA as a participatory decision-making tool. In addition to bureaucratic politics, we find that weak public participation and underemphasis on social analysis in planning EA may have further compromised the utility of planning EA. 相似文献
8.
Ton Bührs 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2004,47(3):429-447
The concept of ‘environmental space’ has been put forward as a means for providing specific meaning to sustainability. The concept combines the idea of the existence of environmental limits with a strong principle of environmental justice. It has been used as a basis for the development of sustainable action plans for many European countries, and has attracted political interest. However, thus far, the concept has found limited application by governments. The paper identifies and discusses several issues that need to be addressed for the environmental space approach to be implemented. Three main options for the institutionalization of the approach are discussed: within the legal‐constitutional framework (as rights and obligations), within the economic system (as environmental property rights), and through green planning (as specific objectives and targets contained in national environmental plans or strategies). The paper discusses the ability of the three options to deal with the issues identified, assessing their relative advantages and disadvantages, and to what extent these options are complementary. Finally, conclusions are drawn about the viability of the concept of ‘environmental space’. 相似文献
9.
Ramsey K 《Journal of environmental management》2009,90(6):1972-1980
A tension exists at the heart of efforts to support collaboration with GIS. Many scholars and practitioners seek to support two separate objectives: (1) problem solving and (2) the exploration of diverse problem understandings. GIS applications designed for problem solving often pre-define the problem space by structuring the kind of information that can be considered or the way in which the problem is conceptualized. In doing so, they necessarily privilege particular perspectives and understandings of the problem while marginalizing others. As a result, these initiatives undermine their second objective. This is problematic in the context of contentious environmental decisions which have broad-reaching impacts on people with diverse perspectives and interests. In such contexts, I argue that equitable collaboration is impossible without first emphasizing the exploration of diverse problem understandings. I support this argument theoretically by turning to the literatures on collaborative planning and spatial decision support, and empirically in my analysis of a case study of an effort to construct a GIS for supporting collaborative water resource management in rural Idaho. Reflecting upon the case, I provide a set of recommendations to those seeking to better negotiate the tensions of supporting collaboration with GIS in the context of contentious environmental and natural resource decisions. 相似文献
10.
Summary The State Council of China has adopted Agenda 21for China and biodiversity conservation is one plank of its agenda for China's sustainable development. This paper offers a brief discussion of China's White Paper on Agenda 21 and examines, as a case study, the problem of sustaining biological diversity in Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture in Yunnan. This area is rated as one of megadiversity, and therefore, as one deserving a high priority for conservation purposes. After discussing the general socio-economic obstacles to biodiversity conservation in Xishuangbanna, the article outlines the types of strategies adopted in China for reducing pressures of local communities on biodiversity and nature conservation. China's preferred strategy for easing pressures on biodiversity conservation in nature reserves is to improve economic opportunities outside of the reserves and raise the income levels of people living in the neighbourhood of the reserves. This approach has been adopted in Xishuangbanna and there are plans to extend it. Community development projects such as agroforestry, joint ventures in tourism and so on are being encouraged. Mechanisms for selecting suitable community development projectse.g. using rapid rural appraisal (RRA), are considered. Without economic development at the local level, plans for biodiversity conservation are unlikely to succeed in China or for that matter elsewhere in the developing world.Dr Clem Tisdell is Professor and Head of Department of Economics at the University of Queensland. Zhu Xiang may be contacted at The World Bank Loan Project, Ministry of Forestry, Beijing 100714, PR of China. This paper represents a revised version of an article presented to the International Conference: China's Economy Towards 2000, held at La Trobe University, Melbourne, 14–15 February 1995. 相似文献
11.
Professor Peter Roberts 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2006,49(4):515-532
One of the by-products of the culture of targets, performance and assessment, is the introduction of uniform methods for the evaluation of the success of policy interventions. Such an approach has been applied to attempts to evaluate regional sustainable development, often with unsatisfactory results. This paper reviews some of the fundamental requirements for the evaluation of regional sustainable development and provides research evidence that indicates the need for procedural and institutional innovation. The evidence in support of innovation reflects the need for assessment procedures and methods to be tailored-to-fit the environmental, social and economic conditions obtaining in an individual region. An additional consideration in analysing the evaluation of regional sustainable development is the extent of socio-political influence over the choice of procedures and methodologies. 相似文献
12.
Hobbs R 《Journal of environmental management》2009,90(9):2857-2865
In the latter half of the 20th century, native pine woodlands in Scotland were restricted to small remnant areas within which there was little regeneration. These woodlands are important from a conservation perspective and are habitat for numerous species of conservation concern. Recent developments have seen a large increase in interest in woodland restoration and a dramatic increase in regeneration and woodland spread. The proximate factor enabling this regeneration is a reduction in grazing pressure from sheep and, particularly, deer. However, this has only been possible as a result of a complex interplay between ecological, political and socio-economic factors. We are currently seeing the decline of land management practices instituted 150-200 years ago, changes in land ownership patterns, cultural revival, and changes in societal perceptions of the Scottish landscape. These all feed into the current move to return large areas of the Scottish Highlands to tree cover. I emphasize the need to consider restoration in a multidisciplinary framework which accounts not just for the ecology involved but also the historical and cultural context. 相似文献
13.
Hugh Clout 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》1984,27(2):84-92
Over the past thirty years Bordeaux's politicians and planners have played critical roles in both changing and conserving the inner environments of one of France's most attractive provincial cities. A succession of urban policies has been implemented to attempt to halt depopulation, economic decline and environmental degradation in the inner city. These policies reflect changing emphasis in national planning for urban areas and have ranged from slum clearance and total renovation in the Mériadeck district, to a recent more socially aware set of approaches that attempt to rehabilitate inner‐city housing and promote neighbourhood well‐being in the district of Saint Michel. Investment in architectural conservation continues apace and both private and public capital is being directed to improving housing stock in the inner city. Attempts to revitalise economic activities have achieved modest success but more socially orientated policies prove difficult to implement. 相似文献
14.
The potential of devolved conservation to empower people, reduce poverty and protect forest resources has yet to be realized in much of the developing world. This is particularly evident in the Philippines where the central state paradoxically recentralizes political power through devolution at the policy, program and project level in forest management. We investigate how centralized state power emanates through devolved networks to affect the success of local timber utilization involving community-based forest management (CBFM) on Mindanao Island, the southern Philippines. By examining broader shifts from centralized to devolved forest management, results suggest that centralized political power continues to control and adversely affect local uses of timber through CBFM. We discuss how in the process of state authorities recentralizing devolved rights and responsibility over timber management, community-based logging operations were threatened but sustained by members relying on community-based structures and their own capabilities. The conclusion asserts that broader state processes of devolving power over timber management remains constrained by political motives and interests and so largely fails to fulfill the objectives of community-based forest management. 相似文献
15.
J. D. Majer 《Environmental management》1983,7(4):375-383
In terms of their numerical abundance, size, and species richness, ants are a prominent taxonomic group in many terrestrial ecosystems This, and the fact that ants occupy higher trophic levels and often specialised niches, suggests that they may be good bio-indicators of various environmental parameters This paper develops the rationale for using ants as bio-indicators and reviews examples of their use Parameters which are considered include ant species richness, species density, Shannon's diversity index, evenness index, and Mountford's similarity index The possible use of indicator species or groups is also discussed although, in Australia, this is still in its exploratory stage The examples given in this paper suggest that a consideration of ant species richness and evenness and also the Mountford's similarity index provides significant insight into the composition of a habitat and of the degree of disturbance Some applications of the ant bio-indicator concept include providing of base-line data in pre-development situations; monitoring ecosystem recovery following land rehabilitation, monitoring degree of ecosystem degradation, and the understanding of faunal composition and status of conservation areas 相似文献
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Guidelines for implementation of the National Environmental Policy Act state that environmental impact statements (EISs) shall
use “appropriate graphics.” We examined one component of graphics, typography, identifying applicable criteria from the literature
and applying them to 150 EISs prepared by seven agencies. We found that the EISs ranged widely in typographic quality. The
average EIS met fewer than seven of ten criteria; 12% were considered unreadable. The results suggest that weak typography
may seriously limit public review of EISs. Agencies are encouraged to make typography a serious component of their public
participation programs. 相似文献
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Increasing oil transportation and severe oil accidents in the past have led to the development of various sensitivity maps
in different countries all over the world. Often, however, the areas presented on the maps are far too large to be safeguarded
with the available oil combating equipment and prioritization is required to decide which areas must be safeguarded. While
oil booms can be applied to safeguard populations from a drifting oil slick, decision making on the spatial allocation of
oil combating capacity is extremely difficult due to the lack of time, resources and knowledge. Since the operational decision
makers usually are not ecologists, a useful decision support tool including ecological knowledge must be readily comprehensible
and easy to use. We present an index-based method that can be used to make decisions concerning which populations of natural
organisms should primarily be safeguarded from a floating oil slick with oil booms. The indices take into account the relative
exposure, mortality and recovery potential of populations, the conservation value of species and populations, and the effectiveness
of oil booms to safeguard different species. The method has been implemented in a mapping software that can be used in the
Gulf of Finland (Baltic Sea) for operational oil combating. It could also be utilized in other similar conservation decisions
where species with varying vulnerability, conservational value, and benefits received from the management actions need to
be prioritized. 相似文献