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1.
National Pollution Discharge Elimination Permit (NPDES)-driven effluent toxicity tests using Ceriodaphnia dubia and fathead minnows were conducted for more than 20 years to assess and monitor the effects of wastewaters at the United
States (U.S.) Department of Energy Y-12 National Security Complex (Y-12 Complex) in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Toxicity testing
was also conducted on water samples from East Fork Poplar Creek (EFPC), the wastewater receiving stream, as part of a comprehensive
biological monitoring and assessment program. In this paper, we evaluate the roles of this long-term toxicity assessment and
monitoring program in the management and ecological recovery of EFPC. Effluent toxicity testing, associated toxicant evaluation
studies, and ambient toxicity monitoring were instrumental in identifying toxicant sources at the Y-12 Complex, guiding modifications
to wastewater treatment procedures, and assessing the success of various pollution-abatement actions. The elimination of untreated
wastewater discharges, the dechlorination of remaining wastewater streams, and the implementation of flow management at the
stream headwaters were the primary actions associated with significant reductions in the toxicity of stream water in the upper
reaches of EFPC from the late 1980s through mid 1990s. Through time, as regulatory requirements changed and water quality
improved, emphasis shifted from comprehensive toxicity assessments to more focused toxicity monitoring efforts. Ambient toxicity
testing with C. dubia and fathead minnows was supplemented with less-standardized but more sensitive alternative laboratory toxicity tests and
in situ bioassays. The Y-12 Complex biological monitoring experience demonstrates the value of toxicity studies to the management
of a wastewater receiving stream. 相似文献
2.
Ryon MG 《Environmental management》2011,47(6):1096-1111
The long-term recovery process for fish communities in a warm water stream in East Tennessee was studied using quantitative
measurements over 20 years. The stream receives effluents from a U. S. Department of Energy (DOE) facility, but since 1985
these effluents have been greatly reduced, eliminated, or diluted as part of a substantial long-term pollution abatement program.
The resulting changes in water quantity and quality led to a recovery of the fish communities, evidenced by significant changes
in species richness, abundance (density and biomass), and community composition (e.g., number of fish species sensitive to
stress). The fish community changes occurred over a spatial gradient (downstream from the headwater release zone nearest the
DOE facility) and temporally, at multiple sampling locations in the stream. Changes in measured parameters were associated
with specific remedial actions and the intervening steps within the recovery process are discussed with regard to changes
in treatment processes. 相似文献
3.
In May 1985, a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System permit was issued for the Department of Energy’s Y-12 National
Security Complex (Y-12 Complex) in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA, allowing discharge of effluents to East Fork Poplar Creek (EFPC).
The effluents ranged from large volumes of chlorinated once-through cooling water and cooling tower blow-down to smaller discharges
of treated and untreated process wastewaters, which contained a mixture of heavy metals, organics, and nutrients, especially
nitrates. As a condition of the permit, a Biological Monitoring and Abatement Program (BMAP) was developed to meet two major
objectives: demonstrate that the established effluent limitations were protecting the classified uses of EFPC, and document
the ecological effects resulting from implementing a Water Pollution Control Program at the Y-12 Complex. The second objective
is the primary focus of the other papers in this special series. This paper provides a history of pollution and the remedial
actions that were implemented; describes the geographic setting of the study area; and characterizes the physicochemical attributes
of the sampling sites, including changes in stream flow and temperature that occurred during implementation of the BMAP. Most
of the actions taken under the Water Pollution Control Program were completed between 1986 and 1998, with as many as four
years elapsing between some of the most significant actions. The Water Pollution Control Program included constructing nine
new wastewater treatment facilities and implementation of several other pollution-reducing measures, such as a best management
practices plan; area-source pollution control management; and various spill-prevention projects. Many of the major actions
had readily discernable effects on the chemical and physical conditions of EFPC. As controls on effluents entering the stream
were implemented, pollutant concentrations generally declined and, at least initially, the volume of water discharged from
the Y-12 Complex declined. This reduction in discharge was of ecological concern and led to implementation of a flow management
program for EFPC. Implementing flow management, in turn, led to substantial changes in chemical and physical conditions of
the stream: stream discharge nearly doubled and stream temperatures decreased, becoming more similar to those in reference
streams. While water quality clearly improved, meeting water quality standards alone does not guarantee protection of a waterbody’s
biological integrity. Results from studies on the ecological changes stemming from pollution-reduction actions, such as those
presented in this series, also are needed to understand how best to restore or protect biological integrity and enhance ecological
recovery in stream ecosystems. With a better knowledge of the ecological consequences of their decisions, environmental managers
can better evaluate alternative actions and more accurately predict their effects. 相似文献
4.
Monitoring of contaminant accumulation in fish has been conducted in East Fork Poplar Creek (EFPC) in Oak Ridge, Tennessee
since 1985. Bioaccumulation trends are examined over a twenty year period coinciding with major pollution abatement actions
by a Department of Energy facility at the stream’s headwaters. Although EFPC is enriched in many contaminants relative to
other local streams, only polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and mercury (Hg) were found to accumulate in the edible portions
of fish to levels of human health concern. Mercury concentrations in redbreast sunfish were found to vary with season of collection,
sex and size of individual fish. Over the course of the monitoring, waterborne Hg concentrations were reduced >80%; however,
this did not translate into a comparable decrease in Hg bioaccumulation at most sites. Mercury bioaccumulation in fish did
respond to decreased inputs in the industrialized headwater reach, but paradoxically increased in the lowermost reach of EFPC.
As a result, the downstream pattern of Hg concentration in fish changed from one resembling dilution of a headwater point
source in the 1980s to a uniform distribution in the 2000s. The reason for this remains unknown, but is hypothesized to involve
changes in the chemical form and reactivity of waterborne Hg associated with the removal of residual chlorine and the addition
of suspended particulates to the streamflow. PCB concentrations in fish varied greatly from year-to-year, but always exhibited
a pronounced downstream decrease, and appeared to respond to management practices that limited episodic inputs from legacy
sources within the facility. 相似文献
5.
Long-Term Benthic Macroinvertebrate Community Monitoring to Assess Pollution Abatement Effectiveness
The benthic macroinvertebrate community of East Fork Poplar Creek (EFPC) in East Tennessee was monitored for 18 years to evaluate
the effectiveness of a water pollution control program implemented at a major United States (U.S.) Department of Energy facility.
Several actions were implemented to reduce and control releases of pollutants into the headwaters of the stream. Four of the
most significant actions were implemented during different time periods, which allowed assessment of each action. Macroinvertebrate
samples were collected annually in April from three locations in EFPC (EFK24, EFK23, and EFK14) and two nearby reference streams
from 1986 through 2003. Significant improvements occurred in the macroinvertebrate community at the headwater sites (EFK24
and EFK23) after implementation of each action, while changes detected 9 km further downstream (EFK14) could not be clearly
attributed to any of the actions. Because the stream was impacted at its origin, invertebrate recolonization was primarily
limited to aerial immigration, thus, recovery has been slow. As recovery progressed, abundances of small pollution-tolerant
taxa (e.g., Orthocladiinae chironomids) decreased and longer lived taxa colonized (e.g., hydropsychid caddisflies, riffle
beetles, Baetis). While assessments lasting three to four years may be long enough to detect a response to new pollution controls at highly
impacted locations, more time may be needed to understand the full effects. Studies on the effectiveness of pollution controls
can be improved if impacted and reference sites are selected to maximize spatial and temporal trending, and if a multidisciplinary
approach is used to broadly assess environmental responses (e.g., water quality trends, invertebrate and fish community assessments,
toxicity testing, etc.). 相似文献
6.
Stewart AJ 《Environmental management》2001,27(1):37-46
Correlative relationships exist among conductivity, alkalinity, and hardness in streams due to natural geological and climatological
controls, but the relationships among these three water-quality factors can be altered strongly by inputs of ion-rich wastewaters.
The degree of alteration can be monitored conveniently by use of a simple chemical perturbation index, computed by subtracting
the sum of rank pairwise correlations among the conductivity, alkalinity, and hardness (for observations on each of these
variables, measured through time) from 3.0. The chemical perturbation index can be used to document or characterize spatiotemporal
changes in stream water quality. This study explains the development of the index's concept and provides examples of its application
in an extensive stream monitoring program used to assess ecological conditions in streams on the Department of Energy's Oak
Ridge Reservation in east Tennessee, USA. The chemical perturbation index technique may be particularly useful in community-based
stream monitoring programs because to its simplicity and low cost. 相似文献
7.
Walter R. Hill Michael G. Ryon John G. Smith S. Marshall Adams Harry L. Boston Arthur J. Stewart 《Environmental management》2010,45(3):563-576
The effects of pollutants on primary producers ramify through ecosystems because primary producers provide food and structure
for higher trophic levels and they mediate the biogeochemical cycling of nutrients and contaminants. Periphyton (attached
algae) were studied as part of a long-term biological monitoring program designed to guide remediation efforts by the Department
of Energy’s Y-12 National Security Complex on East Fork Poplar Creek (EFPC) in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. High concentrations of
nutrients entering EFPC were responsible for elevated periphyton production and placed the stream in a state of eutrophy.
High rates of primary production at upstream locations in EFPC were associated with alterations in both invertebrate and fish
communities. Grazers represented >50% of the biomass of invertebrates and fish near the Y-12 Complex but <10% at downstream
and reference sites. An index of epilithic periphyton production accounted for 95% of the site-to-site variation in biomass
of grazing fish. Analyses of heavy metals in EFPC periphyton showed that concentrations of zinc, cadmium, copper and nickel
in periphyton decreased exponentially with distance downstream from Y-12. Zinc uptake by periphyton was estimated to reduce
the concentration of this metal in stream water ~60% over a 5-km reach of EFPC. Management options for mitigating eutrophy
in EFPC include additional reductions in nutrient inputs and/or allowing streamside trees to grow and shade the stream. However,
reducing periphyton growth may lead to greater downstream transport of contaminants while simultaneously causing higher concentrations
of mercury and PCBs in fish at upstream sites. 相似文献
8.
The long-term ecological recovery of an impaired stream in response to an industrial facility’s pollution abatement actions
and the implications of the biological monitoring effort to environmental management is the subject of this special issue
of Environmental Management. This final article focuses on the synthesis of the biological monitoring program’s components and methods, the efficacy
of various biological monitoring techniques to environmental management, and the lessons learned from the program that might
be applicable to the design and application of other programs. The focus of the 25-year program has been on East Fork Poplar
Creek, an ecologically impaired stream in Oak Ridge, Tennessee with varied and complex stressors from a Department of Energy
facility in its headwaters. Major components of the long-term program included testing and monitoring of invertebrate and
fish toxicity, bioindicators of fish health, fish contaminant accumulation, and instream communities (including periphyton,
benthic macroinvertebrate, and fish). Key parallel components of the program include water chemistry sampling and data management.
Multiple lines of evidence suggested positive ecological responses during three major pollution abatement periods. Based on
this case study and the related literature, effective environmental management of impaired streams starts with program design
that is consistent across space and time, but also adaptable to changing conditions. The biological monitoring approaches
used for the program provided a strong basis for assessments of recovery from remedial actions, and the likely causes of impairment.
This case study provides a unique application of multidisciplinary and quantitative techniques to address multiple and complex
regulatory and programmatic goals, environmental stressors, and remedial actions. 相似文献
9.
A comparative study on cost analysis,efficiency, and process mechanism of effluent treatment plants in Bangladesh 下载免费PDF全文
Investigations were conducted into the treatment of effluents produced during manufacturing processes at both a chemicals production facility and a paint manufacturing facility. A comparison of costs of wastewater treatment at both facilities was also performed. The untreated effluents from both facilities were high in biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and total dissolved solids (TDS). In addition, the effluents from the two facilities deviated significantly in dissolved oxygen (DO) content and pH levels. However, both facilities ultimately released treated wastewater with allowable amounts or levels of BOD, COD, TDS, DO, and pH as permitted by the Department of the Environment, Ministry of Environment and Forests, Bangladesh (DOE). The effluent treatment plants (ETP) at both facilities contained combinations of chemical and biological treatment processes. The treatment processes used at the chemicals production facility and at the paint manufacturing facility were continuous and semi‐batch processes, respectively. The biological treatment section of the ETP at the chemicals production facility has both anaerobic and aerobic units, while the paint manufacturing facility has only an aerobic unit. Annual installation and operation costs of the ETP at the chemicals production facility was Bangladeshi Taka (Tk) 1,300,000 ($16,667 US dollars) and Tk 800,000 ($10,257), respectively. The annual installation and operation costs of the ETP at the paint manufacturing facility were Tk 3,050,000 ($39,103) and Tk 6,200,000 ($79,488), respectively. 相似文献
10.
The Role of Ground Water in Generating Streamflow in Headwater Areas and in Maintaining Base Flow1 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Abstract: The volume and sustainability of streamflow from headwaters to downstream reaches commonly depend on contributions from ground water. Streams that begin in extensive aquifers generally have a stable point of origin and substantial discharge in their headwaters. In contrast, streams that begin as discharge from rocks or sediments having low permeability have a point of origin that moves up and down the channel seasonally, have small incipient discharge, and commonly go dry. Nearly all streams need to have some contribution from ground water in order to provide reliable habitat for aquatic organisms. Natural processes and human activities can have a substantial effect on the flow of streams between their headwaters and downstream reaches. Streams lose water to ground water when and where their head is higher than the contiguous water table. Although very common in arid regions, loss of stream water to ground water also is relatively common in humid regions. Evaporation, as well as transpiration from riparian vegetation, causing ground‐water levels to decline also can cause loss of stream water. Human withdrawal of ground water commonly causes streamflow to decline, and in some regions has caused streams to cease flowing. 相似文献
11.
Peterson MJ 《Environmental management》2011,47(6):1005-1009
This paper provides an introduction to a long-term biological monitoring program and the Environmental Management special
issue titled Long-term Biological Monitoring of an Impaired Stream: Implications for Environmental Management. The Biological Monitoring and Abatement Program, or BMAP, was implemented to assess biological impairment downstream of
U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) facilities in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, beginning in 1985. Several of the unique aspects of the
program include its long-term consistent sampling, a focus on evaluating the effectiveness of specific facility abatement
and remedial actions, and the use of quantitative sampling protocols using a multidisciplinary approach. This paper describes
the need and importance of long-term watershed-based biological monitoring strategies, in particular for addressing long-term
stewardship goals at DOE sites, and provides a summary of the BMAP’s objectives, spatial and temporal extent, and overall
focus. The primary components of the biological monitoring program for East Fork Poplar Creek in Oak Ridge, Tennessee are
introduced, as are the additional 9 papers in this Environmental Management special issue. 相似文献
12.
Detecting water quality improvements following watershed management changes is complicated by flow-dependent concentrations and nonlinear or threshold responses that are difficult to detect with traditional statistical techniques. In this study, we evaluated the long-term trends (1997-2009) in total P (TP) concentrations in the Illinois River of Oklahoma, and some of its major tributaries, using flow-adjusted TP concentrations and regression tree analysis to identify specific calendar dates in which change points in P trends may have occurred. Phosphorus concentrations at all locations were strongly correlated with stream flow. Flow-adjusted TP concentrations increased at all study locations in the late 1990s, but this trend was related to a change in monitoring practices where storm flow samples were specifically targeted after 1998. Flow-adjusted TP concentrations decreased in the two Illinois River sites after 2003. This change coincided with a significant decrease in effluent TP concentrations originating with one of the largest municipal wastewater treatment facilities in the basin. Conversely, flow-adjusted TP concentrations in one tributary increased, but this stream received treated effluent from a wastewater facility where effluent TP did not decrease significantly over the study period. Results of this study demonstrate how long-term trends in stream TP concentrations are difficult to quantify without consistent long-term monitoring strategies and how flow adjustment is likely mandatory for examining these trends. Furthermore, the study demonstrates how detecting changes in long-term water quality data sets requires statistical methods capable of identifying change point and nonlinear responses. 相似文献
13.
Jeffrey J. Dose Brett B. Roper 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1994,30(6):993-1000
ABSTRACT: Recent stream survey data (1989–1993) from 31 stream segments of 21 streams within the upper South Umpqua Watershed Oregon were compared to 1937 stream survey data collected from these same stream segments. Current low-flow wetted stream widths of 22 of the 31 surveyed stream segments were significantly different than in 1937; 19 stream segments were significantly wider while the remaining three stream segments were significantly narrower. In only 1 of 8 tributaries to the South Umpqua River which had headwaters within land designated wilderness area did low-flow stream channel width increase since 1937. Conversely, 13 of the 14 tributaries to the South Umpqua River which originated from lands designated as timber emphasis were significantly wider than in 1937. The observed change in stream width was linearly related to timber harvest (r2= 0.44), road density (r2= 0.45), and the amount of large organic debris remaining within the active stream channel (r2= 0.43). These findings suggest that timber harvest and road construction may have resulted in changes in channel characteristics. These channel changes may also be a factor in the observed decline of three of the four populations of anadromous salmonids within the basin. 相似文献
14.
Kristan Cockerill William P. Anderson Jr. F. Claire Harris Kelli Straka 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2017,53(3):707-724
Research increasingly highlights cause and effect relationships between urbanization and stream conditions are complex and highly variable across physical and biological regions. Research also demonstrates stormwater runoff is a key causal agent in altering stream conditions in urban settings. More specifically, thermal pollution and high salt levels are two consequences of urbanization and subsequent runoff. This study describes a demonstration model populated with data from a high gradient headwaters stream. The model was designed to explain surface water‐groundwater dynamics related to salinity and thermal pollution. Modeled scenarios show long‐term additive impacts from salt application and suggest reducing flow rates, as stormwater management practices are typically designed to do, have the potential to greatly reduce salt concentrations and simultaneously reduce thermal pollution. This demonstration model offers planners and managers reason to be confident that stormwater management efforts can have positive impacts. 相似文献
15.
Steven R. Greb David J. Graczyk 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1995,31(3):431-438
ABSTRACT: Historically, dissolved-oxygen (DO) data have been collected in the same manner as other water-quality constituents, typically at infrequent intervals as a grab sample or an instantaneous meter reading. Recent years have seen an increase in continuous water-quality monitoring with electronic dataloggers. This new technique requires new approaches in the statistical analysis of the continuous record. This paper presents an application of frequency-duration analysis to the continuous DO records of a cold and a warm water stream in rural southwestern Wisconsin. This method offers a quick, concise way to summarize large time-series data bases in an easily interpretable manner. Even though the two streams had similar mean DO concentrations, frequency-duration analyses showed distinct differences in their DO-concentration regime. This type of analysis also may be useful in relating DO concentrations to biological effects and in predicting low DO occurrences. 相似文献
16.
Richard Deitchman Steven P. Loheide II 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2012,48(6):1091-1103
Abstract: Airborne thermal remote sensing from four flights on a single day from a single‐engine airplane was used to collect thermal infrared data of a 10.47‐km reach of the upper East Branch Pecatonica River in southwest Wisconsin. The study uses a one‐dimensional stream temperature model calibrated with the longitudinal profiles of stream temperature created from the four thermal imaging flights and validated with three days of continuous stream temperature data from instream data loggers on the days surrounding the thermal remote‐sensing campaign. Model simulations were used to quantify the sensitivity of stream thermal habitat to increases in air and groundwater temperature and changes in base flow. The simulations indicate that stream temperatures may reach critical maximum thresholds for brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and brown trout (Salmo trutta) mortality, particularly if both air temperature increases and base flow declines. The approach demonstrates that thermal infrared data can greatly assist stream temperature model validation due to its high spatial resolution, and that this spatially continuous stream temperature data can be used to pinpoint spatial heterogeneity in groundwater inflow to streams. With this spatially distributed data on thermal heterogeneity and base‐flow accretion, stream temperature models considering various climate change scenarios are able to identify thermal refugia that will be critical for fisheries management under a changing climate. 相似文献
17.
Nels R. Bjarke David S. Gutzler 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2023,59(5):1025-1040
A method is developed for choosing 21st Century streamflow projections among widely varying results from a large ensemble of climate model-driven simulations. We quantify observed trends in climate–streamflow relationships in the Rio Grande headwaters, which has experienced warming temperature and declining snowpack since the mid-20th Century. Prominent trends in the snowmelt runoff season are used to assess corresponding statistics in downscaled global climate model projections. We define “Observationally Consistent (OC)” simulations as those that reproduce historical changes to linear statistics of diminished snowpack–streamflow coupling in the headwaters and an associated increase in the contribution of spring season (post-peak snowpack) precipitation to streamflow. Only a modest fraction of the ensemble of simulations meets these consistency metrics. The subset of OC simulations projects significant decreases in headwaters flow, whereas the simulations that poorly replicate historical trends exhibit a much wider range of projected changes. These results bolster confidence in model-based projections of declining runoff in the Rio Grande headwaters in the snowmelt runoff season and offer an example of a methodology for evaluating model-based projections in basins with similar hydroclimates that have experienced pronounced climate changes in the recent historical record. 相似文献
18.
Specific Conductance and pH as Indicators of Watershed Disturbance in Streams of the New Jersey Pinelands, USA 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
/ We used linear regression to independently and jointly relate specific conductance and pH measured at New Jersey Pinelands stream sites to the percentage of altered land in a watershed. Percentage altered land included developed and agricultural land uses and represented watershed disturbance for a given site. Median values calculated for a 2-year period (September 1992 through August 1994) characterized pH and specific conductance at the study sites. We found the relationships between the median values for both water-quality measures and percentage altered land for a site to be consistent across subregion and dominant altered-land use. Our results also demonstrated that the water-quality/altered-land relationships developed using median values were similar to relationships developed using data from any single-sample period within the entire study period. Individually, pH and specific conductance explained 48% and 56%, respectively, of the variability in watershed disturbance among study sites. The joint use of pH and specific conductance explained 79% of the watershed disturbance variability among sites. The joint use of these easily obtained water-quality measures can provide a quick assessment of instream water-quality impacts from upstream watershed disturbance at any Pinelands stream site. Additionally, a range in pH and specific conductance, and hence a range in ambient water quality, can be predicted for a given altered-land percentage or a change in existing altered-land conditions. 相似文献
19.
Field experiments on duckweeds, Lemna aequinoctialis, were carried out to determine the effect of plant characteristics on water-quality variables in ponds. In view of their
rapid growth rates and ability to cover water surfaces very quickly, such studies are necessary, especially in sub-tropical
countries, in order to develop viable management strategies. Morphological parameters like leaf length, leaf width, and root
length of individual plants along with cover percent of Lemna were studied in each pond along with important water-quality parameters. The plant parameters were related to the studied
water-quality variables using regression analysis. Equations showed that changes in root length and cover, both easily measurable
growth responses of duckweeds, could be used to reflect changes in two important water-quality variables like DO and phosphorus
(both total and soluble reactive) concentrations in pond waters and hence be used effectively for routine monitoring. This
study also gives an indication that ponds with low cover of duckweeds could possibly be more effective for prediction purposes. 相似文献
20.
Modelling the impacts of strategic tree plantings on salt loads and flows in the Macquarie river catchment,NSW, Australia 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
In Australia, problems of dryland and stream salinity have recently become the focus of a National Action Plan. In many river catchments, preliminary stream salt load and salinity targets have been set to define maximum permissible export levels in 2015. Afforestation has been proposed as a strategy for meeting these targets, although several studies suggest that widespread commercial tree plantations are likely to deliver net dis-benefits. However, the impacts on stream salt loads of more localised tree plantings in high salt yielding areas have not been quantified. In this paper we use a simple empirical model to predict the effects of various strategic and non-strategic tree planting scenarios on flows and salt loads in the mid-Macquarie catchment, New South Wales. A simple salt routing model is then used to estimate the effect of these changes on salt loads at the end-of-valley monitoring site for the Macquarie catchment. Results suggest that widespread land management interventions will be required to meet the preliminary salt load targets for this catchment. On their own, small-scale, strategic tree planting in high salt export areas of the mid-Macquarie area will not have a significant impact on salt loads at the end-of-valley monitoring site. While widespread tree plantings may reduce salt loads in the longer term, they are likely to cause streamflow losses in the shorter term. Thus, stream salinities are expected to rise initially, due to the different response times of groundwater and surface water systems to land use change. 相似文献