全自养生物脱氮新工艺研究进展

目前，国际研究较热的自养亚硝化、自养反硝化和全自养脱氮新工艺，有节省外加碳源和能耗低的特点，尤其适合于低碳氮比（C／N）类氨氮废水的处理。介绍了这些工艺的原理和特点，并展望了它们的研究发展方向和应用前景。     

电极生物膜耦合硫自养强化型人工快渗系统脱氮性能

由于人工快渗(CRI)系统对TN去除率较低,该技术在污水处理领域的应用受到限制。为提高TN去除率,将电极生物膜和硫自养反硝化技术耦合应用于CRI系统,考察了"异养+氢自养+硫自养"反硝化脱氮的可行性,并通过菌群结构解析了电极生物膜耦合硫自养强化脱氮的机理。结果表明,电极生物膜耦合硫自养强化型CRI系统在电流强度为15mA时,TN平均去除率可达73.0%,相比传统CRI系统提高了48.0百分点。从稳定运行的电极生物膜耦合硫自养强化型CRI系统反硝化区共检测出231个已知菌属,其中具有硫自养反硝化功能的产硫酸杆菌属(Thiobacillus)和具有氢自养反硝化功能的噬氢菌属(Hydrogenophaga)相对丰度较高,分别为35.9%、15.7%。硫自养反硝化、氢自养反硝化和异养反硝化的共同作用促进了CRI系统脱氮性能的提高。     

硫自养反硝化工艺去除布洛芬

通过硫自养反硝化反应器连续流实验与批次实验相结合的研究方式,考察了硫自养反硝化工艺对含布洛芬的(低浓度100μg·L~(-1)和高浓度1 000μg·L~(-1))废水的处理效果,并初步研究了硫自养反硝化活性污泥对其去除机理。结果表明,硫自养反硝化活性污泥对布洛芬有较好的去除效果,反应器中布洛芬的平均去除率95%,且实验组(含布洛芬)的反硝化脱氮效果要优于空白组(不含布洛芬),布洛芬的存在可以提高系统的反硝化脱氮效率。批次实验中,在短时间内(6 d),不同浓度布洛芬的去除率均达到100%;而其中吸附去除率30%。研究表明,在硫自养反硝化工艺中,布洛芬通过生物降解作用和吸附作用去除,且生物降解起主要作用。     

生物同步脱氮除硫工艺研究进展

传统生物脱氮除硫过程中存在着许多问题。近年来,通过对脱氮微生物的深入研究,生物脱氮技术取得了突破性进展,而在生物同步脱氮除硫方面发展相对缓慢。总结了包括反硝化除硫、硫酸盐还原—自养反硝化—硝化、反硝化氨氧化以及硫酸盐型厌氧氨氧化等生物同步脱氮除硫工艺的特点,分析了各自的工艺原理及面临的挑战,并提出了今后的研究方向。     

有机物对自养脱氮工艺影响的研究进展

自养脱氮工艺中同时存在亚硝酸化、硝酸化、厌氧氨氧化和反硝化4个过程,而有机物增加了自养脱氮工艺4个过程的脱氮复杂性,但也增加了更多的可能性。综述了有机物对亚硝酸化、硝酸化、厌氧氨氧化和反硝化的影响,整理了同步亚硝化/厌氧氨氧化/反硝化(SNAD)工艺和反硝化氨氧化(DEAMOX)工艺的最新研究进展。     

污水低氧脱氮机制及其应用研究进展

阐述了污水低氧脱氮的基本原理,即抑制或去除亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB),同时保留氨氧化菌(AOB),并保持其活性;探讨了污水低氧脱氮实现途径;详细介绍了几种典型的污水低氧脱氮工艺(短程硝化(SHARON)工艺、厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)工艺、好氧反氨化(DEMON)工艺、低氧自养硝化反硝化(OLAND)工艺、甲烷营养型硝化反硝化工艺和亚硝酸盐型完全自养脱氮(CANNON)工艺)的应用研究进展;最后对污水低氧脱氮处理工艺的工程运用进行了展望.     

SBR单级自养脱氮系统氮素转化途径

利用氮素计量关系和批式实验研究了SBR系统中基于短程硝化的单级自养脱氮特性和脱氮途径。结果表明,SBR系统获得良好脱氮效果,TN最高去除负荷和去除速率分别达0.49 kg N/(m3.d)和0.20 kg N/(kg VSS.d);系统中82%的氨氮转化成气体脱除,10%的氨氮转化成硝酸盐氮。批式实验结果表明,SBR系统中的污泥同时具有厌氧氨氧化、亚硝酸盐氧化和自养反硝化活性,三者的反应速率分别为0.12 kg NH4+-N/(kg VSS.d)、0.04 kg NO2--N/(kg VSS.d)和0.03 kg NO2--N/(kg VSS.d)。综上,SBR系统中氮的脱除是短程硝化、厌氧氨氧化和反硝化共同作用的结果,产生的硝酸盐是厌氧氨氧化和硝化作用所致。     

碳源强化下的硫自养/异养反硝化协同作用

为强化硫自养反硝化过程,通过向连续稳定运行的硫自养反硝化反应器内投加少量碳源以进行强化,乙酸钠投加量分别为5.99、11.98、23.96 mg·L~(-1)。分析投加前后反应器内硝氮、COD、硫酸根和耗碱量的变化;研究了碳源强化下硫自养反硝化运行效能及反应机理。结果表明,投加少量碳源可增强自养反硝化过程硝氮的去除效果;在3种碳源投加量条件下,COD的利用率均大于85%,但硫酸盐生成量并未减少;在5.99 mg·L~(-1)碳源投加量下,系统实际耗碱量大于以硫酸根和COD计的理论耗碱量,而在11.98 mg·L~(-1)和23.96 mg·L~(-1)投加量下,实际耗碱量均介于2种理论值之间。在投加少量碳源后,自养反硝化脱氮效果明显提高,异养反硝化趋势随着碳源投加量的增加而增加。     

S/N质量比对硫化物自养反硝化过程N_2O还原与积累的影响

利用成熟硫化物自养反硝化活性污泥,采用微电极系统探讨初始S/N比率对N_2O还原与积累释放的影响。研究结果表明,在硫化物自养脱氮过程中,提高初始S/N有效缓解了不同氮还原酶之间的电子竞争,不仅明显提高了N_2O与NO_3~-的降解速度,而且能避免了NO_2~-、FNA以及N_2O的积累。其中,N_2O的积累量与FNA的积累量正相关且变化倍数接近,表明FNA的存在可能会明显抑制N_2O还原酶活性;而硫化物在一定范围内提高浓度,不仅不会对硫化物自养反硝化脱氮过程产生抑制,反而会促进自养反硝化过程的进行,降低N_2O的积累释放。     

3DBER-S阴极nirS型反硝化菌群的分析

为探究低碳氮比条件下3DBER-S(三维电极生物膜与硫自养耦合脱氮工艺)阴极反硝化菌群特征、强化脱氮机制,在TOC/TN=0.36的进水条件下稳定运行反应器,运用nir S基因克隆文库方法,分析了3DBER-S阴极生物膜反硝化菌群结构。结果表明,在3DBER-S阴极生物膜上反硝化菌中,β变形菌(β-proteobacteria)是优势菌种,占细菌总数的59.22%。其中,所占比例最大的是异养菌,包括与固氮弧菌属(Azoarcus tolulyticus)和趋磁螺菌(Magnetospirillum magneticum)类似的细菌,分别占44.74%和21.05%。能够分别利用硫单质或氢气作为电子供体进行反硝化脱氮的Sulfuricella denitrifican、高氯酸盐降解菌(Dechlorospirillum sp.)和陶厄氏菌属(Thauera)三者所占比例之和达到了17.11%。表明系统中氮的去除是由异养反硝化、氢自养反硝化和硫自养反硝化共同作用的结果,既有效减少了脱氮过程中有机碳源的消耗,又维持了系统酸碱度的平衡,从而能够在低碳氮比条件下维持稳定高效的脱氮效果。     

短程硝化—厌氧氨氧化组合工艺在脱氮领域的研究进展

基于全程硝化反硝化的传统生物脱氮工艺在硝化过程中需要大量氧气供应,反硝化过程需要有机物作为碳源,存在能耗与药耗过大的问题.为了降低废水脱氮的成本,短程硝化(PN)—厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)组合工艺(PNA工艺)得到了高速发展.综述了PNA工艺的影响因素,重点介绍了4种基于PN与ANAMMOX原理开发的衍生PNA工艺...     

Feasibility of a membrane-aerated biofilm reactor to achieve single-stage autotrophic nitrogen removal based on Anammox

A laboratory-scale membrane-aerated biofilm bioreactor (MABR) equipped with non-woven fabrics support around the gas-permeable carbon tube was developed for single-stage autotrophic nitrogen removal based on partial nitrification and anaerobic ammonium oxidization. This reactor allowed air to be supplied through the microporous carbon tube wall to the biofilm that was supported by non-woven fabrics. The partial nitrification and consumption of dissolved oxygen occurred in the inner layer and Anammox in the anoxic outer layer of the non-woven fabrics, thus realizing autotrophic nitrogen removal in a single reactor. After 116d of operation, the maximal nitrogen removal of 0.77kgNm(-3)d(-1) at a volumetric ammonium loading rate of 0.87kgNm(-3)d(-1) was achieved. The spatial profiles of the ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and Anammox bacteria were evaluated by fluorescence in situ hybridization. This study demonstrated that MABR was a very suitable experimental set-up for the operation of the single-stage autotrophic nitrogen removal process.     

生物膜与A/O工艺耦合快速降解氨氮

应用由城市污水处理厂序批式间歇反应器(SBR)中筛选得到的4株特殊氨氧化菌,分别在SBR和有回流的生物膜与A/O工艺耦合体系培养中,考察其降解低碳高氨氮废水的功能.结果表明,自养硝化与异养氨氧化菌的混合菌群较单一自养硝化菌株降解氨氮速率快;在生物膜与A/O工艺耦合系统中,自养硝化与异养氨氧化菌协同代谢加速氨氮氧化脱除,氨氮脱除速率远比SBR系统快.对生物膜与A/O工艺耦合系统中氨氮脱除动力学进行了研究,模拟了NH4 、NO2-质量浓度与氨氮脱除比速率之间的关系,模型得到了较好的验证.     

Micro-electrolysis/retinervus luffae-based simultaneous autotrophic and heterotrophic denitrification for low C/N wastewater treatment

Nitrogen bioremediation in organic insufficient wastewater generally requires an extra carbon source. In this study, nitrate-contaminated wastewater was treated effectively through simultaneous autotrophic and heterotrophic denitrification based on micro-electrolysis carriers (MECs) and retinervus luffae fructus (RLF), respectively. The average nitrate and total nitrogen removal rates reached 96.3 and 94.0% in the MECs/RLF-based autotrophic and heterotrophic denitrification (MRAHD) system without ammonia and nitrite accumulation. The performance of MRAHD was better than that of MEC-based autotrophic denitrification for the wastewater treatment with low carbon nitrogen (COD/N) ratio. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) revealed that the relative abundance of nirS-type denitrifiers attached to MECs (4.9%) and RLF (5.0%) was similar. Illumina sequencing suggested that the dominant genera were Thiobacillus (7.0%) and Denitratisoma (5.7%), which attached to MECs and RLF, respectively. Sulfuritalea was discovered as the dominant genus in the middle of the reactor. The synergistic interaction between autotrophic and heterotrophic denitrifiers played a vital role in the mixotrophic substrate environment.     

Removal of added nitrate in the single, binary, and ternary systems of cotton burr compost, zerovalent iron, and sediment: Implications for groundwater nitrate remediation using permeable reactive barriers

Recent research has shown that carbonaceous solid materials and zerovalent iron (Fe(0)) may potentially be used as media in permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) to degrade groundwater nitrate via heterotrophic denitrification in the solid carbon system, and via abiotic reduction and autotrophic denitrification in the Fe(0) system. Questions arise as whether the more expensive Fe(0) is more effective than the less expensive carbonaceous solid materials for groundwater nitrate remediation, and whether there is any synergistic effect of mixing the two different types of materials. We carried out batch tests to study the nature and rates of removal of added nitrate in the suspensions of single, binary, and ternary systems of cotton burr compost, Peerless Fe(0), and a sediment low in organic carbon. Cotton burr compost acted as both organic carbon source and supporting material for the growth of indigenous denitrifiers. Batch tests showed that cotton burr compost alone removed added nitrate at a greater rate than did Peerless Fe(0) alone on an equal mass basis with a pseudo-first-order rate constant k=0.0830+/-0.0031 h(-1) for cotton burr compost and a k=0.00223+/-0.00022 h(-1) for Peerless Fe(0); cotton burr compost also removed added nitrate at a faster rate than did cotton burr compost mixed with Peerless Fe(0) and/or the sediment. Furthermore, there was no substantial accumulation of ammonium ions in the cotton burr compost system, in contrast to the systems containing Peerless Fe(0) in which ammonium ions persisted as major products of nitrate reduction. It is concluded that cotton burr compost alone may be used as an excellent denitrification medium in a PRB for groundwater nitrate removal. Further study is needed to evaluate performance of its field applications.     

The effects of atmospheric nitrogen deposition on the soil chemistry of coniferous forests in The Netherlands

Nitrogen fluxes, particularly those of ammonium, are extremely high in Dutch forests. In soils exposed to high ammonium deposition, acidification, eutrophication or a combination of both processes may occur. In addition to the amounts of ammonium deposited, the rate of soil nitrification determines which process takes place. A nation-wide investigation, in which three coniferous tree species were involved, was carried out to study the relation between deposition fluxes, measured by means of throughfall and bulk samplers, and the chemical composition of the soil. The ammonium deposition accounted directly for the high ammonium content and the high ammonium/cation ratios in the soil. In the top layer of most of the forest soils which were investigated nitrification rates were low. In these stands ammonium/cation ratios in the soil often reflected ammonium/cation ratios in throughfall water. Even in soils with relatively high nitrification rates, ammonium concentrations exceeded those of nitrate in the top layer of the mineral soil, indicating that ammonium deposition was more important than nitrification rate in determining the predominant form of nitrogen.     

Excimer laser fragmentation-fluorescence spectroscopy as a method for monitoring ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate particles

Excimer laser fragmentation-fluorescence spectroscopy (ELFFS) is shown to be an effective detection strategy for ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate particles at atmospheric pressure and room temperature. Following photofragmentation of the ammonium salt particle, fluorescence of the NH fragment is observed at 336 nm. The fluorescence signal is shown to depend linearly on particle surface area for laser intensities varying from 1.2 x 10(8) to 6 x 10(8) W/cm2. The 100 shot (1 s) detection limits for ammonium nitrate range from 20 ppb for 0.2 microm particles to 125 ppb for 0.8 microm particles, where these concentrations are expressed as moles of ammonium ion per mole of air. For ammonium sulfate, the 100 shot (1 s) detection limits vary from 60 ppb for 0.2 microm particles to 500 ppb for 1 microm particles. These detection limits are low enough to measure ammonium salt particles that form in the exhaust of combustion processes utilizing ammonia injection as a nitric oxide control strategy.     

Are picoplankton responsible for calcite precipitation in lakes?

Deposits of lacustrine calcite are important records of environmental changes. In order to interpret these archives, knowledge about the origin of the calcite is essential. It has been accepted that calcite precipitation can be induced by bacteria and algae. However, the detailed mechanisms are still unclear. This review summarizes what is known about the interactions between calcite precipitation and the autotrophic picoplankton. We consider findings from both field and laboratory studies. Field studies show that calcite precipitation in oligotrophic lakes is strongly linked with picocyanobacteria blooms. Laboratory experiments led to the formulation of the mechanism of precipitation induced by microalga. Experiments also showed that precipitation induced by picocyanobacteria is influenced by various factors including the uptake of inorganic carbon and the structure of the cell walls. Recent studies indicate that the influence of environmental conditions like the composition of lake water has to be taken into account as well. We conclude that in situ observations of precipitation processes at picoplankton cells under controlled conditions are needed to improve our understanding of mineral bacteria interaction.