电网拓扑结构引致二氧化碳减排的空间溢出机制

本文以碳排放指标的省际空间相关性为基础,揭示省际高压电网互联结构对碳排放指标空间相关性的影响机理。依据1998—2014年中国30省份高压电网省间联络线的投运时序构建空间权重矩阵,以反映省间能源设施互联的紧密程度。使用动态空间杜宾面板模型克服静态空间面板模型的忽略变量偏误;以内生变量的滞后一期为代理变量克服内生性偏误。同时,采用反事实计量的方法分析《大气污染防治计划》配套的12条在建高压线路投运后对碳排放指标的影响。研究结果发现:(1)高压电网互联使得各连接省份间的碳排放指标呈现出空间同质性的特点,拉高低碳排放省份碳排放指标的同时,有助于高碳排放省份碳排放指标的降低。(2)高压电网互联后,能源强度降低对减少碳排放指标起着关键作用;12条在建高压线路投运后,省间碳排放指标的空间相关性进一步增强,能源强度改善对碳排放指标降低的重要性进一步突显;同时,提升电力占比与改善产业结构也对减少碳排放指标起着重要作用。这不仅实现了省际碳排放指标空间相关性机理分析的方法创新,还为能源基础设施互联政策对节能减排的影响提供了计量测算方法。     

数字经济是否有效促进了节能和碳减排?北大核心CSCDCSSCI

中国作为世界上最大的能源消费和碳排放国,节能减排形势十分严峻。然而,数字经济发展方兴未艾。为探析数字经济发展如何影响能源消费和CO_(2)排放,该研究以中国2011—2019年30个省份面板数据为样本,运用熵值法测析各省份数字经济发展水平,构建双固定效应模型实证分析数字经济与能源消费和数字经济与碳排放间存在的正“U”型或倒“U”型关系。结果表明:①中国数字经济发展水平存在省际和区域差距,广东和东部地区数字经济发展水平最高,青海和西部地区数字经济发展水平最低;②数字经济与能源消费规模和数字经济与碳排放规模均存在显著正“U”型关系,而数字经济与能源消费结构、数字经济与能源消费效率和数字经济与碳排放效率均显著存在倒“U”型关系,数字经济发展的节能效应大于碳减排效应;③东部、中部、西部及东北地区的数字经济与能源消费规模、能源消费结构、能源消费效率和数字经济与碳排放规模、碳排放效率间的非线性关系存在异质性;④数字基础设施、数字创新环境、数字用户规模及数字产业规模对能源消费规模、能源消费结构、能源消费效率的非线性影响存在差异,对碳排放规模、碳排放效率的非线性影响亦存在差异。据此,从缩小数字经济发展水平差距、制定数字经济发展政策、改善数字创新环境,增加数字用户规模三方面提出相关政策建议,以期为中国发展数字经济的同时兼顾节能减排效应提供实证支撑和理论依据,助推实现碳达峰、碳中和目标。     

中国环境使用效率及其区域差异分析

本文将环境污染纳入生产函数的分析框架,构建含有非观测交互效应的随机前沿效应模型,基于中国1998~2010年的省际面板数据,测度中国环境使用效率及其区域差异。结果表明:中国环境使用效率表现出非均衡的格局,从技术效率格局来看,非量化共同因素呈上升趋势,经济越发达的省份对技术越具刚性敏感;从个体效应格局来看,东部省份的经济结构合理性和完善性最高,中部地区次之,西部地区最低,其中北京0.149 9成为东部地区的个体效应最低省份。总的来说,技术效率、经济结构的空间差异是环境使用效率差异的主要原因。     

能源消费、经济增长与中国CO2排放量变化

基于我国能源消费和经济增长特点，采用对数平均的Divisa方法对我国1990~2007年的CO2排放进行分解分析。结果表明：经济增长效应是我国CO2排放增加的主要因素，能源强度效应是抑制CO2排放的主要原因，人口效应和结构效应对碳排放的影响不大。分地区的研究表明：东部地区的经济发展和能源强度效应对CO2排放量的影响高于中西部地区，人口效应使东部地区碳排放增加，使中西部地区碳排放降低，能源利用结构变化对东部地区的碳排放有一定的抑制作用，对中西部地区的影响较小。因此，要降低我国的CO2排放，需要针对地区特点制定不同的政策，东部地区需要进一步提升技术水平，进而提高能源利用效率，对中西部地区需要逐步改善以煤为主的能源消费结构，提高清洁能源比重，同时调整产业结构，发展服务业和技术含量高的低能耗制造业。     

“十二五”时期中国碳排放强度累积目标完成率分析

以中国大陆30个省市(自治区)为例，以2010年为基准年，在ESTDA的框架下，运用ESDA、LISA时间路径和LISA时空跃迁等方法分析了2011~2015年碳排放强度累积目标完成率的时空动态特征，同时，利用空间误差模型和地理加权回归模型分析了中国省域碳排放强度累积目标完成率的影响因素。结果表明：（1)中国省域碳排放强度累积目标完成率存在显著的空间差异性和空间自相关性；(2）东部地区具有相对稳定的局部空间结构；在空间依赖方向上，北京稳定性最强，新疆波动性最大；(3）中国省域碳排放强度累积目标完成率空间格局演化的整合性较弱，稳定性较强，协同高增长省域主要分布在中西部地区，协同低增长省域主要分布在东部地区；（4)影响中国省域碳排放强度累积目标完成率的重要因素是产业结构、能源强度、能源自给度和能源消费结构。 关键词： 碳排放强度累积目标完成率；时空动态；LISA时间路径；LISA时空跃迁；地理加权回归模型     

中国省际能源效率差异及其影响因素分析

我国省际能源效率存在较大的差异.要进一步促进能源综合利用,需要在区域层面对能源效率差异形成的因素作更加全面深入的研究,以寻求更加合理有效的促进宏观能源效率改进的理论与方法.本文基于2007年的截面数据,运用能很好地消除各因素间多重共线性的偏最小二乘回归建模,选取了14个变量来代表经济发展水平、产业结构、工业结构、能源消费结构、对外开放程度、投资水平、政府影响力、制度因素、能源价格和地理因素这10个因素,分析了各因素对能源效率地区差异的影响方向和影响程度.研究结果表明,各地区固定资产投资中外商投资比重、工业增加值中高耗能产业比重以及煤炭消费比重的差异是造成能源效率地区差异显著的主要原因.这说明投资水平、工业结构和能源消费结构是造成能源效率地区差异显著的主要因素.要在短期内缩小地区间的能源效率差距,必须严格限制某些地区高耗能行业的过快发展,加强高耗能行业的结构调整,加快淘汰落后产能,大力提升煤炭的使用效率.     

能源产能空间集聚对区域能源效率的影响

中国能源分布存在显著的非均衡性,随着能源的不断开采及国家能源布局的调整,能源产能快速呈现出空间集聚的态势。在世界能源格局巨变和全球环境恶化的背景下,研究能源产能空间集聚对区域能源效率的作用机理和效应,能够为中国制定相关能源政策和能源战略提供有益指导。文章利用2000—2017年省级面板数据,通过构建能源产能空间集聚测度模型、全要素能源效率测度模型、能源产能空间集聚对区域能源效率的影响模型和中介效应检验模型,研究能源产能空间集聚对区域能源效率的作用机理和效应。结果表明:(1)中国东、中、西部地区能源产能空间集聚呈收敛态势。其中,东部地区集聚度逐渐减小,西部地区集聚度逐渐增大,中部地区集聚度先增后减。(2)中国区域能源效率差异明显,整体表现为东部中部西部的态势。(3)能源产能空间集聚对能源效率的影响具有明显的区域异质性。从全国看,能源产能空间集聚对能源效率具有显著正向效应;分区域看,东部地区能源产能空间集聚对能源效率具有促进作用,而对中、西部地区具有抑制作用。(4)能源结构和技术创新是能源产能空间集聚影响能源效率的重要因素。根据研究结论,文章提出了贯彻落实"抑制东部、控制中部、发展西部"的煤炭发展战略;加快推进中西部地区新能源发展,扩大碳交易机制范围,优化能源消费结构;大力推进中西部地区节能技术创新和节能产业发展,加大能源效率考核力度等政策建议。     

基于物质平衡原则的中国工业碳排放绩效分析

基于物质平衡原则,应用数据包络分析法构建了Malmquist碳生产率指数,用以考察碳排放绩效的动态变化。通过该指数的分解,碳排放绩效的变化被分解为技术效率效应、技术变化效应和配置效率效应,从而揭示了提升碳排放绩效的三个重要途径,即技术效率改进、技术进步和配置效率改善。应用上述分析框架,论文分析了1997-2012年期间中国工业碳排放绩效的动态变化及主要来源。结果显示,在全国平均水平上,研究期间中国工业部门的碳排放绩效总体上增长较快,碳生产率年均增长率为5.8%;碳排放绩效增长的主要来源为配置效率的提高,其次为技术进步,而技术效率的下降起到了抑制作用。分地区来看,东部地区碳排放绩效增长较快,而中西部地区碳排放绩效增长相对较缓。而且这种地区差异还有扩大趋势,其主要原因在于:中西部地区的技术进步速度明显慢于东部地区,而技术效率下降的速度快于东部地区。论文还实证检验了碳排放绩效的影响因素。为了控制变量的空间交互作用,采用了空间计量模型。实证结果表明:国有化程度、能源自给率对碳排放绩效有显著的负向影响;研发投入、外贸开放度、外商直接投资、能源价格对碳排放绩效有显著的正面影响,而人力资本的影响不显著。此外,国有化程度、人力资本对碳排放绩效的空间溢出效应显著为负,研发投入、外商直接投资和能源价格的空间溢出效应显著为正,而外贸开放度、能源自给率的空间溢出效应不显著。最后,根据实证结果,论文提出了一些政策建议。     

家庭部门生活能源消费碳排放:测度与驱动因素研究

本文运用IPCC的二氧化碳排放量测算方法,在省际层面测度了我国家庭部门直接能源消费碳排放,并基于扩展的STIRPAT和Kaya模型,构建家庭部门直接能源消费碳排放影响因子动态面板数据模型,对我国2003-2012年分省面板数据样本及城乡子样本进行系统GMM估计。本文研究表明,第一,我国城乡家庭部门碳排放总量和人均碳排放在近十年都呈快速上升趋势,家庭部门碳排放的空间分布具有明显的地域差异特征,高碳排放地区主要集中在东、中部地区,西部地区的碳排放水平较低;第二,城乡家庭部门生活能源消费的上期碳排放量对本期碳排放产生重要的正向影响,这反映出我国家庭部门碳排放具有显著的惯性特征和路径依赖性,是一种动态自适应机制;人口规模、居民消费水平、能源消费结构、碳排放强度、能源消费强度和城镇化因素,都对我国居民能源消费碳排放总量及人均碳排放具有显著的影响,城乡之间的家庭能源消费碳排放驱动因素存在差异。本文研究得到如下启示及政策含义:家庭部门碳减排将是一个有步骤、分区域的渐进过程,我国碳减排政策应当兼顾消费升级和碳排放的双重目标,努力构建分层次碳减排的适应性预期机制。具体而言,一方面应着眼于引导和激励居民低碳消费,缓解人口规模增加、消费水平提升和城镇化对家庭部门碳减排的压力;另一方面要通过能源价格改革、财政政策和环境规制政策等优化我国能源消费结构,不断降低煤炭消费比重,提高清洁能源的消费。同时,通过技术创新、设备改造等科技手段提高煤炭利用效率,降低碳排放强度,这些政策将更有利于城镇家庭部门碳减排。     

基于共同前沿生产理论的中国建筑业碳排放驱动因素分解：2000—2020年

建筑业是能源消耗和碳排放“大户”,识别中国建筑业碳排放的变化趋势与驱动因素,有助于厘清近年来中国建筑业低碳发展过程中政策的适用性。文章基于2000—2020年中国建筑业省级面板数据,采用共同前沿生产理论分解分析方法,并将空间异质性和规模报酬变化纳入分析框架,揭示多维技术和效率因素对中国建筑业碳排放的实际影响。研究结果表明：(1)研究期间内建筑业碳排放表现出显著的增长趋势。其中,节能技术和产出技术的进步是抑制建筑业碳排放增长的重要因素。区域间节能技术和产出技术差距均有所缩小、建筑业管理效率小幅度提高,对碳减排起到了促进作用。建筑业总产值的增长、建筑业规模效率的降低又是其碳排放增长的主要因素。(2)分地区来看,中西部地区在技术层面与东部地区形成追赶效应,这种追赶效应成为中西部地区的主要减排因素。东部和中部地区的建筑业规模效率不断下降,成为碳排放呈现总体增长趋势的主要原因。西部地区能源导向型规模效率得到提升,而产出导向型规模效率又有所下降,对该区域建筑业碳排放形成对冲效应。整体来看,不同区域间建筑业碳排放的变化及其驱动因素效应表现出明显差异,未来应根据不同区域的具体情况制定有针对性的建筑业碳...     

WSSD 2002, Latin America and Brazil: Biodiversity and Indigenous People

Latin America comprehends notable variations in terms of natural environment, availability of natural resources, living standards, and demographic patterns. Latin America is a mosaic of cultures, post- and pre-Columbian. The rich variety of life forms discovered and described by chroniclers and traveling naturalists in the Neotropics contributed to the proposal, in mid-XVIIIth century, of a new system of classification and a scientific code of nomenclature for all organisms. Biodiversity was, for many centuries, a source of resources to be exploited in natura. In scientific circles, its inventory became the domain of taxonomists. But modern technology showed how important the miriad of life forms really are as sources of chemical molecules to be engineered as drugs and reassembled as novel manufactured products. We are on the brink of a new agricultural and medical revolution, thanks to the techniques of genetic engineering, which will lead eventually to the elimination of hunger and malnutrition.In this essay, the Brazilian environmental and social heterogeneity will serve as an example to illustrate some key points, which have influenced sustainability policies. The Amazon deforestation and indigenous knowledge (IK), subjects often associated with areas of high biodiversity, are usually the focus of environmental debates. The importance of IK in integrating development, reducing poverty and sustainability are considered together with the intellectual property rights of native populations.In the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) Implementation Plan, a few paragraphs were dedicated to Latin America, because of the pre-existing Action Platform on the Road to Johannesburg 2002, approved in Rio de Janeiro in October 2001. This paper calls attention to the need to draw up specific environmental policies for a region which shows an extremely high cultural and biological diversity, associated with a high availability of forests and water, among other resources.     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

湘鄂赣农业资源与专业化区域化方向

湘鄂赣地理位置优越,农业资源丰富,稻谷、茶叶、麻类、棉花、油料、柑桔和淡水产品、禽蛋、肉类等在我国居有重要的地位,因此,大力发展三省农业生产,对我国人民实现小康生活具有战略意义。今后,要加速专业化区域化进程。我们找出生产潜力所在:改造低产田、低产园、低产水面;开发“三高”技术;开垦荒地、荒山、荒水;适当提高复种指数。通过建设,三省主要农产品将自给有余,还可满足国内外市场的需要。努力方向:高效农业开发——综合农业开发,吨粮田开发,玉米带开发,饲料稻开发,山区开发;合理布局农业生产;深化农业商品基地建设,发展综合利用,搞活商品流通;全面提高农业现代化水平,加强农业社会服务体系。     

Prognosis of the spatiotemporal dynamics of ecosystems by means of universal kriging

The use of quantitative data for constructing prognostic maps of the dynamics of ecosystem degradation and restoration by nonlinear simulation methods is a topical field of landscape ecology. This method of dynamic cartography is based on fiberwise comparison of data on the state of Chernye Zemli (the Kalmyk Republic, Russia) in different years and the detailed analysis of the period on which the prognosis was based. For this purpose, materials of repeated aerial and satellite photography obtained during a long period (1954–1993) were used. Comparison of maps characterizing the dynamics of Chernye Zemli between 1958 and 1993 allows prognostic electronic maps for the next 10–15 years (with a five-year interval) to be drawn and land prognosis for the next 20–30 years (1998–2023) to be obtained. Deceased     

Household water in rural asia: a case study of the construction of a piped water system in Bangui,Ilocos Norte,Philippines

In early 1980 an extension agent was assigned to the rural municipality of Bangui, Ilocos Norte, Philippines to work on development projects – in particular the improvement of the supply of safe water for drinking and sanitation. After many months of visiting spring sites and meeting with community leaders, a small part of the municipality was selected to build a gravity fed piped water system. Although the system took many months to plan, identify funding and construct, the 600 community members were ultimately rewarded with house to house connections that enabled them to achieve per capita water consumption levels above the minimum levels recommended by the World Health Organization. Of course, money was critical to ensure the project’s success, but many other factors played an equally critical role. For instance, without the active participation of the community and the unwavering support of the community leadership the project would not have survived the initial planning stage. Also, the extension agent played a critical role by acting as a conduit between funding agencies, the Bureau of Public Works and the community. The primary lesson to be learned from this experience is that the success of rural development projects is largely driven by the synergy between the community, technical support, financial support, and agents of change such as extension agents. If any of these ingredients had been lacking, the project result would likely have been far different.     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

Geographic Variation in the Seasonal Reproductive Strategy of the Mite Varroa jacobsoni in the Honeybee Nest

Variation in the reproduction of Varroa jacobsoni mite was studied in relation to the expansion of the range of its parasitism on the honeybee. Geographic differences in the seasonal dynamics of mite reproduction in the nests of bee families were revealed. Variation in the sex ratio of mites and the factors inhibiting their reproduction at the northern boundary of the honeybee range are considered. The forms of parthenogenetic reproduction in V. jacobsoni are discussed.     

Long-term increase in climatic dryness in the East-Mediterranean as evidenced for the island of Samos

The Eastern Mediterranean region is among the regions which were predicted to become drier under IPCC climate scenarios. Here, we document a gradual reduction of rainfall and tree growth and the loss of rural springs during the last decades of the twentieth century. Years with severe drought are associated with very low tree growth (dendrochronology) and dry falling of springs as evidenced by interviews with local stakeholders. The paper discusses the consequences of accelerating drought on natural vegetation and agriculture and points at the interaction with fire dynamics and economy, both likely to enhance the drought effect.