地方环境科技体制改革的思考

我国目前环境科技体制存在的问题已相当严重.作者提出针对不同地区、不同专长和不同基础条件等特点规划布局全国的科研力量、合理选择适合本地区特点的科研攻关方向、因地制宜地开展有偿技术服务等改革观点.     

高校科研人员绩效评估研究进展

高校科研人员绩效评估是科研管理的重要内容之一,亦是高校人事管理的核心,是对科技人员所从事的科研活动和所取得的科研成绩进行定性与定量有机结合的综合评价。科研绩效考核对广大教师和科研工作者来说具有显著的科研导向作用。评价科技人员的科研绩效旨在挖掘优秀人才,充分调动高校广大教师和科研人员从事科研工作的积极性、主动性和创造性,以推动高校标志性科研成果的产生,全面提升高校科研水平。     

广东新型科研机构样本解析

深化科体改革 在广东＂转型升级＂和＂腾笼换鸟＂的强大呼声下,大量科研人员＂孔雀东南飞＂,许多科研机构挥师南下,甚至＂海外兵团＂跨海来粤。这些科研人员和科研机构的到来,不单壮大了广东科研队伍和科研能力,更给广东科研体制带来了活力和清新的风。东莞华中科技大学制造工程研究院和深圳华大基因研究院,就是南下科研人员和科研机构扎根广东结出的＂奇异果＂,两个全新的科研机构在运行机制、创新机制、用人机制等方面实现＂穿越＂,     

浅析如何加强基础研究领域的科研诚信建设

随着国家科技发展水平的不断提高,科研活动中的科研诚信问题愈发受到社会的关注。基础研究工作开展过程中常见的科研诚信问题主要存在于科技项目和科研成果中,其成因包括历史的、社会的以及科研人员自身的原因,建议应大力培育科学精神、完善科研评价制度、建立健全科研资源配置制度、完善监督机制、构建科研诚信档案。     

全国环保科技情报网1986年活动计划

全国环境保护科技情报网要坚持把改革放在首位,积极开展环境情报工作,为环境管理为环境科研,为污染治理服务.要面向全国,充分调动广大科研人员,情报人员、管理人员的积极性. 面对我国环境污染的形势,全国环保科     

重庆市举行“目前美国酸雨研究进展”学术报告会

1986年5月23日,重庆市环境科研监测所和重庆市环境科学学会,特地邀请来我市考察的中国科学院生态环境研究中心副主任李长生同志,在市环境科研监测所大会议室作了一次十分引人注目的学术报告,题目是:“目前美国酸南研究的进展”,参加听讲的有全市环保系统的科技人员和西南农大、重庆大学及市农业科研所等单位教学、科研人员共200余人,学术报告受到大家的欢迎,并引起了浓厚的兴趣。     

环保宣教创新招

江苏省委、省政府《关于加强生态环境保护和建设的意见》中,要求重视农村环境综合整治。要整治镇容村貌,必须发动广大农民主动参与农村生态建设和创建优美乡镇活动,而农村的环保宣传教育工作尤为重要。与城市相比,农村地广人稀,人居分散,且文化知识结构较为混杂,是个特定的地域与群体。这就要求把握特点,根据乡情民俗开展宣教工作,真正做到因地制宜,因人而异,有的放矢,切实解决工作方法问题。近年来,射阳县环保局通过实践,逐步摸索总结出了一套“农村宣教工作法”,并逐步完善,综合为“十法”,在全县基层进行推广。一、争取位置法。把握时机,…     

环境政策对象识别、界定和政策对象群体间关系的研究

系统地探讨环境政策对象识别和界定的假定、依据、标志、方法、程序用于指导科学识别和界定环境政策对象 ;合理划定环境政策对象边界的有关问题。将政策对象分为数个群体 ,研究政策对象群体种类、大小、数量、分布 ,确定环境政策对象组成和结构。研究环境政策对象群体关系形成的成因、机制、过程和状态 ,注重研究群体间冲突关系、妥协关系的形成规律和过程。从而归纳出过程性、相关性、差异性、冲突性和可调和性等环境政策对象关系特征     

加强城市环境风险管理,促进和谐社会建设

针对我国目前非正常死亡长期据高不下现状,分析了小尺度环境安全问题成因特点,提出用加强城市环境风险管理作为对策,并具体讨论了环境安全标准、环境安全责任、环境安全立法、环境安全经济、环境安全管理、环境安全科研等相关问题。     

发挥城市基层组织作用,有效进行公众参与工作

根据作者从事环境评价工作的经验,结合北京市的城市建设项目的案例,说明在公众参与工作中结合中国城市基层组织特点,发挥基层组织作用,能够有效使公众参与环境保护、体现公众环境知情权、制止群体事件的发生,进一步做好公众参与工作。     

An argument for human exploration of the moon and Mars

A debate of the merits of human space travel as opposed to robots is presented. While robotic space travel would be considerably less expensive, the author takes the position that there are certain skills and research abilities that only humans possess. Human contributions to past lunar exploration are considered, along with a discussion of the interaction of humans with robotics or other artificial intelligence or computer driven technologies. The author concludes that while robots and machines are tools which should be incorporated into space travel, they are not adequate substitutes for people.     

污水处理过程专家系统的结构特点与应用研究进展

综述了专家系统在污水处理领域的结构和特点、针对的工艺以及应用现状方面取得的研究成果。重点介绍了专家系统中知识的获取和表示、规则的建立以及与故障树和其他人工智能技术的结合情况,并对专家系统在污水处理工艺选择、运行控制以及故障诊断3个阶段的研究现状进行了细致分析。在此基础上,提出了尚需解决的问题以及进一步研究与发展的方向。     

旅游资源的旅游价值评估——以敦煌为例

论文对新近发展起来的旅行费用法进行了介绍,并设计出敦煌旅游资源的旅游价值评估技术路线,提出了确定多目的地旅游权重和闲暇时间的机会成本的方法。根据实际调查资料,利用费用支出法、旅行费用法及机会成本法对敦煌旅游资源2001年的国内旅游价值进行了评估,结果表明,其国内旅游价值为7.8961×108元,它会因旅游业的发展而变化。     

大连市近几十年来气候变化初步分析

气候变化已成为全球变化的三大研究主题之一.各国学者做了大量研究工作,并取得诸多成绩.但鉴于区域的自然环境因素各不相同,因此,各区域气候变化就存在气候变化的差异.加强各区域气候变化的研究,对指导该区域工农业生产及居民生活具有非常重要意义.以此为目的,本文对大连市气候变化与全球气候变化进行响应研究.采用气温线性增长率与距平百分率等方法进行分析后,得出近五十年来大连市气候有向暖干化发展的趋势;年平均气温有上升趋势,而年降水量有下降趋势;冬季气温对年均气温拉动作用明显,而夏季降水量减少对年降水量减少贡献率最大等结论.     

Framework for participative reflection on the accomplishment of transdisciplinary research programs

In response to the increasingly complex social–ecological issues facing society, there is a growing trend to conduct environmental research in large collaborative programs. This approach is described as transdisciplinary research as it transcends formal disciplinary boundaries, explicitly acknowledges that many different perspectives are relevant to the resolution of complex problems, and actively involves the users of research. This poses challenges for the evaluation of “impact” as any evaluation process must take into consideration the different expectations, values, culture, language and reward structures of the main participating groups, the funders, researchers and end users. How can these participating groups learn about the progress of a transdisciplinary research program in a way that is purposeful and structured, continues through the life of the program, and includes explicit feedback mechanisms that facilitate adaptation during the course of the program? This paper presents a framework for co-reflecting on the accomplishment of transdisciplinary research programs. The framework incorporates the perspectives of funders, researchers and users, and recognizes that while they place different emphasis on measures of achievement such as efficiency, rigor and relevance, ultimate accomplishment in terms of translating knowledge into practice requires that the needs and expectations of all three groups are adequately addressed. What emerges from the framework is the importance of early investment in processes, behaviors and relationships that foster social learning and the co-production of the knowledge and understanding that are required to ensure relevance; while maintaining emphasis in the traditional areas of formally testing evidence and mentoring young researchers to ensure rigor and build confidence and capacity in transdisciplinary approaches.     

University engagement and regional sustainability initiatives: some Danish experiences

With an outset in ‘sustainability’ defined as a continuous process requiring balance between (the emergence of) problems and our ability and capability to solve them using four distinct capitals available, i.e. natural, production, human and intellectual, and social capital, a model of universities as factories is used. The model suggests that the most notable products of a university being graduates, and knowledge in the form of books, journal articles etc., i.e. human and intellectual capital. As a consequence, these are also the most important impacts from a university. Using the case of Aalborg University, Denmark, the linkages (actual, potential and missing) between academic work in research and education and sustainability initiatives are explored. The focus is both on the university's core activities as a provider of research and education and on the university's activities as an organisation, i.e. its own operation and its accounting for this. It is suggested that systematic engagement activities could benefit both the university's ability to manage internal university processes (by learning from its peers) and its ability to produce the right graduates and knowledge. As a consequence, the main societal benefit would be the ability to better cope with emerging problems endangering the sustainable development of our societies. It is concluded that Aalborg University with its long tradition for project-based and problem-oriented learning in fact has every opportunity to be able to lead by example and become the link to sustainability.     

Incorporating principles of sustainable development in research and education in western Mexico

The integration of university and society for social development and environmental management is founded in adequate interrelations of local stakeholders' problems with natural resource conservation problems. The university's main mission is actively integrating teaching, research and extension activities in order to provide professionals with knowledge and skills that contribute to social development of their community. The most effective means to achieve sustainable development is the integration of local knowledge and problems with scientific knowledge generated through research and development. This paper focuses on a case study of conservation of the Ayuquila River watershed as an example of successfully integrating universities in the regional society and presents the experience of researchers from the Manantlan Institute of Ecology and Conservation of Biodiversity of the University of Guadalajara, Mexico, and their interrelation with the Biosphere Reserve Sierra de Manantlan, an undergraduate education environmental-related program and the development of basic and applied research for strengthening social development and natural resource conservation of the Sierra de Manantlán region. The Ayuquila watershed case study is specifically presented, but we also discuss the associated problems. Relevant, long-term research, local involvement and social participation had been some of the key issues for the Manantlan Institute to contribute to the sustainable development of the Sierra de Manantlan region.     

人工智能技术对长江流域水污染治理的思考

随着经济的快速发展和城市化进程的不断加速,促使水污染严重的长江流域需从污染物去除过程的建模与优化、污水处理过程的优化控制、水污染监测系统的构建开展水污染治理研究.传统的水污染处理技术存在污染物去除效率预测精度较低、污水优化控制成本较高、水污染监测滞后效应严重的问题.人工智能技术能够有效克服上述问题,因此通过梳理国内外学者利用人工智能技术在污水污染物去除过程的建模与优化、污水处理过程的优化控制及水污染监测系统的构建等方面的研究成果,为全面加强长江流域水污染治理能力提供科学可靠的技术指导.结果表明:①利用人工神经网络技术（径向基神经网络、多层前馈网络-人工神经网络、多层感知器神经网络）对污水污染物去除过程进行建模与优化,为精确预测长江流域重金属（Cr、Cu）、营养盐（TN、TP）、持久性有机污染物〔PBDEs（多溴二苯醚）、HCH（六氯环己烷）〕的去除率提供重要参考价值.②采用污水处理的自动控制技术与人工智能技术（递归神经网络、支持向量机、模糊神经网络等）构建污水智能控制系统,为长江流域实现高效节能的污水优化控制提供重要的技术指导.③利用在线监测仪器和人工智能技术（小波神经网络、多元线性回归-人工神经网络、叠层去噪自动编码器等）建立水污染智能监测系统,为解决长江流域水污染监测响应滞后问题提供有力的技术支持.因此,人工智能技术对长江流域提高污水污染物去除率,降低污水优化控制成本,提升水污染监测时效性具有重要的推广价值.      

Social capital accumulation and the role of the researcher: An example of a transdisciplinary visioning process for the future of agriculture in Europe

Transdisciplinarity is a demanding paradigm, considered by many in the literature as the way to move forward in terms of science and policy integration. In this paper we present the example of a tailored transdisciplinary (TD) process to tackle a key topic of European policy – the future of agriculture at the regional level. This phased process was followed in seven regions across Europe and involved the co-construction of future visions, engaging both researchers and a range of relevant stakeholders. This paper presents results based on a critical reflection made by researchers and stakeholders in Portugal and Scotland, throughout the participatory process. These results provide insights into the roles and responsibilities of researchers and stakeholders in TD processes. One main conclusion is that accumulated social capital can be essential to initiate and maintain a TD process, and requires a commitment between the research community and the surrounding society. Our analysis demonstrates the challenges of implementing a TD process within the temporal frame/boundaries of a research project and the added value of having transdisciplinarity as part of the long term strategy of a research group, not just one part of a specific project. Not acknowledging this may lead to disappointment and fatigue amongst those connecting with researchers. We also found that researchers position themselves differently in a TD process depending on their soft skills, experience and knowledge about transdisciplinarity; hence we call attention to the need to work more explicitly with these skills in the research environment and to present this concept in an early stage of researcher training, if better transdisciplinarity is to be achieved.     

环境保护部门中企业环保档案的管理研究

企业环保档案是指人们在保护环境活动中形成的历史记录,是重要的社会智力资源,在环境保护和生态建设中发挥着越来越重要的作用.但同时也存在着一系列问题,逐渐无法满足新时期改革开放和现代化建设的要求.本文在借鉴相关研究成果的基础上,阐述当前环境保护部门中企业环保档案管理中存在的问题,并提出加强企业环保档案管理、推进档案管理信息化的对策.