蜣螂壳聚糖对铀的吸附研究

制备了蜣螂脱色壳聚糖和蜣螂未脱色壳聚糖,研究了时间、pH及铀初始浓度对其吸附铀的影响,探讨了吸附等温线和吸附动力学规律,并与虾壳聚糖进行对比。结果表明:蜣螂未脱色壳聚糖对铀的吸附率高于蜣螂脱色壳聚糖和虾壳聚糖;最佳吸附条件为铀初始质量浓度50mg/L、时间3.0h、pH=4.0,其中铀初始浓度的影响最显著;蜣螂未脱色壳聚糖对铀吸附过程符合Langmuir、Freundlich吸附等温方程和准二级吸附动力学方程。     

废布料活性炭吸附典型染料动力学研究

研究了废布料活性炭从水溶液中吸附2种典型染料(酸性蓝62和活性艳蓝KN-R)的吸附特性,从动力学角度探讨了吸附机理.结果表明,废布料活性炭对2种染料的平衡吸附量(qc)均随着初始浓度的增加而升高,相同条件下,qc的大小顺序为酸性蓝62＞活性艳蓝KN-R.吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型,对于酸性蓝62,粒子内扩散过程是该吸...     

污泥基活性炭吸附Cu（2＋）的应用研究

以城市污水处理厂剩余污泥为原料,以ZnCl2为活化剂制取污泥基活性炭。以此污泥基活性炭为吸附剂,对含Cu2＋的废水进行了吸附实验研究。考察了溶液pH值、Cu2＋的起始浓度对Cu2＋离子吸附量的影响;利用等温吸附实验作出吸附等温线,并考察了污泥基活性炭吸附剂吸附Cu2＋的动力学方程。实验结果表明,污泥基活性炭对Cu2＋具有良好的吸附性能。吸附的最佳pH值为5;吸附符合Langmuir和Freundlich吸附等温方程,吸附为优惠吸附,吸附量随着吸附质溶液浓度的增加而增大;吸附平衡时间为4 h,吸附动力学符合二级动力学方程。     

CO_2高温活化活性炭材料对苯酚的吸附行为研究

以CO2为活化气体,在高温条件下对国产椰壳活性炭进行活化。研究了活化前后的活性炭在不同温度和pH等条件下对水溶液中苯酚的吸附行为。结果表明,活性炭经活化后,微孔体积和中孔体积增加,吸附容量明显提高;苯酚在活性炭上的吸附符合Freundlich吸附等温方程和准二级反应动力学方程;在一定范围内降低温度有利于吸附的进行;在pH为2～8时,吸附效果较好;在pH9时,吸附效率明显降低。     

镁盐复合混凝剂应用于活性染料印染废水脱色的实验研究

采用镁盐与亚铁盐混合复配对活性染料印染废水进行脱色处理.考察该复合混凝剂的组分配比、pH值和投加量对脱色率的影响,并与单一组分混凝剂的脱色效果作对比,同时初步分析了复合混凝剂的脱色机理.结果表明:复合混凝剂MgSO4-FeSO4·7H2O的脱色效果明显优于单一组分,表现出显著的协同效应;对于80 mg/L的活性黑KN-B印染废水(色度为1000倍),在复合混凝剂投加量为556 mg/L、pH值在10.9左右时,脱色率可以达到99.07%;主要脱色机理表现为镁盐和亚铁盐在高pH值的环境下共沉淀生成氢氧化物絮状物吸附溶液中的染料分子一起沉降.该吸附主要为电中和吸附.吸附等温线符合Langmuir方程,复合吸附剂的饱和吸附量达1.1614 g/g.     

碱渣对锌（Ⅱ）离子吸附特性的研究

研究了锌在碱渣表面的吸附特征.结果表明,碱渣总吸附量随体系温度的升高而降低;随体系 pH 值的升高而增加;随吸附质初始浓度的增加而增大.在 pH<5.51 时其等温吸附能较好地符合 Freudlich 等温吸附规律,而在 pH5.51 时,能较好地符合 Langmuir 等温吸附规律,吸附热随 pH 的增大而升高.当pH≤5.51时,碱渣的吸附力以范德华力平和疏水键力的作用为主,而当 pH6.17 时,以化学键力为主.在 pH 为 5.05、6.07和7.03时,碱渣对 Zn26 的吸附动力学方程都以 Langmuir 方程的拟合效果最优.     

稻壳活性炭制备及其对磷的吸附

利用农业废弃物稻壳经炭化、活化、酸洗、水洗和干燥等工艺制备出一种富含微孔和中孔结构的稻壳活性炭,其BET比表面积达886.3 m2/g。通过正交实验优化了稻壳活性炭对磷吸附条件,并在该条件下进行了吸附等温和吸附动力学实验研究。结果表明,稻壳活性炭对磷的吸附等温曲线能较好符合Langmuir模型(R2=0.9284)和Freundlich模型(R2=0.9208),由Langmuir线性拟合方程可得稻壳活性炭对磷饱和吸附量达6.93 mg/g;稻壳活性炭对磷的吸附过程可用准二级动力学方程描述(R2=0.9968),吸附速度较快,颗粒内扩散为该过程控速阶段。稻壳活性炭作为一种易得、廉价、高效的填料,在农村分散型污水生态处理技术中,具有良好的应用前景。     

污泥基活性炭吸附Cu2+的应用研究

以城市污水处理厂剩余污泥为原料,以ZnCl₂为活化剂制取污泥基活性炭。以此污泥基活性炭为吸附剂,对含Cu²⁺的废水进行了吸附实验研究。考察了溶液pH值、Cu²⁺的起始浓度对Cu²⁺离子吸附量的影响;利用等温吸附实验作出吸附等温线,并考察了污泥基活性炭吸附剂吸附Cu²⁺的动力学方程。实验结果表明,污泥基活性炭对Cu²⁺具有良好的吸附性能。吸附的最佳pH值为5;吸附符合Langmuir和Freundlich吸附等温方程,吸附为优惠吸附,吸附量随着吸附质溶液浓度的增加而增大;吸附平衡时间为4 h,吸附动力学符合二级动力学方程。     

十六烷基三甲基溴化铵改性沸石对腐殖酸的吸附性能研究

以十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)为改性剂,制备了CTAB改性沸石,并用于对腐殖酸的吸附性能研究。考察了pH、吸附时间及腐殖酸初始浓度对CTAB改性沸石吸附腐殖酸的影响,采用吸附等温方程和反应动力学方程进行拟合分析,并利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)、傅立叶转换红外光谱分析仪(FTIR)对沸石改性前后进行结构表征。结果表明,在温度为25℃、转速为200r/min的条件下,选择pH为7.0、腐殖酸初始质量浓度为10mg/L、吸附时间为180min,此时CTAB改性沸石对腐殖酸的平衡吸附容量为0.16mg/g。相比Freundlich吸附等温方程(R2=0.967),CTAB改性沸石对腐殖酸的吸附更符合Langmuir吸附等温方程(R2=0.998),吸附机制为单分子层吸附。准一级反应动力学方程和准二级反应动力学方程均可以描述CTAB改性沸石对腐殖酸的吸附(R2=0.978)。吸附实验后的CTAB改性沸石上出现了甲基、亚甲基、羟基与羰基伸缩振动吸收峰,说明沸石已负载了CTAB,且腐殖酸已被CTAB改性沸石吸附。     

污泥活性炭对次甲基蓝废水的吸附

立足于污泥的资源化,利用化学活化法制得的污泥基活性炭,处理次甲基蓝染料废水.考察了污泥活性炭的粒径以及染料废水的pH值对染料脱色效果以及活性炭的吸附量的影响,并对吸附过程进行等温吸附线和吸附动力学分析.结果表明,在本研究的范围内,污泥活性炭的粒径越小、染料废水的pH值越高,则污泥活性炭对染料废水的吸附效果越好.当粒径在200目以上时,去除率及吸附量分别为88.2％和136.7 mg/g;当pH值为11时,去除率和吸附量分别为90.4％和91.9 mg/g.污泥活性炭对次甲基蓝染料的吸附脱除符合Langmuir吸附等温线和Lagergren准二级动力学方程.     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

Radionuclides and trace elements in fish collected upstream and downstream of Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the consumption of muscle and bone

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine radionuclide and trace element concentrations in bottom‐feeding fish (catfish, carp, and suckers) collected from the confluences of some of the major canyons that cross Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) lands with the Rio Grande (RG) and the potential radiological doses from the ingestion of these fish. Samples of muscle and bone (and viscera in some cases) were analyzed for ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, and ²⁴¹Am and Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl. Most radionuclides, with the exception of ⁹⁰Sr, in the muscle plus bone portions of fish collected from LANL canyons/RG were not significantly (p<0.05) higher from fish collected upstream (San Ildefonso/background) of LANL. Strontium‐90 in fish muscle plus bone tissue significantly (p<0.05) increases in concentration starting from Los Alamos Canyon, the most upstream confluence (fish contained 3.4E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [126E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]), to Frijoles Canyon, the most downstream confluence (fish contained 14E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [518E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]). The differences in ⁹⁰Sr concentrations in fish collected downstream and upstream (background) of LANL, however, were very small. Based on the average concentrations (±2SD) of radionuclides in fish tissue from the four LANL confluences, the committed effective dose equivalent from the ingestion of 46 lb (21 kg) (maximum ingestion rate per person per year) of fish muscle plus bone, after the subtraction of background, was 0.1 ± 0.1 mrem y^‐1 (1.0 ± 1.0 μSv y^‐1), and was far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1). Of the trace elements that were found above the limits of detection (Ba, Cu, and Hg) in fish muscle collected from the confluences of canyons that cross LANL and the RG, none were in significantly higher (p<0.05) concentrations than in muscle of fish collected from background locations.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.     

Biochemical interaction of six op delayed neurotoxicants with several neurotargets

Abstract

Five organophosphorous insecticides: Leptophos, EPN, Cyano‐fenphos, trichloronate and salithion proved to cause irreversible ataxia not only to chicken but also to mice and sheep. TOCP was included as a reference. Cyanofenphos blocked the catecholamine B‐receptor binding activity with ³H‐norepinephrine at a level similar to that of the specific inhibitor propranolol in the mouse heart preparation. In the lamb heart preparation, the B‐receptor was more sensitive to Leptophos, salithion and TOCP than to propranolol. The six compounds and their oxons were screened for their in‐vitro inhibition to monamine oxidase (MAO), acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and neurotoxic esterase (NTE) in the brain of either mouse, lamb or chicken. It is believed that their AChE inhibition stands for their acute toxicity, while NTE inhibition is responsible for their paralytic ataxia.