中空纤维膜生物反应器处理二甲苯废气

采用中空纤维膜生物反应器(HFMB)去除气态二甲苯,研究比较了不同进口浓度、停留时间以及悬浮液中生物量对二甲苯净化效果的影响。实验结果表明:随着进口浓度的增加二甲苯净化效率先升高后平稳,生化降解能力(EC)则明显升高;随着停留时间的增加,二甲苯的净化效率明显增加。实验发现最佳的实验条件是:悬浮液循环速率50 L/h,pH值介于6.5到7.5之间,溶解氧6 mg/L左右,停留时间tR=8.8 s;二甲苯的处理效率可达到92%以上。结果还显示二甲苯净化效率随悬浮液循环流速的变化而波动不大,进口二甲苯的组成对净化效率也有一定的影响。与传统的生物法相比,膜生物反应器可以实现气相和液相的分离以及减少占地面积,具有很好的发展前景。     

纳米材料对膜生物反应器影响的试验研究

通过向一体式膜生物反应器中投加纳米材料来改变料液性质，预防膜污染和提高膜生物反应器对污染物的去除效率，并利用扫描电镜分析中空纤维膜的表观结构的变化情况，通过红外光谱分析活性污泥性质的变化，以探讨防治膜污染的机理。试验结果表明，纳米材料的投加对COD和NH₃-N的去除无明显影响，提高了TP的去除率，TP去除率达70%。而且投加纳米材料可改变活性污泥的性质和生物膜的表观结构，减缓膜污染。     

纳米二氧化锆改性膜生物反应器处理生活污水的试验研究

对聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)中空纤维膜进行共混改性,制备出纳米二氧化锆(ZrO_2)改性的中空纤维膜。通过对改性膜和未改性膜的纯水通量、机械性能、微观结构、接触角、含水率、孔隙率等参数进行表征,并使改性膜和未改性膜组件应用于膜生物反应器处理生活污水,对比了两者的出水水质,并对其膜过滤过程中的阻力进行分析。结果表明:两个膜组件应用于膜生物反应器污水处理效果良好,对COD和BOD5的去除达到90%以上,对氨氮的去除达到80%以上,对TN和TP的去除达到70%以上。与未改性膜相比,改性膜的膜通量更大,阻力更小,表明纳米ZrO_2可明显改善PVDF中空纤维膜的亲水性,提高其抗污染能力。     

滤袋式膜生物反应器净化二甲苯

采用模拟膜生物反应器构建的滤袋式膜生物反应器处理二甲苯废气,并初步探讨了其净化性能。实验结果表明:在4~9℃的低温条件下,二甲苯的去除能力随着停留时间、进气负荷的增大而提高,最大去除能力可达到74.3 g/(m3·h),与一般生物滴滤塔的运行性能相当。微生物主要附着在滤袋表面,且生长良好。根据本实验中滤袋式膜生物反应器的结构特点,可进一步增加滤袋比表面积以提高其去除能力。     

增强型中空纤维膜生物反应器处理污水

纤维编织管增强型中空纤维膜具有很强的力学性能、界面结合能力,采用纤维编织管增强型中空纤维膜生物反应器处理生活污水,研究纤维编织管增强型中空纤维膜(PAN-PVDF)长期运行的出水水质,并通过对其进行化学清洗考察膜的再生性能及其污染机理。研究表明:PAN-PVDF在运行、清洗过程中表现出很强抗污染能力,可以强化COD的去除,进一步降低出水COD含量,但对NH3-N和TP的去除贡献较小,将其用于膜生物反应器处理生活污水具备可行性;将污染后PAN-PVDF先浸于1wt%柠檬酸后浸于0.3wt%NaClO的清洗顺序获得最佳清洗效果,表明膜表面污染层是由以有机物为主的内污染层和以无机物为主的外污染层构成。     

一体式MFC-好氧MBR运行效果及膜污染特性

膜生物反应器(MBR)是一种高效的污水处理工艺,而微生物燃料电池(MFC)能利用NO-3作为电子受体进行脱氮。为解决膜生物反应器(MBR)脱氮效率低和膜污染问题,建立了一套能够进行脱氮、有效抑制膜污染的一体式MFC-好氧MBR新工艺。以开路MFC-MBR反应器为对照,对耦合系统中污水处理效果、膜污染情况进行研究。研究表明,2套系统的COD去除率均超过88%,对NH4-N的去除均达到99%。闭路MFC-MBR系统TN去除率达到69.4%,高于开路系统的55.3%。混合液的MLVSS/MLSS稳定在88%左右,同时耦合系统能够改善污泥混合液的性质,zeta电位的绝对值和粘度较开路系统有所减少,污泥颗粒平均体积粒径(233.482μm)较开路系统(94.877μm)有明显增加,膜清洗周期延长了41.17%。     

好氧颗粒污泥自生动态膜生物反应器处理碱减量印染废水

自生动态膜生物反应器(SFDMBR)接种颗粒污泥启动,研究溶解氧浓度和水力停留时间对该反应器处理碱减量印染废水的影响。自生动态膜生物反应器形成稳定的动态膜后,出水浊度小于10 NTU,系统对浊度的去除率在90%以上,溶解氧和水力停留时间对反应器出水浊度基本无影响。系统对废水色度的去除率随着溶解氧浓度的提高和水力停留时间的延长而增加,但是系统对色度的去除效率一般不超过40%。溶解氧浓度由0.3 mg/L逐渐增大至2.4 mg/L,COD的去除率由40%提升至80%,而当溶解氧浓度大于1.0 mg/L后,UV254的去除率达到95%。水力停留时间在8~48 h时,COD去除效率由65%逐渐上升至85%左右;水力停留时间在8~32 h,UV254去除效率为68%~93%,超过32 h后水力停留时间对UV254去除效率的影响已不明显。     

膜生物反应器组合工艺处理餐饮废水试验研究

一体式膜生物反应器组合工艺用于处理经隔油、混凝预处理后的餐饮废水具有很好的处理效果 ,对 CODCr、NH3- N、TP、油、浊度、SS的平均去除效率分别达到 92 .5 2 %、91.94 %、94 .2 0 %、93.98%、96 .6 0 %、10 0 % ,其出水水质良好 ,且稳定。在一体式膜生物反应器中 ,活性污泥对污染物起主要作用 ,膜的分离对于保证稳定的出水起着关键作用。     

中空纤维膜生物反应器处理造纸废水

膜生物反应器是将膜分离技术与生物处理工艺相结合而开发的新型系统,是近年来新发展起来的高效废水处理技术。本实验采用了中空纤维膜组件和活性污泥反应器组成的分置式膜生物反应器,研究其在造纸废水处理中的特性影响因素。     

一体式膜生物反应器处理医药化工废水的试验

采用厌氧／膜生物反应器（ＭＢＲ）工艺对生产医药中间体酰氯的废水进行了中试。结果表明,膜生物反应器具有抗冲击能力强,处理效果好,占地面积小的优点,适合于处理水量小、浓度高的废水。当原水ＣＯＤ为７０００～５１５５０ｍｇ／Ｌ,ｐＨ值为４～１３时,厌氧池去除效率保持在５０％左右,膜生物反应器处理效率保持在８０％以上,ＣＯＤ等指标可以达到排放标准。     

平板膜-生物反应器净化微污染水源水的研究

利用平板膜-生物反应器恒流运行处理微污染水源水,考察通量为18、25及30 L/m2·h时其运行特性及有机物和氨氮的去除效果.结果表明:3个工况对COD的去除率分别为78.7%、76.9%和80.4%,出水COD低于15 mg/L;3个工况对NH4 -N的去除率分别为90.4%、87.4%和92.8%,出水NH4 -N低于0.5 mg/L;3个工况对UV254的去除率分别为27.5%、28.2%和48.1%.胞外聚合物(EPS)的研究结果表明,其与膜污染之间并没有显著关系,运行通量的选择是影响膜污染和操作运行的一个重要原因.     

复合式膜生物反应器处理校园生活污水

采用投加悬浮填料的复合式膜生物反应器(HMBR)中试装置处理校园生活污水,考察其对有机碳和氨氮的去除效果。实验结果表明,反应器具有较好的污染物去除效果,HMBR对COD的平均去除率为88%,对氨氮的平均去除率超过97.5%。采用比耗氧速率(SOUR)来表征活性污泥的生物活性,SOUR随着有机负荷的变化逐渐从80 mg/(kg.min)降到30 mg/(kg.min)。实验过程中,经历有机负荷率(OLR)和氨氮负荷率(NLR)的变化,结果显示,其对污泥特性和膜污染速率有较大影响。     

生物过滤塔处理实验室废气

研究了生物过滤塔处理实验室排放的模拟混合废气,考察了反应器对苯、甲苯、二甲苯、乙醇、丙酮、乙酸乙酯和甲烷等废气的去除效果。运行结果表明,在设备稳定运行期间,进气中总挥发性有机物(TVOCs)的浓度为124～380 mg/m3,而出气浓度在10～40 mg/m3,去除效率保持在85%以上。实验室废气中的多种污染物在生物过滤塔中去除机理不同,亲水性污染物的去除效率高于疏水性污染物。通过系统关停后重启,污染物的去除效果在第2天就能恢复,这为生物过滤塔处理实验室废气过程的停运检修或者系统闲置提供了可行性。     

Shift of microbial diversity and function in high-efficiency performance biotrickling filter for gaseous xylene treatment

ABSTRACT

Xylene is the main component of many volatile industrial pollution sources, and the use of biotechnology to remove volatile organic compounds (VOCs) has become a growing trend. In this study, a biotrickling filter for gaseous xylene treatment was developed using activated sludge as raw material to study the biodegradation process of xylene. Reaction conditions were optimized, and long-term operation was performed. The optimal pH was 7.0, gas-liquid ratio was 15:1 (v/v), and temperature was 25 °C. High-throughput sequencing technique was carried out to analyze microbial communities in the top, middle, and bottom layers of the reactor. Characteristics of microbial diversity were elucidated, and microbial functions were predicted. The result showed that the removal efficiency (RE) was stable at 86%–91%, the maximum elimination capacity (EC) was 303.61 g·m^?3·hr^?1, residence time was 33.75 sec, and the initial inlet xylene concentration was 3000 mg·m^?3, which was the highest known degradation concentration reported. Kinetic analysis of the xylene degradation indicated that it was a very high-efficiency-activity bioprocess. The r_max was 1059.8 g·m^?3·hr^?1, and K_s value was 4.78 g·m^?3 in stationary phase. In addition, microbial community structures in the bottom and top layers were significantly different: Pseudomonas was the dominant genus in the bottom layer, whereas Sphingobium was dominant in the top layer. The results showed that intermediate metabolites of xylene could affect the distribution of community structure. Pseudomonas sp. can adapt to high concentration xylene–contaminated environments.

Implications: We combined domesticated active sludge and reinforced microbial agent on biotrickling filter. This system performed continuously under a reduced residence time at 33.75 sec and high elimination capacity at 303.61 g·m^?3·hr^?1 in the biotrickling reactor for about 260 days. In this case, predomestication combined with reinforcing of microorganisms was very important to obtaining high-efficiency results. Analysis of microbial diversity and functional prediction indicated a gradient distribution along with the concentration of xylene. This implied a rational design of microbial reagent and optimizing the inoculation of different sites of reactor could reduce the preparation period of the technology.     

膜生物反应器处理甲苯废气的降解特性及传质过程强化

设计了一种气相空间带方形扰流柱结构的平板膜生物反应器,进行了甲苯降解废气净化实验,并与未加入方形扰流柱结构的反应器进行了对比。实验研究了甲苯入口浓度和气体流量对甲苯降解效率和传质速率的影响,结果表明,随着甲苯入口浓度和气体流量的增加,膜生物反应器降解效率降低,甲苯的传质速率增大,气相空间加入方形扰流柱后,甲苯在反应器中的传输得到了强化,降解效率最大提高了8%。     

Nonionic surfactant enhanced biodegradation of m-xylene by mixed bacteria and its application in biotrickling filter

In this study, m-xylene biodegradation was examined in bacteria-water mixed solution and biotrickling filter (BTF) systems amended with the nonionic surfactant Tween 80. The mixed bacteria were obtained from the activated sludge of a coking plant through a multisubstrate acclimatization process. High-throughput sequencing analysis revealed that Rhodanobacter sp. was the dominant species among the mixed bacteria. In the bacteria-water mixed solution, the bacterial density increased with increasing Tween 80 concentration. Hence, Tween 80 could be utilized as substrate by the mixed bacteria. Tween 80, with concentrations of 50–100 mg L^?1, could enhance the bioavailability of m-xylene and consequently improve the degradation efficiency of m-xylene. However, further increasing the initial concentration of Tween 80 would decrease the degradation efficiency of m-xylene. At concentrations exceeding 100 mg L^?1, Tween 80 was preferentially degraded by the mixed bacteria over m-xylene. In BTF systems, when the m-xylene inlet concentration was 1200 mg m^?3 and the empty bed residence time was 20 sec, the removal efficiency and elimination capacity of BTF1 with Tween 80 addition were at most 20% and 24% higher than those of BTF2 without Tween 80 addition. Overall, the integrated application of the mixed bacteria and surfactant was demonstrated to be a highly effective strategy for m-xylene waste gas treatment.

Implications: The integrated application of mixed bacteria and surfactant was demonstrated to be a promising approach for the highly efficient removal of m-xylene. Surfactant can activate mixed bacteria to degrade m-xylene by increasing its bioavailability. Besides, surfactant can be utilized as carbon source by the mixed bacteria so that the growth of mixed bacteria can be promoted. It is expected that the integrated application of both technologies will become more common in future chemical industry.     

膜生物反应器在水处理中的研究及应用

膜生物反应器(MBR)是通过膜强化生化反应的水处理新技术.本文对MBR的特点、应用类型、水处理机理进行了阐述;综述了该技术在国内外的研究进展以及应用现状;并对MBR存在的问题与应用前景作了讨论,MBR有望在新世纪成为传统水处理方法的一种替代工艺.     

1-Butanol Removal from a Contaminated Airstream under Continuous and Diurnal Loading Conditions

Abstract

A polysulfone microporous membrane module was investigated for control of 1-butanol-contaminated gas streams. A diurnal loading condition, using two different butanol concentrations, was used to simulate startup and stop conditions associated with shift work. The membrane module was also used to remove 1-butanol from air under continuous loading conditions in a bioreactor. The reactors were seeded with a mixed bacterial consortium capable of butanol biodegradation. Biokinetic parameters for butanol utilization were determined for the culture to be a maximum specific utilization rate (k) equal to 4.3 d^?1 and a half saturation constant (K_s) equal to 8.9 mg L^?1. A biofilter running only with diurnal loading conditions giving a “40-hr workweek” had an average 1-butanol removal rate of 29% (111 ppm, 74 gm^?3 hr^?1) from a 350-ppm influent at the end of an 8-hr operational day. End-of-day removal varied between 4 and 67% during the operational period. With continuous steady-state operation followed by placement on a diurnal loading schedule and influent butanol concentrations increased to 700 ppm, butanol removal averaged 38% (269 ppm, 145 gm^?3 hr^?1). Under continuous loading, steady-state conditions, 1-butanol removal from the airstream was greater than 99% (200 ppm, 73 gm^?3 hr^?1). These results suggest that the bioreactor can be operated on a diurnal schedule or 40-hr week operational schedule without any decline in performance.     

Factors affecting xylene-contaminated air removal by the ornamental plant Zamioculcas zamiifolia

Fifteen plant species—Alternanthera bettzickiana, Drimiopsis botryoides, Aloe vera, Chlorophytum comosum, Aglaonema commutatum, Cordyline fruticosa, Philodendron martianum, Sansevieria hyacinthoides, Aglaonema rotundum, Fittonia albivenis, Muehlenbeckia platyclada, Tradescantia spathacea, Guzmania lingulata, Zamioculcas zamiifolia, and Cyperus alternifolius—were evaluated for the removal efficiency of xylene from contaminated air. Among the test plants, Z. zamiifolia showed the highest xylene removal efficiency. Xylene was toxic to Z. zamiifolia with an LC₅₀ of 3,464 ppm. Higher concentrations of xylene exhibited damage symptoms, including leaf tips turning yellow, holonecrosis, and hydrosis. TEM images showed that a low concentration of xylene vapors caused minor changes in the chloroplast, while a high concentration caused swollen chloroplasts and damage. The effect of photosynthetic types on xylene removal efficiency suggests that a mixture of Z. zamiifolia, S. hyacinthoides, and A. commutatum which represent facultative CAM, CAM, and C₃ plants, is the most suitable system for xylene removal. Therefore, for maximum improvement in removing xylene volatile compounds under various conditions, multiple species are needed. The effect of a plant’s total leaf area on xylene removal indicates that at lower concentrations of xylene, a small leaf area might be as efficient as a large leaf area.