太湖鼋头渚地区鹭类觅食生境研究

连续2a实地调查了太湖鼋头渚地区鹭鸟的觅食生境，并搜集其雏鸟的反吐物，初步掌握了该地区不同鹭鸟对觅食生境的选择与食物组成情况。结果表明，无锡鼋头渚地区白鹭与夜鹭主要在鱼塘、湖泊觅食、白鹭在湖滨觅食，而夜鹭还会到湖中央水面觅食；池鹭觅食区域较广，主要在鱼塘。鹭群主要的食物类型是鱼类，白鹭食物几乎全为鱼类，夜鹭95％的食物为鱼类，兼有少量的蛙类、甲壳类和小型哺乳类动物。     

无锡鼋头渚4种鹭类繁殖期的生态学特征研究

20 0 0年 3月～ 6月对无锡鼋头渚的鹭鸟繁殖期的种群生态特征进行了调查研究 ,结果表明 :栖息地共有鹭巢 3 64 0 0个 ,巢密度为 0 5 2个 /m2 ,平均每棵树有巢 3 3 6个 ;较早迁来的夜鹭首先占据了远离村庄及公路的相对较好的位置 ;鹭类筑巢对高大的马尾松利用率较高 ,且个体较大的鹭鸟多占据树的中上部 ,个体较小的鹭鸟则主要栖息于下部 ;夜鹭和牛背鹭平均窝卵数为 3个 /巢 ,白鹭和池鹭为 5个 /巢。     

无锡鼋头渚4种鹭类繁殖期的生态学特征研究

2000年3月－6月对无锡鼋头渚的鹭岛繁殖期的种群生态特征进行了调查研究，结果表明：栖息地共有鹭巢36400个，巢密度为0．52个／m62，平均每棵树有巢3．36个；较早迁来的夜鹭首先占据了远离村庄及公路的相对较好的位置；鹭类筑巢对高大的马尾松利用率较高，且个体较大的鹭岛多占据树的中上部，个体较小的鹭岛则主要栖息于下部；夜鹭和牛背鹭平均窝卵数为3个／巢，白鹭和池鹭为5个／巢。     

鹭鸟对茶园的生态影响

目前国内对鹭鸟（夜鹭Nycticorax nyticorax、白鹭Egtetta garzetta、苍鹭Ardea cinerea、池鹭Ardeole bacchus）的迁徙、觅食习性和繁殖规律的已有详细的研究报道，但鹭鸟自身活动对栖息地的生态影响尚未见报道。作者对鹭鸟对茶园土壤和茶树的影响进行了研究，结果表明，大量鹭鸟活动所产生的鸟粪对栖息地的茶树土壤中各种养分的质量分数产生了重大影响：有机质提高了28．03％～62．25％，土壤速效磷增加了1．7～4．2倍，土壤水溶性盐提高了6～21倍之多，并发生了严重盐化；pH表土升高0．43，下层降低了1．11。对茶树的重大影响表现为：叶绿素a、叶绿素b以及总的质量分数，分别减少25．72％、36．97％、29．54％；叶子正面皮孔也被堵塞，生长发育受阻，叶子边缘、叶尖等处发生焦枯；影响轻的茶芽中茶多酚的质星分数下降了3．7％，水浸出物的质星分数略高1％，氨基酸的质量分数提高7．4％；影响严重的茶树的生物产品降低达76％以上，局部经济产最为零，甚至茶树濒临枯死。     

雅鲁藏布江中游河谷黑颈鹤生境适宜性及其保护状况动态变化

针对雅鲁藏布江中游河谷黑颈鹤国家级自然保护区黑颈鹤生境适宜性的制约因素及其面临的主要威胁,利用生境适宜性指数、保护比例和保护效率指数等对雅鲁藏布江中游河谷黑颈鹤国家级自然保护区日喀则片区黑颈鹤生境适宜性及保护现况进行评价并分析其变化。结果表明,1994、2005和2015年黑颈鹤适宜生境与次适宜生境面积总和占比依次为31.05%、32.00%和41.00%,黑颈鹤可生存空间逐渐增长;对比1994和2015年保护比例和保护效率指数发现,适宜觅食生境和夜栖生境分布趋向核心区和缓冲区,次适宜觅食生境同样向核心区移动,保护区规划对适宜觅食生境和夜栖生境保护的合理性降低,对次适宜觅食生境的合理性升高,从外延区对各生境的保护比例来看,保护区周边仍存在大量黑颈鹤可利用生境没有纳入保护范围。     

鄱阳湖南矶湿地国家级自然保护区2种大雁的越冬行为特征及生态位分化

2014年12月至2015年3月,对鄱阳湖南矶湿地国家级自然保护区越冬的鸿雁(Anser cygnoides)和白额雁(Anser albifrons)的行为模式和生境选择进行调查。结果显示,鸿雁和白额雁均以静栖和觅食行为为主,鸿雁的静栖行为比例最大,白额雁的觅食行为比例最大;鸿雁的静栖行为比例极显著高于白额雁,觅食行为比例极显著低于白额雁,警戒和游走行为比例低于白额雁。在行为节律上,鸿雁的觅食高峰出现在14:00—15:00,静栖高峰出现在13:00—14:00;白额雁的觅食行为比例在8:00—9:00、11:00—12:00和16:00—17:00这3个时段较高,静栖行为比例在10:00—11:00、12:00—13:00和16:00—17:00这3个时段较高。觅食时间上的"错峰"将减轻两者对食物资源的激烈竞争以达到共存。在生境的空间选择上,鸿雁的生境选择和离岸距离生态位宽度均高于白额雁,2种大雁的离岸距离生态位重叠度较大,鸿雁主要选择浅水和泥滩,白额雁主要选择草地,2种大雁对生境的离岸距离均集中选择在400~500 m区间。2种大雁生境类型选择的分化避免了离岸距离生态位重叠度较大带来的种间竞争,利于种间共存。2种大雁生境的离岸距离主要选择在400~500 m区域,这既利于2个物种避免人为干扰,又可满足自身对食物资源的需求。     

基于RS和GIS黄河三角洲水禽生境因子变化分析

将影响水禽生境选择的因子划分为水、食物、隐蔽物和干扰4类.用遥感(Rs)和地理信息系统(GIS)软件对黄河三角洲地区3期TM数据进行处理,对各生境因子采取一定的分类方法,得出该地区3个时期各生境因子图.通过面积、斑块数变化及转移矩阵的分析可以看出,各生境因子的结构发生了明显的变化,变化表现为干扰加重,积水地区面积增大,谷物草籽面积及适宜隐蔽物范围减少.人类的有意识活动(干扰)是引起各生境因子发生变化的主要驱动力.生境因子变化对水禽生境既有正面影响,又有负面影响.图9表5参30     

呼伦湖流域鱼类群落结构特征及与物理生境特征关系研究

为了定量评估物理生境对鱼类群落结构及物种多样性的影响,基于呼伦湖流域2021年枯水期和丰水期2期鱼类调查数据以及采样点物理生境遥感监测数据,采用聚类分析和RDA冗余分析探究呼伦湖流域鱼类群落分布特征、物种多样性与物理生境因子(包括岸线分维数、水面面积和高程值)之间的关系。结果表明,物理生境和鱼类群落可划分为具有明显空间分布规律的4个组群,且物理生境和鱼类群落空间分布存在较高相似度。呼伦湖流域鱼类群落多样性受到分维数、水面面积和高程值生境因子的影响,其中水面面积和高程值影响较大。此外,不同鱼类群落分布对生境因子响应存在差异,呼伦湖流域鱼类优势种贝氏■(Hemiculter bleekeri)和红鳍原鲌(Cultrichthys erythropterus)群落分布与高程值呈正相关,定居杂食性鱼类黑龙江鰟鲏(Rhodeus sericeus)、鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)和拉氏鱥(Phoxinus lagowskii)群落分布与水面面积呈显著正相关,而肉食性鱼类鲇(Silurus asotus)和黑斑狗鱼(Esox reicherti)群落分布与分维数呈显著正相...     

生境评价程序在规划环境影响评价中的应用——以大东港区规划为例

对美国广泛应用的生境评价程序(HEP)在程序和方法上进行了改进和简化,在分析现有各生境单元指示物种密度的基础上,根据项目拟占用生境情况,预测拟议项目对指示物种的影响.以丹东港大东港区规划为例,应用改进的HEP,定量分析了大东港区规划对指示物种(涉禽和水鸟)觅食生境的影响,并制定了生境弥补计划和生态减缓措施.     

广东佛山机场鸟类群落生态及鸟撞预防的研究

通过对佛山机场及附近6种生境的6条样带的调查,记录到有鸟类49种,分属10目23科.重要性值分析表明,最重要的种类6种,即池鹭、白鹭、小白腰雨燕、家燕、金腰燕、白头鹎.按鸟类的生境分布系数划分,广性分布有16种,占总种数的32.7%,构成了佛山机场各生境鸟类群落组成的主体.根据鸟类习性及其栖息生境的特点分析,提出预防鸟撞事件发生采取的对策措施.表1参10     

Residues of organochlorinated pesticides in eggs of water birds from Tai Lake in China

The levels of organochlorine compounds in eggs of water birds from the colony on Tai Lake in China were studied. The eggs were collected in 2000 and belonged to the following species: 65 samples of black-crowned night heron (Nycticorax nycticorax), 36 samples of little egret (Egretta garzetta), 26 samples of cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis) from 13 clutches and 43 samples of Chinese pond heron (Ardeola bacchus) from 17 clutches. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its derivates (DDE and DDD), hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and its isomers (alpha-HCH, beta-HCH, gamma-HCH, delta-HCH), heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, endrin aldehyde, alpha-endosulfan, beta-endosulfan, and endosulfan sulfate were determined in the laboratory by gas chromatography. The data showed that DDE had the highest levels in all the samples, followed by beta-HCH. The mean levels of DDE among the water bird species were in the order as follows: black-crowned night heron (5464.26 ng/g, dry weight) > Chinese pond heron (2791.12 ng/g, dry weight) > little egret (1979.97 ng/g, dry weight) > cattle egret (660.11 ng/g, dry weight). DDT and its metabolites accounted for 90% of the total organochlorines, except that it was only 73% for cattle egret. The differences of the residue among the bird species were statistically significant and could be attributed to their variations in prey and habitat. Although the DDE burdens in Tai Lake were much lower than 8 microg/g (wet weight) which are thought to have significant adverse effects on black-crowned night herons, they would be expected to increase the risk of adverse effects on survival of chicks of herons and egrets, particularly black-crowned night heron, based on the critical value of 1 microg/g (wet weight) DDE. The burdens of HCHs in this study were higher and the cyclodienes were lower than those found elsewhere.     

Residues of Organochlorinated Pesticides in Eggs of Water Birds from Tai Lake in China

The levels of organochlorine compounds in eggs of water birds from the colony on Tai Lake in China were studied. The eggs were collected in 2000 and belonged to the following species: 65 samples of black-crowned night heron (Nycticorax nycticorax), 36 samples of little egret (Egretta garzetta), 26 samples of cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis) from 13 clutches and 43 samples of Chinese pond heron (Ardeola bacchus) from 17 clutches. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its derivates (DDE and DDD), hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and its isomers (-HCH, -HCH, -HCH, -HCH), heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, endrin aldehyde, -endosulfan, -endosulfan, and endosulfan sulfate were determined in the laboratory by gas chromatography. The data showed that DDE had the highest levels in all the samples, followed by -HCH. The mean levels of DDE among the water bird species were in the order as follows: black-crowned night heron (5464.26ng/g, dry weight) > Chinese pond heron (2791.12ng/g, dry weight) > little egret (1979.97ng/g, dry weight) > cattle egret (660.11ng/g, dry weight). DDT and its metabolites accounted for 90% of the total organochlorines, except that it was only 73% for cattle egret. The differences of the residue among the bird species were statistically significant and could be attributed to their variations in prey and habitat. Although the DDE burdens in Tai Lake were much lower than 8 g/g (wet weight) which are thought to have significant adverse effects on black-crowned night herons, they would be expected to increase the risk of adverse effects on survival of chicks of herons and egrets, particularly black-crowned night heron, based on the critical value of 1 g/g (wet weight) DDE. The burdens of HCHs in this study were higher and the cyclodienes were lower than those found elsewhere.     

Introduced trout sever trophic connections in watersheds: consequences for a declining amphibian

Trophic linkages between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems are increasingly recognized as important yet poorly known features of food webs. Here we describe research to understand the dynamics of lake food webs in relation to a native riparian amphibian and its interaction with introduced trout. The mountain yellow-legged frog Rana muscosa is endemic to alpine watersheds of the Sierra Nevada Mountains and the Transverse Ranges of California, but it has declined to a small fraction of its historical distribution and abundance. Although remaining frogs and introduced trout feed in different habitats of alpine lakes, our stable-isotope analyses clearly show that the same resource base of benthic invertebrates sustains their growth. During one period, insect emergence from naturally fishless lakes was nearly 20-fold higher compared to adjacent lakes with trout, showing that fish reduce availability of aquatic prey to amphibious and terrestrial consumers. Although trout cannot prey on adult frogs due to gape limitation, foraging post-metamorphic frogs are 10 times more abundant in the absence of trout, suggesting an important role for competition for prey by trout in highly unproductive alpine watersheds. Most Sierran lakes contain fish, and those that do not are usually small isolated ponds; in our study, these two lake types supported the lowest densities of post-metamorphic frogs, and these frogs were less reliant on local, benthic sources of productivity. Since Rana muscosa was formerly the most abundant vertebrate in the Sierra Nevada, the reduction in energy flow from lake benthos to this consumer due to fish introductions may have had negative consequences for its numerous terrestrial predators, many of which have also declined. We suggest that disruptions of trophic connections between aquatic and terrestrial food webs are an important but poorly understood consequence of fish introduction to many thousands of montane lakes and streams worldwide and may contribute to declines of native consumers in riparian habitats.     

Food of emperor penguins (Aptenodytes forsteri) in the western Ross Sea, Antarctica

The diet of the emperor penguin Aptenodytes forsteri in the western Ross Sea during spring was investigated by analysis of stomach contents sampled at three different localities. At Cape Washington, emperor penguins feeding chicks consistently preyed on fishes (89 to 95% by mass) and crustaceans (5 to 11%) over the four spring seasons examined. By far the commonest prey was the Antarctic silverfish Pleuragramma antarcticum (89% of the fish prey); the remainder of fish prey were mainly unidentified juveniles of different species of channichthyid fishes. Three species dominated the crustacean part of the diet, i.e. the gammarid amphipods Abyssorchomene rossi/plebs (30% of the crustacean prey) and Eusirus microps (22%), together with the euphausiid Euphausia crystallorophias (24%). At Coulman Island and Cape Roget, fishes, mainly P. antarcticum, formed the bulk of the food (88 and 93% by mass, respectively), crustaceans were minor prey (2.5 and 0.4%), and the squid Psychroteuthis glacialis accounted for a small but significant part of the food (3.5 and 0.8%). This study emphasizes the importance of the small, shoaling pelagic fish Pleuragramma antarcticum as a key link between zooplankton and top predators, including seabirds, in the food web and marine ecosystem of the Ross Sea. Received: 20 May 1997 / Accepted: 8 October 1997     

Feeding habits of the dungeness crab Cancer magister as determined by the index of relative importance

Specimens of the Dungeness crab Cancer magister, were collected subtidally and intertidally from an estuary in Washington State, USA in June and September 1980, and January, April, May and July, 1981. Gut contens of freshly collected crabs were analyzed by the Index of Relative Importance; for each prey taxon, this method measured frequency of occurrence, percentage of total biomass, and percentage of total numbers consumed. The most important higher taxon eaten was fish; however, the most important prey genus was the shrimp Crangon spp. There was greater predation on Crangon spp. at night at the intertidal site, and during winter and spring when the shrimp were most abundant there. Feeding activity, as indicated by a weight-specific gut-fullness index, showed no consistent diel pattern. There were significant ontogenetic changes in feeding patterns: first-year crabs preyed primarily on very small bivalves or small crustaceans including their conspecifics; second-year crabs preferred Crangon spp. and fish, and third-year crabs preyed less on Crangon spp. and more on fish. Such changes in feeding habits with ege could be purely due to mechanics of food handling, but might also reduce competition among age groups of crabs, possibly partitioning resources within the estuary. Findings are discussed in terms of optimal foraging and compared to other similar studies.Contribution No. 599, School of Fisheries, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA     

Regional coexistence and local dominance in Chaoborus: species sorting along a predation gradient

Variation in the intensity of predation across the well-known environmental gradient of freshwater habitats from small, ephemeral ponds to large, permanent lakes is a key factor in the development and maintenance of aquatic community structure. Here, we present data on the distribution and abundance of four species of Chaoborus (Diptera: Chaoboridae) across this environmental gradient. Chaoborus show a distinct pattern of species sorting when aquatic systems are divided into fish and fishless environments, and this pattern is consistent with species traits known to influence their vulnerability to fish predation (i.e., pigmentation, diel vertical migration [DVM] behavior, and body size). To test whether fish are the drivers of this pattern, we created a gradient in fish density by stocking bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) into 15 experimental ponds in southwestern Michigan, USA, and then allowed Chaoborus species to colonize. There was clear evidence of species sorting along the predation gradient; Chaoborus americanus was most abundant in the fishless ponds, C. flavicans was neutral in response to fish, and C. punctipennis and C. albatus were most abundant at high fish biomass, a response consistent with their field pattern. Furthermore, prey preference experiments confirm that size selective predation and differences in Chaoborus species traits contribute to the pattern of Chaoborus abundance and distribution.     

A three-isotope approach to disentangling the diet of a generalist consumer: the yellow-legged gull in northwest Spain

The widespread omnivory of consumers and the trophic complexity of marine ecosystems make it difficult to infer the feeding ecology of species. The use of stable isotopic analysis plays a crucial role in elucidating trophic interactions. Here we analysed δ¹⁵N, δ¹³C and δ³⁴S in chick feathers, and we used a Bayesian triple-isotope mixing model to reconstruct the diet of a generalist predator, the yellow-legged gull (Larus michahellis) that breeds in the coastal upwelling area off northwest mainland Spain. The mixing model indicated that although chicks from all colonies were fed with a high percentage of fish, there are geographical differences in their diets. While chicks from northern colonies consume higher percentages of earthworms, refuse constitutes a more important source in the diet of chicks from western colonies. The three-isotope mixing model revealed a heterogeneity in foraging habitats that would not have been apparent if only two stable isotopes had been analysed. Moreover, our work highlights the potential of adding δ³⁴S for distinguishing not only between terrestrial and marine prey, but also between different marine species such as fish, crabs and mussels.     

Seasonal changes in the diet of a critically endangered seabird and the importance of trawling discards

Pelagic seabirds obtain food from oceans where the availability of their prey changes rapidly both seasonally and spatially. Here, we investigated changes in the trophic habits of the critically endangered Balearic shearwater (Puffinus mauretanicus) through the breeding season and tested for dietary differences between sexes and age classes. We analysed δ¹⁵N and δ¹³C values in blood of adults during the pre-incubation, incubation and chick-rearing periods and of their chicks. Using a two-isotope mixing model, we estimated dietary contributions based on isotope values from potential prey species which included small pelagic species available naturally and demersal fish species available only from trawling discards. Balearic shearwaters showed clear isotopic and dietary variation through the breeding season. During pre-incubation, breeding adults appeared to exploit demersal fish, whereas during the incubation and chick-rearing period, they fed mainly on pelagic anchovies (Engraulis encrasicolus) and pilchards (Sardina pilchardus). Similarly, chicks were fed mainly with anchovies, a resource with a high energetic value. This variation in the dietary habits of adult shearwaters during the breeding season was probably related to both natural and fishery-induced seasonal changes in the availability of potential prey species within their main feeding grounds. However, changes in the nutritional requirements of the shearwaters could also play an important role. Indeed, diet differed between sexes during pre-incubation: females fed less on trawling discards and more on small pelagic fish than males. This sexual segregation in diet could be the consequence of higher nutritional requirements of females during this period. Our study reveals the differential importance of both trawling discards and small pelagic fish species for a pelagic seabird depending on the breeding period and illustrates the importance of considering the entire breeding season when making inferences about the importance of specific prey in seabird dietary studies.     

Diet of Neotropic cormorant (Phalacrocorax brasilianus) in an estuarine environment

The diet of the Neotropic cormorant (Phalacrocorax brasilianus) was studied by analysing 289 regurgitated pellets collected from a roosting site at Lagoa dos Patos estuary, southern Brazil, between November 2001 and October 2002 (except April to June). In total, 5,584 remains of prey items from 20 food types were found. Fish composed the bulk of the diet representing 99.9% by mass and 99.7% by number. The main food items were White croaker (Micropogonias furnieri) (73.7% by frequency of occurrence, 48.9% by mass and 41.2% by number), followed by Catfish (Ariidae) and anchovies (Engraulididae). In Lagoa dos Patos estuary the generalist Neotropic cormorant fed mainly on the two most abundant demersal fishes (White croaker and Catfish), which accounted for the low niche breadth calculated. The total length of all fish preyed varied from 27.2 to 318.3 mm (113.5 ± 48.0 mm), and preyed White croakers’ size differed between months. Neotropic cormorants seem to prey on most abundant class sizes of White croaker instead of selecting similar prey size throughout the time. However, temporary changes in diet in terms of food items, abundance and prey size were detected, revealing a high ecological plasticity of the species. Individual daily food intake of Neotropic cormorants estimated by pellets and metabolic equations corresponded to 23.7 and 27.1% of their body mass, falling in the range of other cormorant species. Annual food consumption of the population estimated by both methods was 73.4 and 81.9 tonnes, comprising mainly immature and subadult White croaker and Catfish which are commercially important. Temporal variations in diet composition and fish size preyed by Neotropics cormorants, a widespread and generalist species, suggest shifts according to fluctuations in the abundance of prey. The plasticity of this cormorant is also revealed by their ability to adjust feeding behaviour in response to temporal or local changes in the environment, from a generalist at the species level to a specialist at the individual or local population level.     

Foraging behavior of a generalist marine top predator,Japanese cormorants (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phalacrocorax filamentosus</Emphasis>), in years of demersal versus epipelagic prey

To examine the behavioral adjustment of a generalist marine top predator to variability of their prey, we studied the foraging behavior of Japanese cormorants (Phalacrocorax filamentosus) breeding at Teuri Island, Hokkaido, in years of contrasting demersal and epipelagic prey composition. We used radio telemetry and ship-based surveys to determine behavior and at-sea distribution during three summers (1996–1998). The cormorants fed on epipelagic anchovy (Engraulis japonicus) and sandlance (Ammodytes personatus) in 1998 (year of epipelagic diet), while they fed on benthic rock fish (Sebastes spp.) and flatfish (Pleuronectidae) and nearshore-living naked sandlance (Hypophychus dybowskii), as well as epibenthic greenling (Hexagrammidae) in 1996 and 1997 (year of demersal diet). Cormorants engaged in larger feeding groups, visited more feeding sites, and stayed at each feeding site for a shorter period in the year of epipelagic diet than in the years of demersal diet. The cormorants made long foraging trips and fed in the mainland coastal habitat, distant from the colony, in the years of demersal diet. Individual radio-tracked birds fed over the wide area between the islands and mainland, in the year of epipelagic diet, while most individuals specialized in mainland or island coastal habitats in the years of demersal diet. Behavioral adjustment of Japanese cormorants might allow them to exploit both unpredictable epipelagic and predictable benthic prey efficiently.Communicated by T. Ikeda, Hakodate