人工湿地处理含盐生活污水的特性研究

将人工湿地应用于含盐生活污水处理,在0%、0.5%、1.0%、1.5%、2.0%等不同进水NaCl盐度水平下,研究了进水盐度对人工湿地运行效果及基质微生物数量和酶活性的影响,结果表明,当进水盐度在1.5%及以下时,人工湿地运行受盐度的影响较小,对COD的去除率保持在68.3%以上,对NH4+-N的去除率保持在66.1%以上.当进水盐度达到2.0%,人工湿地基质中细菌、真菌、放线菌和硝化细菌的数量明显减少,基质脲酶、纤维素酶活性也相应下降,导致人工湿地对污染物的去除率也随之下降,其中COD去除率降低至52.9%,NH4+-N去除率降低至50.3%.实验进一步研究了在1.5%进水盐度下人工湿地的水力条件对净化效果的影响.结果表明,相对于有机物,氮的去除受HRT的影响更大,当人工湿地的HRT由3～5 d降低至2 d时,NH4+-N的去除率从65.1%～78.2%降至47.1%.     

不同盐度下活性污泥中微生物群落变化规律及其处理模拟染料废水

通过逐渐提高SBR反应器中活性污泥的盐度,探索不同盐度下活性污泥的活性、性质及其微生物群落变化,并研究结晶紫废水以及纳米四氧化三铁对微生物群落的影响.结果表明,随着盐度的增加,活性污泥的COD、氨氮去除率以及污泥体积指数SVI值均降低,在质量分数2%的盐度下,COD、NH_4~+-N的去除率为80%和75%,SVI值不足35 mL·g~(-1);随着盐度的增加微生物的多样性逐渐减少,系统中革兰氏阴性菌优势菌种的位置逐渐被真菌和放线菌取代,而革兰氏阳性菌依然为优势菌;加入结晶紫染料的活性污泥与盐度为2%的活性污泥样品相比发现:红细菌属、丽水菌属含量有所增加,产黄杆菌、农杆菌属含量减小.加入MNPs的结晶紫-活性污泥与不加MNPs的结晶紫活性污泥对比:酸胞菌属、产黄杆菌含量增加,红细菌属、农杆菌属含量减小.     

海洋菌株y3的分离鉴定及其异养硝化-好氧反硝化特性

从胶州湾海底沉积物中筛选出1株高效的海洋异养硝化-好氧反硝化细菌y3,经形态学观察、生理生化实验和16S rRNA基因序列分析,确定该菌株为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.).对其在实际含氮海水中的脱氮实验结果表明,菌株y3的最佳碳源为柠檬酸三钠,最适p H为7.0,最适C/N为13;菌株均能以NH4Cl、Na NO_2和KNO_3为唯一氮源进行反应,20 h后其去除率分别为98.69%、78.38%和72.95%,在硝化过程中几乎没有亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐的积累.以不同比例混合两种氮源反应20 h,当NO~-_3-N∶NO~-_2-N分别为2∶1、1∶1和1∶2时,脱氮率分别为99.56%、99.75%和99.41%;当NH~+_4-N∶NO~-_3-N分别为2∶1、1∶1、1∶2时,脱氮率均为100%;当NH~+_4-N∶NO~-_2-N分别为2∶1、1∶1、1∶2时,脱氮率分别为90.43%、92.79%和99.96%,多高于单一氮源的情况.该菌株具有较好的高盐废水脱氮处理效能.     

光合细菌和螺旋藻对啤酒废水的净化与利用研究

应用ＰＳＢ将啤酒废水中的有机质降解处理为无机质，用甲壳絮凝沉降除去ＰＳＢ后加入螺旋藻进行培养。小型动态模拟实验结果表明ＰＳＢ和螺旋藻不仅能高效地净化啤酒废水。     

Mg improves biomass production from soybean wastewater using purple non-sulfur bacteria

Soybean wastewater was used to generate biomass resource by use of purple non-sulfur bacteria (PNSB). This study investigated the enhancement of PNSB cell accumulation in wastewater by Mg^2 + under the light-anaerobic condition. Results showed that with the optimal Mg^2 + dosage of 10 mg/L, biomass production was improved by 70% to 3630 mg/L, and biomass yield also was improved by 60%. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) removal reached above 86% and hydraulic retention time was shortened from 96 to 72 hr. The mechanism analysis indicated that Mg^2 + could promote the content of bacteriochlorophyll in photosynthesis because Mg^2 + is the bacteriochlorophyll active center, and thus improved adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production. An increase of ATP production enhanced the conversion of organic matter in wastewater into PNSB cell materials (biomass yield) and COD removal, leading to more biomass production. With 10 mg/L Mg^2 +, bacteriochlorophyll content and ATP production were improved by 60% and 33% respectively.     

处理啤酒洗糟废水同时生产单细胞蛋白

用热带假丝酵母在 1.5L气升式内循环生物反应器中处理啤酒生产中的洗糟废水 ,同时生产热带假丝酵母 .探讨了 pH,温度及氮源对降解废水动力学的影响 .实验结果表明 ,用热带假丝酵母既可以有效地降解洗糟废水中的 COD,又可以产生一定数量可作单细胞蛋白的酵母 .对于含糖 0.3%左右的洗糟废水可获得约 500 mg/L(干重 )的酵母 ,并可使废水 COD降解约 80% .     

间歇式活性污泥法处理味精工业废水的研究

研究了间歇式活性污泥法处理味精工业废水的操作运作条件，实验结果表明，采用非限制曝气进水方式为宜；在进水时间为1h ,反应时间为6h，泥水比为1，污泥负荷＜0.2kgCOD/kgMLSS,pH=6-7条件下运行，可高效降解废水中的有机物，COD的去除率达90％以上；废水中所含高浓度的硫酸盐对SBR处理系统无影响。     

UASB+接触氧化法处理CMC废水

CMC废水属于高盐分高有机物废水,废水COD为50 000~80 000 mg/L,含盐量为13%左右,不适合直接生化处理。本文采用CMC废水和循环冷却水按一定比例混合后一起处理,混合后的废水采用UASB+接触氧化法的处理工艺处理。工程运行表明:稀释后的CMC废水中的盐分稳定在1.4%以内,该处理工艺能够确保出水达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978-1996)中三级排放标准。     

Comparison between UV and VUV photolysis for the pre- and post-treatment of coking wastewater

In this study, ultraviolet (UV) and vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) photolysis were investigated for the pre-treatment and post-treatment of coking wastewater. First, 6-fold diluted raw coking wastewater was irradiated by UV and VUV. It was found that 15.9%-35.4% total organic carbon (TOC) was removed after 24 hr irradiation. The irradiated effluent could be degraded by the acclimated activated sludge. Even though the VUV photolysis removed more chemical oxygen demand (COD) than UV, the UV-irradiated effluent demonstrated better biodegradability. After 4 hr UV irradiation, the biological oxygen demand BOD₅/COD ratio of irradiated coking wastewater increased from 0.163 to 0.224, and its toxicity decreased to the greatest extent. Second, the biologically treated coking wastewater was irradiated by UV and VUV. Both of them were able to remove 37%-47% TOC within 8 hr irradiation. Compared to UV, VUV photolysis could significantly improve the transparency of the bio-treated effluent. VUV also reduced 7% more ammonia nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N), 17% more nitrite nitrogen (NO₂^--N), and 18% more total nitrogen (TN) than UV, producing 35% less nitrite nitrogen (NO₃^--N) as a result. In conclusion, UV irradiation was better in improving the biodegradability of coking wastewater, while VUV was more effective at photolyzing the residual organic compounds and inorganic N-species in the bio-treated effluent.     

Comparison between UV and VUV photolysis for the pre- and post-treatment of coking wastewater

In this study, ultraviolet (UV) and vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) photolysis were investigated for the pre-treatment and post-treatment of coking wastewater. First, 6-fold diluted raw coking wastewater was irradiated by UV and VUV. It was found that 15.9%–35.4% total organic carbon (TOC) was removed after 24 hr irradiation. The irradiated effluent could be degraded by the acclimated activated sludge. Even though the VUV photolysis removed more chemical oxygen demand (COD) than UV, the UV-irradiated effluent demonstrated better biodegradability. After 4 hr UV irradiation, the biological oxygen demand BOD₅/COD ratio of irradiated coking wastewater increased from 0.163 to 0.224, and its toxicity decreased to the greatest extent. Second, the biologically treated coking wastewater was irradiated by UV and VUV. Both of them were able to remove 37%–47% TOC within 8 hr irradiation. Compared to UV, VUV photolysis could significantly improve the transparency of the bio-treated effluent. VUV also reduced 7% more ammonia nitrogen (NH₄⁺–N), 17% more nitrite nitrogen (NO₂⁻–N), and 18% more total nitrogen (TN) than UV, producing 35% less nitrite nitrogen (NO₃⁻–N) as a result. In conclusion, UV irradiation was better in improving the biodegradability of coking wastewater, while VUV was more effective at photolyzing the residual organic compounds and inorganic N-species in the bio-treated effluent.     

A^2／O^2工艺在焦化废水处理中的应用

某焦化厂年产干全焦60万吨,焦化废水原采用生化处理的方法进行治理,难以满足标准要求。为达标排放,现对其废水处理工艺进行了改进,根据焦化废水中有机物难降解、NH3～N浓度高等特点,选用A^2／O^2处理工艺。该工艺中的厌氧段不仅能够去除部分COD,而且能够有效地改善废水中难降解有机物的可生化性,为后续处理过程提供有效的基质,获得较高的COD和NH3-N去除率。运行结果表明,经该工艺处理后,废水中的COD、氨氮等指标均能达标排放,有利于企业的可持续发展。     

耐镉菌株的分离及其对Cd2+的吸附富集

采用梯度浓度驯化的方法,筛选分离出一株能高度耐镉和富集镉的菌株,初步鉴定为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.).该菌株在含Cd2+浓度4500mg/L的液体细菌培养基中能够生存,当Cd2+浓度为100mg/L时,pH值为6～8有利于提高菌株耐镉能力.Cd2+为低浓度时菌株积累Cd2+,菌体对Cd2+浓度为100mg/L的积累率达99.1%,冻干菌体对Cd2+的吸附量为8.786mg/g干菌体;当Cd2+浓度大于909mg/L时,菌体表现出外排Cd2+现象.红外分析和电镜观察表明,菌株细胞壁在吸附Cd2+中起重要作用,67.4%的Cd2+吸附在细胞壁上.     

两段生物接触氧化处理高盐度废水试验研究

通过逐步提高有机负荷和盐浓度的方法,驯化出耐高浓度盐的微生物,试验表明：当水产品加工废水中的CI-浓度小于10 000 mg/L时,完全可采用两段生物接触氧化来处理,一段生物接触氧化的容积负荷可达3.0kgCOD/m3.d,二段生物接触氧化的容积负荷可达1.2 kgCOD/m3.d,此法抗冲击、耐盐度、无污泥膨胀,而且对COD、氨氮的去除率分别超过了80%、75%。     

盐度抑制下的MUCT处理效能及其微生物种群变化

研究盐度对活性污泥处理系统及其处理效能的影响,对生物处理含盐污水工程的设计与实施具有重要意义.本试验采用MUCT工艺处理含盐生活污水,在淡水以及5、 8、 10 和15　g/L等不同NaCl盐度水平下,研究了盐度对生物处理的综合影响.结果表明,相对有机物而言,盐度对营养污染物去除抑制更强烈.当进水盐度超过8　g/L后,MUCT总磷去除率从淡水的92%下降到72%,总氮的去除效率从75%下降到62%.当盐度超过15　g/L,好氧异养菌数量开始减少,导致有机物去除率的下降.在盐度的抑制下,强化生物除磷系统的特异反应表现为：①当盐度超过8 g/L,好氧池内发生了显著的亚硝酸积累（超过80%的积累率）.高亚硝酸盐积累刺激了反硝化亚硝酸盐吸磷的发生;②随着盐度的升高,厌氧放磷消耗的有机物量逐渐提高.试验进一步研究了盐度影响下微生物种群结构的变化,为理解盐度影响的本质提供了依据.     

中和-络合萃取-双极膜电渗析处理金刚烷胺制药废水

采用中和沉淀-络合萃取-双极膜电渗析组合工艺协同处理金刚烷胺制药胺化废水与溴化废水.结果表明,通过胺化废水与溴化废水的中和反应,可以大幅消减废水中溶解性固体和有机污染物,避免后续萃取过程中的乳化现象.在pH值为8.0、油/水相比为1∶1的条件下,P204∶正辛醇=3∶2的复配萃取剂对废水中TOC和TN的萃取效率分别为56.9%和20.6%,金刚烷胺及其衍生物几乎被完全萃取.以2.0 mol·L-1的HCl溶液为反萃取剂,可以将47.5%的金刚烷胺从负载有机相中反萃分离,再生后的萃取剂可以多次重复使用.对萃余液采用双极膜电渗析进行处理,可以去除64.2%的无机盐和部分有机物,同时还能回收到较高浓度的酸,但由于氢离子的渗漏难以回收高浓度的碱.     

响水化工园区爆炸事故污水应急预处理工艺筛选

响水化工园区爆炸事故污水具有成分复杂、高有机物、高氨氮、高毒性等特点.本文针对该爆炸事故污水难处理的特点,选择了粉末活性炭-活性污泥（PAC-AS）、活性炭吸附、水解酸化-A²O 3种工艺开展预处理研究.结果表明,PAC-AS工艺可显著去除事故污水中的有机污染物;总有机碳去除率达到96.50%,比另外两种工艺分别高77.68%和11.41%;而氨氮去除率为65.03%,比另外两种工艺分别高51.37%和3.92%.PAC-AS工艺成功应用于事故污水处理工程,实现了全部20580.00 m³事故污水的妥善预处理,累计削减COD 21260.71 kg、氨氮209.41 kg,且出水水质稳定.     

鼠李糖脂对铜绿假单胞菌NY3表面特性及其烃降解效率的影响

研究了鼠李糖脂对NY3菌表面特性及其降解烃类物质的影响作用.结果表明,与未加鼠李糖脂相比,原油含量为1000 mg·L-1,鼠李糖脂100 mg·L-1时,生长24和48 h,NY3菌细胞净生长量分别提高8.60和6.68倍,且产酸明显,原油中正二十六烷至正三十三烷降解效率可提高约60%.分别以LB培养基和十六烷为唯一碳源的无机盐培养基生长的NY3菌体(OD400nm=1.68±0.08),与100 mg·L-1的鼠李糖脂作用1.5h,菌体表面疏水性分别增加32%、6%;且以LB培养基生长的NY3菌细胞,在鼠李糖脂和十六烷存在下作用90 min,菌细胞所积聚的正十六烷量比未加鼠李糖脂时增加了1.10 nmol·mg-1干菌,说明鼠李糖脂能加快疏水性有机物的传质速度.红外光谱分析结果表明,与未加鼠李糖脂相比,鼠李糖脂使菌体细胞中疏水性脂肪链的相对含量明显增加.因此,鼠李糖脂能增加菌体的表面疏水性,加快烃类的传质速率,从而促进NY3菌对烃的降解.     

哌嗪高效降解菌PIPA-6的分离筛选及降解特性

从制药厂周边土壤分离获得一株哌嗪高效降解菌株PIPA-6,其能在以哌嗪为唯一能量来源的无机培养基中生长,30h对100mg/L的哌嗪降解率达100%.形态学观察、生理生化鉴定和16S rDNA基因序列同源性分析表明,菌株为嗜烟碱类节杆菌（Paenarthrobacter nicotinovorans）.菌株PIPA-6具有广泛的温度（10~40℃）和pH（5~10）适应范围、优良的钠盐耐受性（50g/L）和极强的哌嗪抗性（300mg/L）,其最佳降解条件为温度35℃,pH,8.体系中额外添加有机碳能提高菌株的降解效率.降解效应的模拟试验结果表明,菌株PIPA-6能在50L模拟罐中稳定发挥降解作用,制药废水中化学需氧量（COD）和铵态氮含量显著降低（P<0.05）,哌嗪降解率在30d达98%.宏基因组测序证实该菌株能在水体中稳定定殖,改变了污水中的微生物群落结构.本研究中所获菌株充实了哌嗪降解菌种资源库,实验结果为菌株的实际开发应用提供了初步理论依据.     

Influence of influent on anaerobic ammonium oxidation in an Expanded Granular Sludge Bed-Biological Aerated Filter integrated system

Shortcut nitrification-denitrification, anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX), and methanogenesis have been successfully coupled in an Expanded Granular Sludge Bed-Biological Aerated Filter (EGSB-BAF) integrated system. As fed different synthetic wastewater with chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 300–1200 mg·L⁻¹ and NH₄⁺-N of 30–120 mg·L⁻¹ at the outer recycle ratio of 200%, the influence of influent on ANAMMOX in the integrated system was investigated in this paper. The experimental results showed that higher COD concentration caused an increase in denitrification and methanogenesis but a decrease in ANAMMOX; however, when an influent with the low concentration of COD was used, the opposite changes could be observed. Higher influent NH₄⁺-N concentration favored ANAMMOX when the COD concentration of influent was fixed. Therefore, low COD =NH₄⁺-N ratio would decrease competition for nitrite between ANAMMOX and denitrification, which was favorable for reducing the negative effect of organic COD on ANAMMOX. The good performance of the integrated system indicated that the bacterial community of denitrification, ANAMMOX, and methanogenesis could be dynamically maintained in the sludge of EGSB reactor for a certain range of influent.     

强化接触氧化法处理高盐废水

废水中盐分含量过高,会给生物处理带来一定的难度。因为盐析作用可致使微生物的脱氢酶活性降低,同时水的渗透压也会升高,使微生物细胞脱水引起细胞原生质分离,从而导致微生物细胞破裂而死亡。传统的一些生物方法对此类废水的COD的去除率低。本试验使用两株嗜盐菌在接触氧化反应器中通过连续操作对含盐废水进行处理,研究了盐度,COD负荷,溶氧对COD去除率的影响关系。在废水盐度为35g/L,进水COD为4500mg/L,COD容积负荷为3.5kgCOD(/m·3d)时,COD去除率达到90%左右,取得较好的去除效果。