复杂环境样品中未知组分峰的跟踪识别方法

以垃圾焚烧飞灰中的持久性组分分析为例,研究了不同程序升温条件下用于峰识别的拟合定量方法.通过不同程序升温条件下气相色谱拟合峰的准确保留时间,计算色谱峰的保留参数,并预测任意柱温条件下的保留时间.通过与实验值的对比证明预测结果是准确的.     

Pd-K/MgAlO催化剂上的NO_x存储、脱附和还原过程

利用程序升温脱附(TPD)、程序升温表面反应(TPSR)和原位红外光谱(in situ IR)等技术研究了Pd-K/MgAlO催化剂上的NOx存储、脱附和还原过程.结果表明,NOx在Pd-K/MgAlO上主要以硝酸根和亚硝酸根的形式存储.在Pd的催化作用下,部分亚硝酸根被氧化为强酸性的硝酸根,变得更容易存储.由NOx-TPD计算得到Pd-K/MgAlO的NOx存储容量高达890.4μmol.g-1.此外,在NOx脱附及H2还原的实验中均发现了Pd催化的亚硝酸盐歧化分解反应,该反应通过亚硝酸盐溢流至Pd位实现.亚硝酸盐的溢流产生了两个作用:促进NOx低温脱附及促进H2对存储NOx的还原.此发现为NOx存储物种的溢流机理提供了一个有力的证据.     

VB程序实现微量元素相关比值的计算

微量元素的相关比值在许多领域都有不同的作用,随着研究工作的日益精细,数据越来越多,使得不少学者要把大量时间花在数据的整理和计算上,既不利于准确的统计,又浪费了时间.在探讨、实现了地壳中微量元素的相关比值的VB程序,使得在运用这些比值时方便、准确、省时,为研究工作减少许多不必要的麻烦.     

利用概率单位法估算EC50的研究（Estimation of Probit Methods on EC50）

以两组典型毒性数据为例,综合比较了5种常见概率单位模型计算程序在EC50估算上的差异,并在此基础上比较了3种不同置信区间的估算方法.在对照组受抑制率为零时,5种方法的参数估算结果一致;当对照组受抑制率不为零时,将对照组数据纳入整个计算过程的方法可以给出可靠的参数估算结果.3种不同置信区间估算方法的比较表明:在毒性数据分布对称性良好的情况下,基于Delta函数与Fieller定理的方法给出的结果相近,但后者可以在更广泛的情况下给出置信区间;相比而言,基于bootstrap重抽样的非参数方法获得的置信区间较窄,表现出更好的灵敏度.     

沿河城市多点污染排放量优化控制

本文针对沿河城市污染排放的情况,分析了污染物排放对河流造成的污染,并根据Streeter—Phelps模型和城市河流对水质的要求,建立了沿河城市多点污染排放优化控制的线性规划模模,并编制了计算程序用来求解该数学模型.文中提供的算例及计算结果表明,本文提出的沿河城市多点污染排放量优化控制方法对城市排水系统的建设有较大的指导意义.     

从法律行为的角度看民事诉讼行为的构成

从本质上来说,民事诉讼程序的基础,是由法院、当事人以及其他诉讼参与人的各种诉讼行为来构建的.离开民事诉讼法律关系主体的诉讼行为,民事诉讼程序无论如何都不会运转,充其量只能是空架子罢了.而当事人的民事诉讼行为作为民事诉讼程序启动的原动力,对其构成的分析对于完善我国诉讼行为理论具有重要的意义.参7.     

核素迁移柱法实验和模拟计算

提出了一种计算土柱实验中核素迁移参数的方法,并采用脉冲源法测定了核素在土柱中的水流速度、弥散系数,使用计算软件对核素的流出曲线进行了数值模拟,并对影响核素流出时间的参数进行了灵敏度分析.结果表明,在本实验条件下,CXTFIT程序能对实验值给出很好的拟合,含有化学平衡吸附的对流-弥散模型可较好地模拟核素在土柱中的运移特性,水流速度对核素的流出时间影响最大.     

用Excel2000线性规划最低成本法设计饲料配方

利用Excel2000电子数据表格软件提供的线性规划对畜禽的饲料配方寻求最优解，具有科学、运算速度快、增减原料随意和数据修改容易等优点，可以省去手工计算饲料配方的繁琐，与研制出来的专家系统饲料配方软件及相关计算机设计饲料配方的程序相比，该方法无须要求使用者首先购买这些软件和程序，只要用户购买电脑并安装上Excel7000电子数据表格软件后即可运用线性规划设计饲料配方。     

国产山蚂蝗属植物花粉形态及其分类意义

目前对国产山蚂蝗属植物花粉形态的报道尚不系统,仅限于部分地区的少数种类.为向国产山蚂蝗属类群的分类学修订及系统关系探讨提供佐证,选取3亚属7组17种国产山蚂蝗属植物花粉,利用电镜扫描进行系统观察和比较分析.结果表明,本属花粉粒为单分体,单粒花粉球形、近长球形或长球形,具三孔沟.花粉粒外壁具网状,皱波状纹饰.根据花粉外壁纹饰对供试样品进行分类得到7个分类群,与宏观的形态差异有一定的对应性.测量和计算得到极轴长(P)、花粉沟长/极轴长(C/P)、花粉沟长/沟中部宽以及极轴长/赤道轴长(P/E)4个定量花粉形态数据,将编码后的纹饰分类结果与定量结果联合进行聚类分析,得到4个分类群,部分分类结果与宏观形态学分类吻合.对山蚂蝗属植物孢粉学性状的研究结果对其属下分类具有一定的参考和指导意义.     

城市区域环境噪声标准适用区域划分方法和程序探讨

本文提供的噪声区划方法及程序是在天津市噪声区划所采用的软分类-ISODATA模糊聚类分析与定性区划相结合的研究方法基础上总结出来的.它明确指出以”居民、文教、机关用地”、“工业用地”、“道路用地”、“商业用地、”做为噪声区划的分类因子,介绍了两种噪声区划程序:定性噪声区划程序;定量噪声区划程序及噪声区划简化模型——区划线性方程.最后介绍了交通干线两侧区域划分的原则和方法程序,为城市噪声区划提供了参考程序.     

Using small triangular baffles to facilitate upstream fish passage in standard box culverts

Environmental Fluid Mechanics - A culvert is a covered channel to pass streams and floodwaters through an embankment. The ecological impact of culverts has been recognised, in particular in terms...     

Growth,mortality and recruitment of the yellow clam Mesodesma mactroides on Uruguayan beaches

We studied some aspects of the population dynamics of the yellow clam Mesodesma mactroides (Deshayes, 1854) which inhabits the eastern sandy beaches of Uruguay. Observations were made from March 1983 through March 1985 (harvesting season), and additional data from January 1988 to December 1989 (closed season) were also included in the analyses. Parameters of growth and mortality were estimated by methods that make use of age or length information. An age/length relationship was constructed by counting growth rings. Results were consistent with those obtained with modal class progression analysis and other length/frequency methods. The growth curve obtained from the age/length relationship did not account for seasonality in growth rate, and a seasonal growth model explained growth oscillations in a better way. The instantaneous coefficient of natural mortality (M) estimated for the closed season was 1.64, whereas an increase in fishing mortality (F) was observed during 1984. Age composition did not change during the 2 yr of study, and the first 6 mm class accounted for over 50% of the population. The main contribution of recruits was observed between late summer and early fall (February to April), and the recruitment pattern suggested one main settlement period per year. Growth and recruitment success appeared to be regulated by density-dependence processes. Some implications for management are considered in this context. Methodological aspects concerning the reliability of empirical equations and programs for estimating growth and mortality are discussed.     

Meta-analysis of landowner participation in voluntary incentive programs for provision of forest ecosystem services

Many voluntary incentive programs for provision of forest ecosystem services (ES) have low participation rates, insufficient enrollment areas, and inefficient ecological outcomes. Understanding participation behavior in such programs has therefore become a crucial part of policy success. We synthesized a large body of literature on the behavior of nonindustrial private forest owners based on surveys of stated (intended) participation or data on actual participation in existing or hypothetical programs. Using metaregression analysis, we examined how methodological, program-characteristic, and economic-incentive variables affected participation rate estimates. Participation rates tended to be overestimated when landowner participation was elicited in hypothetical choice situations (compared with real situations) and when dichotomous choice surveys (compared with census data) were used. The marginal effect sizes were quite large, for example, a 31% increase with use of stated choices in hypothetical scenarios, and practitioners should therefore be aware of them. However, use of choice experiment surveys in a modified scenario based on existing programs had no effect on participation when all other determinants were controlled for. Participation rates decreased significantly as length of the contract increased and when there was no withdrawal option. These results suggest that perpetual contracts have a lower negative impact on participation than time-limited contracts with a duration of over 50 years. We confirmed that as compensation amounts increased, participation increased. One-time up-front payments were more effective in increasing initial participation than annual payments for contracts of over 5 years. We identified the robust determinants and the effect sizes of those determinants on landowner participation rate estimates, thereby contributing to a better understanding of forest owner behavior and offering useful insights to enable researchers and resource managers to improve the design and efficiency of new and existing forest ES programs.     

A simple random path method for the analysis of flow networks

The path of a particle through an ecosystem is modelled as a Markov chain. For a given flow network, powers of the transition matrix are used to calculate the distribution of the particles over the network after each transition. The method may be applied for the definition and calculation of trophic levels in food webs. The algorithm yields the trophic level distribution of species, the species composition of trophic levels, and the path length distribution of output flows. In addition, the network can be described as a linear chain, with the throughflows at each step identified. Data from several ecosystems are analyzed by the method, showing that surprising insights may result.     

The Contribution of Habitat Loss to Changes in Body Size, Allometry, and Bilateral Asymmetry in Two Eleutherodactylus Frogs from Puerto Rico

Abstract:  Amphibian populations have been declining worldwide and the exact mechanisms underlying these changes are not well understood. We examined environmentally induced phenotypic changes that may reflect ongoing stresses on individuals and therefore their ability to persist in increasingly changing landscapes. Specifically, we evaluated the contribution of habitat loss on the size, allometry, and levels of fluctuating asymmetry of Eleutherodactylus antillensis and E. coqui , 2 common species that are endemic to Puerto Rico. We x-rayed frogs collected at 9 sites that differed in the amount of forest cover and measured their snout-vent, radio-ulna, femur, and tibio-fibula lengths. E. antillensis and E. coqui were smaller in the highly disturbed (≤20% forest cover) than in the intermediately (20–70% forest cover) and little-disturbed (≥70% forest cover) landscapes. In E. antillensis but not in E. coqui , the slope and intercept of the curves relating snout-vent length with the length of the 3 bones differed with degree of forest cover, suggesting an effect of habitat loss on body shape. In E. antillensis and E. coqui , differences between right and left sides corresponded to true fluctuating asymmetry; however, only the radio-ulna length of E. coqui showed a trend toward an increase in fluctuating asymmetry with habitat loss. Because body size scales with a variety of physiological, life history, and ecological traits, conservation programs aimed at monitoring morphological changes in amphibians may help in understanding the mechanisms that contribute to their persistence in changing environments.     

Phylogenetic Reanalysis of the Saudi Gazelle and Its Implications for Conservation

Abstract: The identification of taxonomically appropriate populations of endangered species for captive breeding and reintroduction programs is fundamental to the success of those programs. The Saudi gazelle (   Gazella saudiya ) was endemic to the Arabian peninsula but is now considered extinct in the wild and is potentially a candidate for captive breeding and reintroduction. Using 375 base pairs of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) cytochrome b gene derived from museum samples collected from the wild prior to the presumed extinction of this species, we show that G. saudiya is the sister taxon of the African dorcas gazelle (  G. dorcas ). Reciprocal monophyly of G. saudiya mtDNA haplotypes with G. dorcas , coupled with morphological distinctiveness, suggests that it is an evolutionarily significant unit. These data indicate that captive populations identified previously as potential sources of G. saudiya for captive breeding appear incorrectly designated and are irrelevant to the conservation of G. saudiya. The polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism ( PCR-RFLP) analysis of several private collections of living gazelles in Saudi Arabia provides no evidence for the survival of G. saudiya. We recommend that field surveys be undertaken to establish whether G. saudiya is indeed extinct in the wild and that other private collections within the Arabian peninsula be screened genetically. We urge caution when captive animals of unknown provenance are used to investigate the phylogenetics of cryptic species groups.     

Captive Breeding, Reintroduction, and the Conservation of Amphibians

Abstract: The global amphibian crisis has resulted in renewed interest in captive breeding as a conservation tool for amphibians. Although captive breeding and reintroduction are controversial management actions, amphibians possess a number of attributes that make them potentially good models for such programs. We reviewed the extent and effectiveness of captive breeding and reintroduction programs for amphibians through an analysis of data from the Global Amphibian Assessment and other sources. Most captive breeding and reintroduction programs for amphibians have focused on threatened species from industrialized countries with relatively low amphibian diversity. Out of 110 species in such programs, 52 were in programs with no plans for reintroduction that had conservation research or conservation education as their main purpose. A further 39 species were in programs that entailed captive breeding and reintroduction or combined captive breeding with relocations of wild animals. Nineteen species were in programs with relocations of wild animals only. Eighteen out of 58 reintroduced species have subsequently bred successfully in the wild, and 13 of these species have established self‐sustaining populations. As with threatened amphibians generally, amphibians in captive breeding or reintroduction programs face multiple threats, with habitat loss being the most important. Nevertheless, only 18 out of 58 reintroduced species faced threats that are all potentially reversible. When selecting species for captive programs, dilemmas may emerge between choosing species that have a good chance of surviving after reintroduction because their threats are reversible and those that are doomed to extinction in the wild as a result of irreversible threats. Captive breeding and reintroduction programs for amphibians require long‐term commitments to ensure success, and different management strategies may be needed for species earmarked for reintroduction and species used for conservation research and education.     

Factors Leading to Different Viability Predictions for a Grizzly Bear Data Set

Population viability analysis programs are being used increasingly in research and management applications, but there has not been a systematic study of the congruence of different program predictions based on a single data set. We performed such an analysis using four population viability analysis computer programs: GAPPS, INMAT, RAMAS/AGE, and VORTEX. The standardized demographic rates used in all programs were generalized from hypothetical increasing and decreasing grizzly bear ( Ursus arctos horribilis ) populations. Idiosyncracies of input format for each program led to minor differences in intrinsic growth rates that translated into striking differences in estimates of extinction rates and expected population size. In contrast, the addition of demographic stochasticity, environmental stochasticity, and inbreeding costs caused only a small divergence in viability predictions. But, the addition of density dependence caused large deviations between the programs despite our best attempts to use the same density-dependent functions. Population viability programs differ in how density dependence is incorporated, and the necessary functions are difficult to parameterize accurately. Thus, we recommend that unless data clearly suggest a particular density-dependent model, predictions based on population viability analysis should include at least one scenario without density dependence. Further, we describe output metrics that may differ between programs; development of future software could benefit from standardized input and output formats across different programs.     

Green,greener, greenest: Eco-label gradation and competition

This paper analyzes two common features of markets in which eco-label programs certify that products are “green”: gradation—single programs offering multiple certification standards (e.g., platinum, gold, silver)—and competition—multiple programs vying to certify to their respective standards. We find that, depending on whether programs are sponsored by industry, environmental groups, or a government, they have strikingly different incentives to grade or compete. Industry sponsors are indifferent about both; environmentalist sponsors optimally grade or compete with other environmentalist sponsors only if consumer preferences for green consumption are skewed in a specific way; and government sponsors׳ decisions depend on the relative importance of private vs. public benefits generated by the green market. We find also that it is no accident that green markets frequently have an environmentalist program competing with an industry one. For each of the cases examined, our analysis is consistent with casual empirical evidence.     

An experimental analysis of compliance in dynamic emissions markets

Two important design elements for emission trading programs are whether and to what extent firms are able to bank emissions permits, and how these programs are to be enforced. In this paper we present results from laboratory emissions markets designed to investigate enforcement and compliance when these markets allow permit banking. Banking is motivated by a decrease in the aggregate permit supply in the middle of multi-period trading sessions. Consistent with theoretical insights, our experiments suggest that high permit violation penalties have little deterrence value in dynamic emissions markets, and that the main challenge of enforcing these programs is to motivate truthful self-reports of emissions.