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1.
Differences between scientist and policy-maker response types and times, or the “how” and “when” of action, constrain effective water resource management in suburbanizing watersheds. Policy-makers are often rushed to find a single policy that can be applied across an entire, homogeneous, geopolitical region, whereas scientists undertake multiyear research projects to appreciate the complex interactions occurring within heterogeneous catchments. As a result, watershed management is often practiced with science and policy out of synch. Meanwhile, development pressures in suburban watersheds create changes in the social and physical fabric and pose a moving target for science and policy. Recent and anticipated advances in the scientific understanding of urbanized catchment hydrology and pollutant transport suggest that management should become increasingly sensitive to spatial heterogeneities in watershed features, such as soil types, terrain slopes, and seasonal watertable profiles. Toward this end, policy-makers should encourage funding scientific research that characterizes the impacts of these watershed heterogeneities within a geopolitical zoning and development framework. 相似文献
2.
The United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) and the Chlorine Chemistry Council, the Chemical Manufacturers
Association, and others have been embroiled in a legal challenge concerning the US EPA's “reversal” regarding the scientific
assessment of chloroform's carcinogenicity. This issue arose during the US EPA's November 1998 promulgation of a Maximum Contaminant
Level Goal for chloroform in the Stage 1 Final Rules for Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts in drinking water. In this
paper we adopt a claimsmaking approach: to trace the development and outcome of the chloroform court challenge in the USA,
to examine the construction of scientific knowledge claims concerning chloroform risk assessments, and to investigate how
different interpretations of scientific uncertainties regarding the evidence are contested when such uncertainties are brought
into a regulatory and judicial arena. This “science war” (Chlorine Chemistry Council and others v. US EPA and others) took
place in the US Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. The scientific “authority” in the construction of scientific
claims in this dispute is based on the International Life Sciences Institute expert panel report on chloroform. Examining
these science wars is important because they signal critical shifts in science policy agendas. The regulatory outcome of the
chloroform science war in the United States can have profound implications for the construction and acceptance of scientific
claims regarding drinking water in other jurisdictions (e.g., Canada). In this challenge, we argue that the actors involved
in the dispute constructed “boundaries” around accepted and credible scientific claims. 相似文献
3.
Kyle A. Young 《Environmental management》2000,26(2):131-144
Oncorhynchus sp.), regional governments now restrict timber harvest in riparian forests. I summarize and assess the riparian zone management
guidelines of the states of California, Oregon, and Washington (USA) and the province of British Columbia (Canada). Only Oregon
and British Columbia protect fish-bearing streams with “no-harvest” zones, and only the wider (20–50 m) no-harvest zones for
larger fish-bearing streams in British Columbia are likely to maintain near-natural linkages between riparian and stream ecosystems.
All four jurisdictions protect most streams with “management zones” of variable width, in which timber harvest activities
are restricted. All the management zone guidelines permit the harvest of the largest conifers from riparian forests and will,
if applied over a series of timber harvest rotations (60–80 years), result in the continued removal of potential sources of
large woody debris from the region's watersheds. All four jurisdictions require additional protection for streams and watersheds
that are severely degraded or (in the United States) contain threatened or endangered species. The governments of the PNW
have taken a “manage until degraded, then protect” approach to riparian forest management that is unlikely to maintain or
restore the full suite of riparian-stream linkages necessary for lotic ecosystems to function naturally at the stream, watershed,
basin, or regional scale. 相似文献
4.
Use of Soil and Water Protection Practices Among Farmers in Three Midwest Watersheds 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Data were collected from 1011 farmers in three Midwestern watersheds (Ohio, Iowa, and Minnesota) to assess factors that influence
the use of conservation production systems at the farm level. The “vested interests” perspective used to guide the investigation
was derived from elements of social learning and social exchange theories. Respondents were asked to indicate their frequency
of use for 18 agricultural production practices that could be adopted on Midwestern farms at the time of the study. Responses
to the 18 items were summed to form a composite variable, termed “conservation production index,” for use as the dependent
variable in multivariate analysis. Eleven independent variables were identified from the theory as likely predictors of conservation
adoption, including respondents' perceptions about production costs, output and risks, and perceived importance of access
to subsidies, technical assistance, and informational/educational programs. Regression analysis was used to assess the performance
of the independent variables in explaining variance in the conservation production index. Explained variance in the three
regression models ranged from 2% in the Minnesota watershed to 19% in the Ohio watershed. The researchers concluded that the
model had limited utility in predicting adoption of conservation production systems within the three study watersheds. Findings
are discussed in the context of conservation programs within the three areas. 相似文献
5.
Ton Baars 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2011,24(6):601-628
For further development of organic agriculture, it will become increasingly essential to integrate experienced innovative
practitioners in research projects. The characteristics of this process of co-learning have been transformed into a research
approach, theoretically conceptualized as “experiential science” (Baars 2007, Baars and Baars 2007). The approach integrates social sciences, natural sciences, and human sciences. It is derived from action research and belongs
to the wider field of transdiscliplinary research. In a dialogue-based culture of equality and mutual exchange the principal
of a “bottom-up” experiential learning process can be stimulated and fully reflective. It provides an opportunity to develop
organic agriculture as multiple best-practices based on transdisciplinary projects, cases studies, and case series. The aim
of the article is to describe the methodological characteristics and the theoretical and practical potential of experiential
science for research in and development of organic farming. Three characteristic projects are outlined to illustrate the main
elements of the methodology: the retrospective reflection on intuitive and experiential knowledge held by farmers; the knowledge
derived from on-farm experimentation; the exchange of knowledge and experiences between farming pioneers within a “masterclass”
setting. The study concludes that experiential science offers an important philosophical reconciliation process whereby a
synthesis of different approaches to research becomes possible in solving real-life problems: quantitative and qualitative,
subjective and objective, reductionistic and holistic, practice and science. Recognizing that there are multiple elements
contributing to the process of acquiring knowledge, experiential science draws on a broad field of scientific methods thereby
integrating the hermeneutic approach of social sciences and the Humanities with the established methods of contemporary natural
science. 相似文献
6.
Alan Miller 《Environmental management》1993,17(5):563-574
There is a continuing debate about the proper role of analytical (positivist) science in natural resource decision making.
Two diametrically opposed views are evident, arguing for and against a more extended role for scientific information. The
debate takes on a different complexion if one recognizes that certain kinds of problem, referred to here as “wicked” or “trans-science”
problems, may not be amenable to the analytical process. Indeed, the mistaken application of analytical methods to trans-science
problems may not only be a waste of time and money but also serve to hinder policy development. Since many environmental issues
are trans-science in nature, then it follows that alternatives to analytical science need to be developed. In this article,
the issues involved in the debate are clarified by examining the impact of the use of analytical methods in a particular case,
the spruce budworm controversy in New Brunswick. The article ends with some suggestions about a “holistic” approach to the
problem. 相似文献
7.
From Bathymetry to Bioshields: A Review of Post-Tsunami Ecological Research in India and its Implications for Policy 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Nibedita Mukherjee Farid Dahdouh-Guebas Vena Kapoor Rohan Arthur Nico Koedam Aarthi Sridhar Kartik Shanker 《Environmental management》2010,46(3):329-339
More than half a decade has passed since the December 26th 2004 tsunami hit the Indian coast leaving a trail of ecological,
economic and human destruction in its wake. We reviewed the coastal ecological research carried out in India in the light
of the tsunami. In addition, we also briefly reviewed the ecological research in other tsunami affected countries in Asia
namely Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Thailand and Maldives in order to provide a broader perspective of ecological research after
tsunami. A basic search in ISI Web of Knowledge using keywords “tsunami” and “India” resulted in 127 peer reviewed journal
articles, of which 39 articles were pertaining to ecological sciences. In comparison, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Thailand and Maldives
had, respectively, eight, four, 21 and two articles pertaining to ecology. In India, bioshields received the major share of
scientific interest (14 out of 39) while only one study (each) was dedicated to corals, seagrasses, seaweeds and meiofauna,
pointing to the paucity of research attention dedicated to these critical ecosystems. We noted that very few interdisciplinary
studies looked at linkages between pure/applied sciences and the social sciences in India. In addition, there appears to be
little correlation between the limited research that was done and its influence on policy in India. This review points to
gap areas in ecological research in India and highlights the lessons learnt from research in other tsunami-affected countries.
It also provides guidance on the links between science and policy that are required for effective coastal zone management. 相似文献
8.
ABSTRACT: We propose that some watersheds may be better candidates for watershed management than others. The extent of success of watershed management may depend, in part, on attributes intrinsic to watersheds: scientific feasibility, social feasibility, and motivational feasibility. Using illustrations from New Jersey watershed management efforts, we tie scientific feasibility to the nature of environmental problems and the scientific capability to solve them. Social feasibility encompasses civic infrastructure and engagement. Motivational feasibility includes issue salience linked to values or economic considerations. We suggest that assessments should be made about the viability of watershed management in specific watersheds and that priorities should be developed based on these assessments. Research on watershed management should explore not only how to improve watershed management but also where to conduct it. 相似文献
9.
Contemporary park and wilderness carrying capacity frameworks rely on formulation of standards of quality, which are defined
as minimum acceptable resource and social conditions. Formulation of standards of quality involves elements of both science
and values, and both of these elements must be integrated into informed judgments on the part of park and wilderness managers.
That is, managers must ultimately make value-based judgments about the maximum acceptable level of visitor-caused impacts
to the resource base and the quality of the visitor experience. However, such judgments should be as informed as possible
by scientific data on the relationships between visitor use and resulting impacts and the degree to which park and wilderness
visitors and other interest groups judge such impacts to be acceptable. Such information represents the “values of science”
to managing carrying capacity in parks and wilderness. A growing body of literature has begun to address the corresponding
“science of values,” and how this type of information might be integrated in park and wilderness management. Visitor-based
research has employed normative theory and techniques to explore the acceptability of a range of resource and social impacts
related to visitor use, and findings from these studies are being integrated into a body of knowledge and applied in management
decision-making. Conceptual and methodological extensions of the normative approach are currently being explored in a variety
of park and wilderness contexts, and new theoretical and empirical approaches are being adapted to address trade-offs inherent
in carrying capacity. In these ways, the science of values is progressing to meet the opportunities and challenges of the
values of science to park and wilderness management. The concept of carrying capacity, along with the theoretical and methodological
approaches described in this paper, can be extended to a large number of natural resource and environmental issues. 相似文献
10.
Kishor Atreya Bishal K. Sitaula Fred H. Johnsen Roshan M. Bajracharya 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2011,24(1):49-62
The rationale for pesticide use in agriculture is that costs associated with pesticide pollution are to be justified by its
benefits, but this is not so obvious. Valuing the benefits by simple economic analysis has increased pesticide use in agriculture
and consequently produced pesticide-induced “public ills.” This paper attempts to explore the research gaps of the economic
and social consequences of pesticide use in developing countries, particularly with an example of Nepal. We argue that although
the negative sides of agricultural development, for example- soil, water, and air pollution; pest resistance and resurgence;
bioaccumulation, bio-magnification; and loss of biodiversity and ecosystem resilience caused by the use of pesticides in agriculture,
are “developmental problems” and are “unintentional,” the magnitude may be increased by undervaluing the problems in the analysis
of its economic returns. Despite continuous effort for holistic system analyses for studying complex phenomena like pesticides
impacts, the development within the academic science has proceeded in the opposite direction that might have accelerated marginalization
of the third world subsistence agricultural communities. We hypothesize that, if these adversities are realized and accounted
for, the benefits from the current use of pesticides could be outweighed by the costs of pollution and ill human health. This
paper also illustrates different pathways and mechanisms for marginalization. In view of potential and overall negative impacts
of pesticide use, we recommend alternative ways of controlling pests such as community integrated pest management (IPM) along
with education and training activities. Such measures are likely to reduce the health and environmental costs of pesticide
pollution, and also enhance the capabilities of third world agricultural communities in terms of knowledge, decision making,
innovation, and policy change. 相似文献
11.
Charnay B 《Environmental management》2011,48(1):189-197
In the last fifty years, many mountain watersheds in temperate countries have known a progressive change from self-standing
agro-silvo-pastoral systems to leisure dominated areas characterized by a concentration of tourist accommodations, leading
to a drinking water peak during the winter tourist season, when the water level is lowest in rivers and sources. The concentration
of water uses increases the pressure on “aquatic habitats” and competition between uses themselves. Consequently, a new concept
was developed following the international conferences in Dublin (International Conference on Water and the Environment – ICWE)
and Rio de Janeiro (UN Conference on Environment and Development), both in 1992, and was broadly acknowledged through international
and European policies. It is the concept of Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM). It meets the requirements of different uses of water and aquatic zones whilst preserving the natural functions of such
areas and ensuring a satisfactory economic and social development. This paper seeks to evaluate a local water resources management
system in order to implement it using IWRM in mountain watersheds. The assessment method is based on the systemic approach
to take into account all components influencing a water resources management system at the watershed scale. A geographic information
system was built to look into interactions between water resources, land uses, and water uses. This paper deals specifically
with a spatial comparison between hydrologically sensitive areas and land uses. The method is applied to a French Alps watershed:
the Giffre watershed (a tributary of the Arve in Haute-Savoie). The results emphasize both the needs and the gaps in implementing
IWRM in vulnerable mountain regions. 相似文献
12.
The history of the establishment and management philosophies of the mainland Portuguese Protected Areas was reconstructed
through the use of written records and oral history interviews. The objectives were to review the main philosophies in the
creation and management of these areas, to assess the influence of international PA models, to compare the Portuguese case
with other European and international literature concerning PAs and to discuss the value of the oral history in this research.
As main results, it was found that the initial management model of “Wilderness (or Yellowstone)” was replaced by the “new
paradigm” of PAs when the democracy was re-established. Changes in the management philosophies within this “new paradigm”
were also identified, which resulted in the transition of a “Landscape” to a “Nature conservation” model. After the establishment
of the Natura 2000 network, the “Biodiversity conservation” model prevailed. It was also found that the initiative for the
establishment of most PAs came from the government, although there were few cases of creation due to the action of NGOs and
municipalities. Finally, oral history interviews enabled the addition of information to the literature review, but also provided
more insight and detail to this history. 相似文献
13.
Management of ecological reserve lands should rely on the best available science to achieve the goal of biodiversity conservation.
“Adaptive Resource Management” is the current template to ensure that management decisions are reasoned and that decisions
increase understanding of the system being managed. In systems with little human disturbance, certain management decisions
are clear; steps to protect native species usually include the removal of invasive species. In highly modified systems, however,
appropriate management steps to conserve biodiversity are not as readily evident. Managers must, more than ever, rely upon
the development and testing of hypotheses to make rational management decisions. We present a case study of modern reserve
management wherein beavers (Castor canadensis) were suspected of destroying habitat for endangered songbirds (least Bell’s vireo, Vireo bellii pusillus, and southwestern willow flycatcher, Empidonax traillii extimus) and for promoting the invasion of an exotic plant (tamarisk, Tamarix spp.) at an artificial reservoir in southern California. This case study documents the consequences of failing to follow
the process of Adaptive Resource Management. Managers made decisions that were unsupported by the scientific literature, and
actions taken were likely counterproductive. The opportunity to increase knowledge of the ecosystem was lost. Uninformed management
decisions, essentially “management by assertion,” undermine the long-term prospects for biodiversity conservation. 相似文献
14.
Yann Devos Pieter Maeseele Dirk Reheul Linda Van Speybroeck Danny De Waele 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2008,21(1):29-61
Via a historical reconstruction, this paper primarily demonstrates how the societal debate on genetically modified organisms
(GMOs) gradually extended in terms of actors involved and concerns reflected. It is argued that the implementation of recombinant
DNA technology out of the laboratory and into civil society entailed a “complex of concerns.” In this complex, distinctions
between environmental, agricultural, socio-economic, and ethical issues proved to be blurred. This fueled the confusion between
the wider debate on genetic modification and the risk assessment of transgenic crops in the European Union. In this paper,
the lasting skeptical and/or ambivalent attitude of Europeans towards agro-food biotechnology is interpreted as signaling
an ongoing social request – and even a quest – for an evaluation of biotechnology with Sense and Sensibility. In this (re)quest, a broader-than-scientific dimension is sought for that allows addressing the GMO debate in a more “sensible”
way, whilst making “sense” of the different stances taken in it. Here, the restyling of the European regulatory frame on transgenic
agro-food products and of science communication models are discussed and taken to be indicative of the (re)quest to move from
a merely scientific evaluation and risk-based policy towards a socially more robust evaluation that takes the “non-scientific”
concerns at stake in the GMO debate seriously. 相似文献
15.
The traditional vision of the role science should play in policy making is of a two stage process of scientists first finding
out the facts, and then policy makers making a decision about what to do about them. We argue that this two stage process
is a fiction and that a distinction must be drawn between pure science and science in the service of public policy. When science
is transferred into the policy realm, its claims to truth get undermined because we must abandon the open-ended nature of
scientific inquiry. When we move from the sphere of science to the sphere of policy, we pick an arbitrary point in the open-ended
scientific process, and ask our experts to give us the answer. The choice of the endpoint, however, must always be arbitrary
and determined by non-scientific factors. Thus, the two stages in the model of first finding the facts, and then making a
decision about what to do, cannot be clearly separated. The second stage clearly affects the first. This conclusion will have
implications about existing scientific policy institutions. For example, we advocate that the environmental assessment process
be radically overhauled, or perhaps even let go. It will be our position that ultimately a better model for the involvement
of scientists in public policy debates is that of being participants in particular interest groups (“hired guns”), rather
than as supposedly unbiased consultants to decision-makers. 相似文献
16.
Riparian livestock exclosure research in the western United States: a critique and some recommendations 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Sarr DA 《Environmental management》2002,30(4):516-526
Over the last three decades, livestock exclosure research has emerged as a preferred method to evaluate the ecology of riparian
ecosystems and their susceptibility to livestock impacts. This research has addressed the effects of livestock exclusion on
many characteristics of riparian ecosystems, including vegetation, aquatic and terrestrial animals, and geomorphology. This
paper reviews, critiques, and provides recommendations for the improvement of riparian livestock exclosure research. Exclosure-based
research has left considerable scientific uncertainty due to popularization of relatively few studies, weak study designs,
a poor understanding of the scales and mechanisms of ecosystem recovery, and selective, agenda-laden literature reviews advocating
for or against public lands livestock grazing. Exclosures are often too small (<50 ha) and improperly placed to accurately
measure the responses of aquatic organisms or geomorphic processes to livestock removal. Depending upon the site conditions
when and where livestock exclosures are established, postexclusion dynamics may vary considerably. Systems can recover quickly
and predictably with livestock removal (the “rubber band” model), fail to recover due to changes in system structure or function
(the “Humpty Dumpty” model), or recover slowly and remain more sensitive to livestock impacts than they were before grazing
was initiated (the “broken leg” model). Several initial ideas for strengthening the scientific basis for livestock exclosure
research are presented: (1) incorporation of meta-analyses and critical reviews. (2) use of restoration ecology as a unifying
conceptual framework; (3) development of long-term research programs; (4) improved exclosure placement/design; and (5) a stronger
commitment to collection of pretreatment data. 相似文献
17.
Degradation of warmwater streams in agricultural landscapes is a pervasive problem, and reports of restoration effectiveness
based on monitoring data are rare. Described is the outcome of rehabilitation of two deeply incised, unstable sand-and-gravel-bed
streams. Channel networks of both watersheds were treated using standard erosion control measures, and aquatic habitats within
1-km-long reaches of each stream were further treated by addition of instream structures and planting woody vegetation on
banks (“habitat rehabilitation”). Fish and their habitats were sampled semiannually during 1–2 years before rehabilitation,
3–4 years after rehabilitation, and 10–11 years after rehabilitation. Reaches with only erosion control measures located upstream
from the habitat measure reaches and in similar streams in adjacent watersheds were sampled concurrently. Sediment concentrations
declined steeply throughout both watersheds, with means ≥40% lower during the post-rehabilitation period than before. Physical
effects of habitat rehabilitation were persistent through time, with pool habitat availability much higher in rehabilitated
reaches than elsewhere. Fish community structure responded with major shifts in relative species abundance: as pool habitats
increased after rehabilitation, small-bodied generalists and opportunists declined as certain piscivores and larger-bodied
species such as centrarchids and catostomids increased. Reaches without habitat rehabilitation were significantly shallower,
and fish populations there were similar to the rehabilitated reaches prior to treatment. These findings are applicable to
incised, warmwater streams draining agricultural watersheds similar to those we studied. Rehabilitation of warmwater stream
ecosystems is possible with current knowledge, but a major shift in stream corridor management strategies will be needed to
reverse ongoing degradation trends. Apparently, conventional channel erosion controls without instream habitat measures are
ineffective tools for ecosystem restoration in incised, warmwater streams of the Southeastern U.S., even if applied at the
watershed scale and accompanied by significant reductions in suspended sediment concentration. 相似文献
18.
Ulysses Paulino de Albuquerque Luciana Gomes de Sousa Nascimento Fabio José Vieira Cybelle Maria de Albuquerque Duarte Almeida Marcelo Alves Ramos Ana Carolina Oliveira da Silva 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2012,25(1):19-32
The scientific community has debated the importance of “return” activities after ethnobiological studies. This issue has provoked
debate because it touches on the ethics of research and the relationships with the people involved in these studies. This
case study aimed to investigate community perception of an ethnobotany research project that was carried out in the semi-arid
region of northeastern Brazil. Furthermore, we reported how the residents of this rural community felt about participating
in the activities of “return” that arose from the projects. Our findings demonstrate that “return” activities should be planned
from the design phase of the research until its closure as a lifelong process that allows the communities involved to gradually
take ownership of the information and actions that are being generated. Similarly, we argue that such activities must be negotiated
with the people of the community so that they have decision-making power and autonomy to decide what is most relevant to their
lives. 相似文献
19.
Francisco Seijo Maria Marcela Godoy Dante Guglielmin Cecilia Ciampoli Samuel Ebright Omar Picco Guillermo Defoss 《Environmental management》2020,65(4):448-462
The creation of protected conservation areas may result in protracted conflicts between stakeholders. In this study we examine the drivers of anthropogenic wildfire ignitions in the National Park of “los Alerces” (NPA) in Patagonia, Argentina. The NPA was established in 1937 to protect the native “andino-patagónico” forests from wildfires as well as preserving its scenic beauty and native flora and fauna. At the time of its creation state authorities prohibited all extractive human activities in the “intangible”—fully protected—“National Park” section, while other regulated extractive and ecotourism activities were allowed to continue in the “Natural Reserve” section in an effort to accommodate the historical entitlements of the displaced populations of “pobladores” (settlers) that had been living in the NPA for over a century. Here we interviewed the main stakeholder groups—“pobladores”, forest rangers and administrators, ecolodge owners and angler club members—to identify the drivers of wildfire ignitions in the park. Wildfires have been singled out by state authorities as the main threat to the NPA though considerable scientific uncertainty exists regarding their complex ecological effects. This study argues, based on the human and biophysical system data collected, that two conflicting cultural frames exist within the NPA that provide the necessary backdrop for understanding the drivers of wildfire ignitions. In turn, these findings raise puzzling dilemmas for the main theoretical approaches that have been used to inform and design conflict management strategies in protected conservation areas. 相似文献
20.
Wibeck V 《Environmental management》2012,49(4):776-787
In managing environmental problems, several countries have chosen the management by objectives (MBO) approach. This paper
investigates how focus group participants from the Swedish environmental administration used metaphors to describe the mode
of organization needed to attain environmental objectives. Such analysis can shed light on how an MBO system is perceived
by actors and how it works in practice. Although the Swedish government intended to stimulate broad-based cooperation among
many actors, participants often saw themselves as located at a certain “level,” i.e., “higher” or “lower,” in the MBO system—that
is, their conceptions corresponded to a traditional, hierarchical interpretation of MBO. Prepositions such as “in” and “out”
contributed to feelings of inclusion and exclusion on the part of MBO actors. However, horizontal metaphors merged with vertical
ones, indicating ongoing competition for the right to interpret how the system of environmental objectives should best be
managed. The paper concludes that any organization applying MBO could benefit from discussing alternate ways of talking and
thinking about its constituent “levels.” 相似文献