中国流域生态补偿制度的法律思考

分析了流域生态现状,指出了流域生态危机的严重性和完善流域生态补偿法律制度的迫切性,叙述了流域生态补偿制度建立的理论基础(即生态资本理论、公共产品理论和外部效应理论),在对中国现有流域生态补偿政策和法律规定分析的基础上,指出了中国现有流域生态补偿法律制度存在的缺陷,从流域生态补偿金、补偿对象、补偿标准和补偿方式方面提出了建议.     

关于建立低碳标志认证制度的初步设想

低碳标志认证制度是实现温室气体减排和促进国际贸易发展的有效手段,大力发展低碳标志认证制度是顺应国际趋势、符合中国国情的必然选择.在分析中国开展低碳标志工作必要性的基础上,结合国内先进经验,初步设计中国低碳标志认证制度框架,并根据中国的自身特点提出推进低碳标志认证制度的若干建议,为推进中国经济向低碳经济模式转型、进一步提升中国在国际贸易中的竞争力奠定基础.     

江苏在太湖流域开展补偿机制的思考

为了保护环境和促进生态可持续发展,需要建立生态环境补偿制度。从水资源补偿的经济理论出发,由广义和狭义两个方面,解释了水资源补偿的概念,进而探讨了在江苏太湖流域实施资源补偿的原则,以及开展补偿机制的重大意义。     

南京市江宁区地表水断面生态补偿机制研究

经济的高速发展不只是为社会带来了便利,也无形中增加了水资源消耗的速率与水环境污染的负担。自“十三五”以来,为提高断面水环境质量、提升整体水质环境,各省市相继出台了水环境提升、水污染防治以及生态补偿政策。南京市江宁区顺应中央要求并结合自身特点,积极制定并实施了断面生态补偿工作方案,建立了由考核指标、补偿方式、核算方法、补偿标准组成的成套断面生态补偿考核系统。明确了补偿标准机制、补偿责任分配以及补偿资金使用等关键问题。为推进江宁区断面水质达标工作与水环境提升的总体目标奠定了夯实的基础。     

试论废水处理设施年检制度的建立与运作

论述了建立废水处理设施年检制度的重要意义。提出此项制度可由国家或地方人民政府制定，各级环保主管部门实施。目的在于对在用设施实行科学管理，找准问题，提出建议，指导整改，发挥效能。年检制度具有强制性、真实性、权威性、服务性和周期性的特点。年检内容涉及日常废水处理的各个方面和设施本身的各个环节。     

从委托代理理论谈中国的环境影响评价制度

根据委托代理理论,分析了中国环境影响评价制度中存在的问题,立足于绿色招商的理念,理顺建设项目环评委托代理关系,明确了建设单位、环评单位、招商部门、环保部门等相互之间的关系和职责,以使中国的环境影响评价制度更适应新型工业化道路发展的要求。     

规划环境影响评价中生态补偿机制的构建

以规划分析、生态环境质量现状调查为基础,以规划实施带来的生态环境影响为依据,采用多种方法建立生态补偿标准核算体系,确定补偿主体、客体及补偿方式,建立生态补偿保障体系,最后将生态补偿机制纳入规划文本,实施规划,并对生态补偿实施效果进行跟踪反馈,不断修正规划环境影响评价中的生态补偿机制.该机制的建立将有效降低规划实施带来的生态损失,实现从源头预防和控制生态影响,提高规划环境影响评价的有效性.     

论环境污染损失计价与补偿的经济机制

通过对环境污染损失内容的分析 ,认为环境污染损失量是由生产损失、固定资产损失、健康损失、环境质量损失、舒适性损失、预防支出构成 ,这些损失是可以计量的 ,而且是构成生态补偿定价的基础 ;对污染实施制度性经济补偿不仅可保护受害者 ,而且有利于减少排污、保护环境     

生态补偿机制在乐清市的实践与探索

建立生态补偿机制已成为社会共识,各级政府就开展生态补偿进行了多种形式的探索与实践.乐清市结合生态环境功能区规划,以生态环境功能禁止准入区为切入点,试行生态补偿,以进一步调整优化财政支出结构,促进区域平衡和社会公平.     

垃圾站垃圾定量出料系统研究与设计

通过对垃圾站内垃圾出料现状的分析及不同出料方式的比较,确定了垃圾出料口出料系统的设计方案,提出了一种全新的出料方式,解决了垃圾站内垃圾定量出料问题.     

Potential assessment of establishing a renewable energy plant in a rural agricultural area

An evaluation of the green energy potential generated from biogas and solar power, using agricultural manure waste and a photovoltaic (PV) system, was conducted in a large geographical area of a rural county with low population density and low pollution. The studied area, Shoufeng Township in Hualien County, is located in eastern Taiwan, where a large amount of manure waste is generated from pig farms that are scattered throughout the county. The objective of the study is to assess the possibility of establishing an integrated manure waste treatment plant by using the generated biogas incorporated with the PV system to produce renewable energy and then feed it back to the incorporated farms. A filed investigation, geographic information system (GIS) application, empirical equations development, and RETScreen modeling were conducted in the study. The results indicate that Shoufeng Township has the highest priority in setting up an integrated treatment and renewable energy plant by using GIS mapping within a 10-km radius of the transportation range. Two scenarios were plotted in assessing the renewable energy plant and the estimated electricity generation, plus the greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction was evaluated. Under the current governmental green energy scheme and from a long-term perspective, the assessment shows great potential in establishing the plant, especially in reducing environmental pollution problems, waste treatment, and developing suitable renewable energy.     

Two-phase flow and transport in a single fracture-porous medium system

The prognosis for the remediation of contaminated fractured media is much worse than that for more homogeneous units. Fractures act as conduits for the flow of dense non-aqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs), while diffusion is responsible for the storage of dissolved mass in the surrounding matrix. A numerical model incorporating aqueous phase transport in a variable-aperture fracture and its surrounding matrix is developed and coupled with an existing two-phase flow model. The processes of transient two-phase flow, non-equilibrium dissolution, advective–dispersive transport in the fracture, and three-dimensional matrix diffusion are included in the model. Results from various investigations show that the DNAPL distribution is very sensitive to variations in aperture within a single fracture. Diffusion-controlled mass removal from both the matrix and from the hydraulically inaccessible zones within the fracture itself result in extremely large time frames for significant mass removal from these systems. Success in aqueous phase mass removal from the matrix is very sensitive to the effective fracture spacing. The hydraulic gradient in the fracture only affects the amount of water removed from the system, and does not greatly affect the amount of time required to remove the contaminant mass from the matrix. The ability to remove mass is somewhat sensitive to the porosity and effective matrix diffusion coefficient over the range of expected values.     

高负荷人工土层地下渗滤系统处理生活污水中试工程的研究

对传统的地下渗滤系统进行改进,采用多层过渡结构的人工土层来增大对颗粒有机物的接触氧化表面积,同时设置曝气装置保证好氧过程的氧气供应,可以大大提高污水地下处理系统的水力负荷.以中国南方典型的红壤土、河沙和砾石为填充材料,处理广州地化所小区的生活污水,水力负荷达40 cm/d,远大于类似系统.试验结果表明,改进后的系统能创造良好的好氧/厌氧环境,对污染物去除效果良好,COD、BOD5、TN、NH 4-N、TP和SS去除率分别达到了76.7%～89.1%、83.3%～92.5%、50.3%～66.1%、65.2%～79.6%、75.4%～90.1%和77.0%～91.3%,出水主要污染物达到了《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978-1996)一级排放标准或二级排放标准.     

区域污染物总量控制动态化管理技术应用研究

在对近十年江苏省扬州市社会经济环境方面几十个指标上万个数据进行科学分析的基础上,揭示出区域污染物总量控制与社会、经济、环境建设和发展相关联性,总量控制具有宏观性.区域污染物总量可纳入各级政府和相关部门行政首长政绩考核中.首次建立区域污染物总量控制考核指标体系水平等级的评定模式和动态管理的应用技术.该成果不仅为城乡可持续发展奠定了基础,也为区域实现污染物总量控制动态化、规范化管理提供技术支撑和启示.     

模拟煤灰渣垂直潜流人工湿地的除磷性能分析

为确定煤灰渣作为垂直潜流人工湿地基质的可行性,通过静态吸附实验和煤灰渣去除生活污水中的磷素实验,表明煤灰渣对污水中磷素的吸附平衡时间较短,吸附速率较快.当温度降低时,煤灰渣的磷素吸附容量对吸附平衡浓度依赖性和吸附强度随之降低,最大理论吸附容量亦降低 83.10% .在处理0.5 m 3 /(m2·d)的生活污水中,煤灰渣对TP的平均去除率达86.03%,吸附方式包括物理吸附和化学吸附,同时得出煤灰渣最大磷素解析量占最大理论吸附容量的0.73%,在实际人工湿地应用中应注意磷素解析而形成的二次污染.     

Enhanced remediation of dioxins-spiked soil by a plant-microbe system using a dibenzofuran-degrading Comamonas sp. and Trifolium repens L

In this study, rhizoremediation technology was applied to dioxins-spiked soil. A dibenzofuran-degrading bacterium Comamonas sp. strain KD7, reported in the previous paper, was used in combination with white clover (Trifolium repens L.). First, the effect of strain KD7 on clover seed germination and root elongation was examined in the presence of dioxins compounds. As a result, the white clover seeds inoculated with strain KD7 exhibited a higher germination efficiency and increased root elongation compared with uninoculated white clover. Next, the recovery efficiency of two extraction methods were considered for analyzing the dioxin concentration in soil samples, then, the potential of the plant-microbe combination was evaluated for the remediation of dioxins-spiked soil. After 12 week of growth, significant reductions in the soil were confirmed for most compounds. Our results demonstrated that clover can function as a carrier in order to increase the dioxin-degrading activity of strain KD7. The association of clover and strain KD7 is considered to be a potential tool in the remediation of dioxin-contaminated soil.     

利用数学模拟方法分析硝化MBR系统中SMP转换过程

为深入了解膜生物反应器（MBR）中微生物代谢产物（SMP）的生成降解以及利用情况,研究了以NH4Cl为惟一能源物质的硝化MBR反应器中SMP浓度以及分子量（MW）变化情况,并运用活性污泥模型3（ASM3）准确地计算出微生物利用底物相关的溶解性产物（UAP）和微生物死亡相关的溶解性产物（BAP）的量分别是多少,最终证明硝化系统中产生的SMP可作为能源物质被异养菌进一步利用,而且相较于BAP而言UAP更易于被生物降解,得出结论BAP是SMP中的主要污染成分。     

The influence of plantation forestry on the pH and aluminium concentration of upland welsh streams: a re-examination

Previous studies relating forest presence to stream acidity and aluminium concentration were based on small numbers of catchments, often precluding the elimination of confounding influences on stream chemistry, such as geology or soil type. Spatial patterns in aluminium and pH data from 113 Welsh catchments of contrasting land use were therefore analysed in three different ranges of acid sensitivity (< 10, 10-15, 15-25 mg CaCO(3) litre(-1) total hardness). In each range, pH declined and aluminium increased significantly with increasing percentage forest cover. There was no evidence that the relationships reflected a spurious effect of forest location. Where aluminium concentrations were elevated under forest in a sub-set of 13 streams, aluminium was present predominantly in the labile form, most toxic to fish. Regressions of pH and aluminium on percentage forest cover provide a useful method of assessing the amount of forest in Welsh catchments which might give rise to given chemical conditions (e.g. pH <6, Al > 80 microg litre(-1)), though some difficulties are likely in accurately specifying the conditions desirable for fish or other biota.     

论生态环境建设的基本法律制度

中国现有的生态环境建设的立法,缺乏对生态环境建设基本法律制度系统而明确的规定,无法满足生态环境建设的实际需要.针对现状,就中国生态环境建设的基本法律制度加以探讨,以期完善生态环境建设的立法规定.