中国的生态城市建设及生态产业方法在其中的作用

生态城市是一类具有经济高产生态高效的产业、系统负责社会和谐的文化、结构健康生命力强的景观的行政单元.其建设目标是通过规划、设计、管理和建设生态景观、生态产业和生态文化来实现结构耦合的合理、代谢过程的平衡和功能的可持续性.生态城市是以生态经济学、系统工程学为理论基础,通过改变生产方式、消费行为和决策手段,实现在当地生态系统承载能力范围内可持续的、健康的人类生态过程.体制整合、科技孵化、企业投资、公众参与和政府引导是生态城市发展的基本方法.清洁生产和生态产业是生态城市建设的关键.在搞好技术和管理的同时,怎样在局地和区域生态系统尺度上整合生产、消费和还原功能,建设一类和谐的生态景观,企业的空间和城市尺度应予以充分的重视.     

循环经济建设的产业生态学方法

循环经济是按生态学原理和系统工程方法运行的具有整体、协同、循环、自生功能的复合生态经济.生态产业是一类按循环经济规律组织起来的基于生态系统承载能力,具有完整的生命周期、高效的代谢过程及和谐的生态功能的网络型、进化型、复合型产业.从传统工业经济向循环经济的转型需要一场生产方式、消费模式和生态影响方式的产业生态革命,其理论基础是经济生态、人类生态、景观生态和复合生态.产业生态转型的实质是变产品经济为功能经济,变环境投入为生态产出,促进生态资产与经济资产、生态基础设施与生产基础设施、生态服务功能与社会服务功能的平衡与协调发展.生态产业设计的原则包括横向耦合、纵向闭合、区域耦合、社会整合、功能导向、结构柔化、能力组合、信息开放、人类生态.产业生态系统是一类社会经济自然复合生态系统,具有生产、生活、供给、接纳、控制和缓冲的整合功能和错综复杂的人类生态关系,其方法论的核心在于时、空、量、构、序的生态整合.生态文化是循环经济的灵魂,指人与环境和谐共处、持续生存、稳定发展的文化,包括体制文化、认知文化、物态文化和心态文化.     

循环经济建设的产业生态学方法

循环经济是按生态学原理和系统工程方法运行的具有整体、协同、循环、自生功能的复合生态经济.生态产业是一类按循环经济规律组织起来的基于生态系统承载能力,具有完整的生命周期、高效的代谢过程及和谐的生态功能的网络型、进化型、复合型产业.从传统工业经济向循环经济的转型需要一场生产方式、消费模式和生态影响方式的产业生态革命,其理论基础是经济生态、人类生态、景观生态和复合生态.产业生态转型的实质是变产品经济为功能经济,变环境投入为生态产出,促进生态资产与经济资产、生态基础设施与生产基础设施、生态服务功能与社会服务功能的平衡与协调发展,生态产业设计的原则包括横向耦合、纵向闭合、区域耦合、社会整合、功能导向、结构柔化、能力组合、信息开放、人类生态.产业生态系统是一类社会-经济-自然复合生态系统,具有生产、生活、供给、接纳、控制和缓冲的整合功能和错综复杂的人类生态关系,其方法论的核心在于时、空、量、构、序的生态整合.生态文化是循环经济的灵魂,指人与环境和谐共处、持续生存、稳定发展的文化.包括体制文化、认知文化、物态文化和心态文化.     

四川遂宁现代生态田园城市建设的研究

生态田园城市是现代城市的发展目标,已成为我国城市建设的热点.现代生态田园城市建设的关键在于建立城市生态基础设施系统,为城市可持续发展和营造宜居环境提供生态系统服务.遂宁现代生态田园城市规划将生态基础设施规划、产业发展规划、社会公共服务设施规划"三规合一",营造一个生态安全健康、生产低碳高效、生活安康富裕,社会公平和谐的美丽新城市.     

生态城市建设与城市超循环体系的构建

生态城市的设计、建设和评价,应从人、社会、自然3个层次和城市的结构、功能、协调和目标4个方面来进行定位,最终达到完善结构、提升功能、增进协调、城市优美和谐的目标。城市超循环体系是生态城市社会结构的重要组成部分,城市超循环体系的具有企业、产业、城市、区域4个基本层次,其循环体系、模式、功能和目标均各不相同。生态城市建设与城市超循环体系构建具有在理念上的一致性、结构和功能上的嵌套性、目标和发展机制上的同一性,在更深层次上表现为城市或国家整体中不同民族、不同宗教、多元文化的生态意识在生态理念方面的协调性。     

流域水生态功能区划及其关键问题

作为流域生态系统管理和水资源保护的重要手段,如何科学合理地开展流域水生态功能区划,已成为世界各国可持续发展所面临的关键挑战之一.本文立足我国流域综合管理的特点和发展趋势,针对我国现行水功能区划的问题,结合国外流域水生态区划的经验,提出了基于流域生态学、地域分异规律、生态系统健康与生态完整性、流域生态系统管理等理论基础的,以恢复流域持续性、完整性生态系统健康为目标,反映流域水陆耦合体在不同时空尺度景观异质性的流域水生态功能区划及其原则,重点分析了流域水生态系统的空间格局、生态过程以及动态演替等3个区划的关键问题,并提出了区划的方法,以期为我国流域水生态功能区划和流域生态系统管理提供战略层次的科学依据.     

青州市峱山经济发展区土地利用与空间布局

根据土地现状、绿地系统和空间布局等因素对城市生态环境具有的重要作用,对山东省青州市峱山经济发展区进行了用地分析和生态评价。依据新区空间发展的生态理念,深入研究了生态空间功能组团、总体功能布局。详细论述了峱山经济发展区的绿地生态系统规划,提出了以生态景观轴线连通各个绿地,形成生态功能突出、配置合理、通达性良好的绿地生态系统,以保障青州市峱山经济发展区生态和谐、健康的发展。     

生态规划编制的相关问题思考

首先明确了生态规划的地位与作用,生态规划应该为区域经济、社会和环境和谐发展起到指导作用,其属性是战略规划。提出了有效解决生态规划编制的一些方法和思路,对生态功能的分区、生态产业发展、生态景观规划以及信息技术应用进行了探讨,最后建议从立法、编制审批、标准等方面加强生态规划制度建设。     

基于城市可持续发展的生态绿地建设——以仪征市为例

寻求合乎社会目的与自然规律的城市发展之路，目前必须实施生态建设，加强城市生态系统的负反馈调节。城市生态绿地建设推进城市生态系统良性循环改善城市自身调节功能，使人与自然关系和谐统一，为城市可持续发展作必要的支撑，是城市基础设施建设的重要组成部分。本文以仪征市为例，着重探讨发展中工业城市生态绿地建设的一些主要问题。     

济宁生态市规划与建设途径

生态市是实现城市社会—经济—自然可持续发展的一种模式和过程。以山东省济宁市为例,提出了济宁生态市建设的战略措施。从资源型城市的产业生态转型、水体和矿山的自然生态修复和孔孟文化的人文生态振兴3方面提出了建设目标;建设框架包括自生型生态环境、竞争型循环经济和共生型和谐社会。主导产业和循环经济建设要促进传统农业和矿山开采型产业向静脉产业、阳光产业、物流产业、文化产业和旅游产业的生态转型;从水资源、水环境、水生态、水景观、水安全和水文化建设几方面提出了水资源保护与水环境治理的综合措施;最后提出了济宁市煤矿塌陷区的生态修复对策和生态文化建设策略。     

论郊区农业生态环境建设的几个问题

在对郊区环境组成、结构、生态环境特征等区域研究的基础上 ,以边缘效应的理论为出发点 ,深入分析了城乡交错带的几个生态环境建设问题。认为郊区生态建设应以 (1)城市废弃物的再生地 ,(2 )生态旅游与农业文化的消费地 ,(3)现代持续农业的先导区等为目标。最后分析了城乡交错面 (边缘界面 )对城乡复合生态系统中环境应力的聚合放大效应 ,指出效区农业生态环境的调控是防止城乡矛盾激化的根本措施     

Ecological risk assessment based on freshwater consumption dynamic analysis of Xiamen City,China

Freshwater is the lifeline of a city. Shortages in urban water supply and ecological losses occur when freshwater supply capacity and demand are imbalanced. Therefore, systematic research on the risk of freshwater consumption in urban areas is urgently demanded. A scientific understanding of the risk of urban water consumption will contribute to the efficient use of freshwater resources and ensure the stability and sustainable development of cities. Taking Xiamen City as the study area, we evaluated the ecological risk of freshwater consumption scenarios in the years 2020 and 2030 using a multilevel characterization method for urban ecological risk, stepwise regression analysis, and a gray prediction model. The results of our evaluation show that freshwater consumption in Xiamen is highly correlated with the total population, the crop acreage, the proportion of secondary industry, and the treatment rate of domestic sewage. In the 2020 and 2030 scenarios, freshwater consumption in Xiamen City is predicted to increase. Meanwhile, with the construction of water conservancy facilities, the supply capacity of freshwater in Xiamen City will be greatly improved. Therefore, the ecological impacts of freshwater consumption in the 2020 and 2030 scenarios were at the middle and low levels. In this study, the validity of the multilevel characterization method described herein for urban ecological risk has been confirmed. However, calculation of scenario probability is a difficult problem in the framework of this method, and future research should address this issue.     

Comprehensive urban planning and management at multiple scales based on ecological principles: a case study in Beijing,China

SUMMARY

Rapid urbanisation and serious environmental problems have led people worldwide to realise the significance of urban planning and management towards a sustainable environment. Beijing was used as a case study to develop a framework and strategies for sustainable development using ecological principles. At the regional level, Beijing-Tianjin agglomeration and Hebei Province are considered together. At the Beijing administrative level, some important measures are put forward for revision of the Beijing Urban Master Plan. At the Beijing plain level, the future spatial structure of Beijing city and the relationship between settlements, green space and transportation are considered, and three basic development patterns are proposed. At the inner district level, the ecological corridor system is suggested, based on ecosystem services. At the selected area level, a comprehensive strategy and key measures for conservation and renewal of old Beijing city core are provided. Once strategies for Beijing urban development are implemented step-by-step, a vision for future development can be achieved. This paper provides considerations for improvement of urban planning and management in China and other countries.     

生态城市的指标体系与评价方法

本文从城市生态系统结构，功能和功调度三方面构建了生态城市的指标体系，提出了生态城市的评价方法，并选择上海，深圳，天津，香港等五个沿海城市进行了城市生态化程度的分析。     

成都市生态城市建设的路径设计

文章结合成都市自然资源的优势和特点,依据生态原理的基本思想,从城市河流生态的保护与建设;成都绿化的生态建设与城市生态社区示范建设;城乡融合生态系统的基本设计;成都郊县市生态农业、生态聚落的建设和生态建设总体布局与功能分区等五个方面进行了具体的分析,提出了相关的设计路径和措施。     

Methodology for an urban ecological footprint to evaluate sustainable development in China

The ecological footprint (EF) is a method for measuring sustainable development through ecological impact. A methodology is presented for predicting urban ecological footprints. Urban energy use and natural resource consumption were analyzed to calculate an EF based on land type (arable, pasture, forest, fossil energy land, built-up area and water area) and consumption (food, housing, transportation, goods, services and waste). The result was then compared with the local ecological carrying capacity to develop criteria for sustainable ecological footprints. Case studies of four cities in China (Guangzhou, Ningbo, Suzhou and Yangzhou) illustrate the urban EF approach. The time series of EF in a case study of Guangzhou for 1991–2001 was analyzed and the consumption–land-use matrix of urban EF was established. The results show that the cities are ecologically unsustainable, with average ecological conflicts per capita of more than 2 ha. The urban EF method is useful to measure urban sustainable development and provides policy proposals for decision-making. However, the EF method still has limitations and weaknesses.     

城市化对北京霾日数影响统计分析

近年来,随着超大城市/城市群大气灰霾等复合污染加剧,引起人们对区域生态环境与及公共健康问题越来越多的关注。应用北京地区1980—2012年气候资料及同期城市发展统计指标,统计分析了城、郊区间霾日数的变化特征,并在此基础上探讨了北京城市化及局地气候差异对霾日数的影响。分析表明：北京城区霾日数要明显多于郊区,在2007年以前城、郊区站点均有相似的波动增长趋势,但城区站霾日数增加速率（约21 d/10 a）要远大于郊区站（约7.2 d/10 a）;北京各地霾日数与主要城市发展指数之间的相关系数均超过0.001显著性水平,随着城市化而迅速增加的能源消耗和机动车尾气排放是导致北京地区灰霾天气逐渐增多的主要污染源,污染源的不均匀分布是导致城、郊霾日数差异的主要因素。分析还发现,城市化导致的区域气候差异对局地灰霾亦有较明显的影响。伴随着城市化的快速发展,城、郊区气候差异逐渐变大,城市下垫面粗糙度增加导致近地面层风速减小。大城市热岛效应背景下,更容易出现较厚的逆温层,这将阻碍空气垂直方向的对流输送。此外,城区气温持续上升,相对湿度下降,平均风速减小,小风频率增加,也会阻碍空气的水平流通,使得城市排放颗粒污染物的扩散难以扩散,有利于霾日增加。这表明北京地区城市气候效应对区域生态环境具有不可忽视的影响。     

Emergy analysis of the urban metabolism of Beijing

Cities can be modeled as if they were superorganisms with a range of metabolic processes. Research on this urban metabolism can contribute to solving urban environmental problems by revealing details of the metabolic throughput of the system. A key issue is how to find a common basis for measuring the environmental and economic values. By providing a single unified unit, emergy theory integrates the natural and socioeconomic systems and thoroughly evaluates a system's metabolism. We analyzed Beijing's urban metabolic system using emergy synthesis to evaluate its environmental resources, economy, and environmental and economic relations with the regions outside the city during 14 years of development. We compared Beijing's emergy indices with those of five other Chinese cities and of China as a whole to assess Beijing's relative development status. These indices are the emergy self-support ratio (metabolic dependence), the environmental load ratio (metabolic loading), empower density (metabolic pressure), emergy used per person (metabolic intensity per capita), and the monetary equivalent of emergy (emdollars; metabolic intensity). Based on our emergy analysis, Beijing's socioeconomic system is not self-sufficient, and depends greatly on external environmental resources. Its GDP is supported by a high percentage of emergy purchased from outside the city. During the study period, Beijing's urban system showed an increasing dependence on external resources for its economic development. Beijing's loading and pressure on the ecological environment is continuously increasing, accompanied by continuously increasing human emergy consumption. In the future, it will become increasingly necessary to improve Beijing's metabolic efficiency.