Source-Receptor Relationships for Acid Deposition: Pure and Simple

The Critical Review entitled Source-Receptor Relationships for Acid Deposition: Pure and Simple? was presented by George M. Hidy at the 77th APCA Annual Meeting and Exhibition in San Francisco, California. Dr. Hidy spoke on his paper which had been published in the May 1984 issue of JAPCA. Prepared discussions presented at the Critical Review Session in San Francisco are reproduced here. In addition, discussion initiated from the floor and comments received through the mail have been formalized and are published along with closing remarks by Dr. Hidy. Dr. Paul J. Lioy, Critical Review Committee chairman, served as moderator for the 1984 Critical Review Session.     

A Critical Review Discussion Papers

The Critical Review on Motor Vehicle Inspection/Maintenance Programs was presented by John C. Elston at a Session at the 74th Annual Meeting of APCA in Philadelphia. Mr. Elston summarized his paper which had been published in the May 1981 of JAPCA. Prepared discussions which were presented by Mr. Cackette, Mr. Weaver, Dr. Jones, and Mr. Wallis are reproduced here. In addition, comments made from the floor by Dr. McKee, Mr. Pattison, and Mr. Seliber have been formalized and are presented here along with the discussion from the floor. Mr. Elston responds to the comments of his peers. Dr. Melvin W. First was Moderator of the Session.     

A Critical Review

The Critical Review Session on Atmospheric Dispersion Modeling was attended by nearly 400 people at the 72nd Annual Meeting of APCA at Cincinnati. D. Bruce Turner, whose paper appeared in the May 1979 Journal, summarized his findings. Prepared discussions which were presented by Dr. Egan, Dr. Spengler, and Mr. Mirabella are reproduced here with the floor discussion and a response by Mr. Turner. One of the important aspects of the Critical Review Program has always been the emphasis on this open discussion of the subject under review by peers of the author. Dr. Melvin W. First was Moderator of the Session.     

Ozone Air Quality Models Prepared Discussion

The APCA Critical Review entitled “Ozone Air Quality Models” was presented by John H. Seinfeld, Louis E. Nohl Professor and Executive Officer for Chemical Engineering at the California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California. Dr. Seinfeld presented his review at the 81st APCA Annual Meeting & Exhibition, held in Dallas, Texas in June 1988. The Critical Review paper, published in the May 1988 issue of JAPCA, highlighted recent advances and continuing problem areas in photochemical air quality modeling. Prepared discussions and floor comments presented during the Critical Review session in Dallas are published here, along with additional comments and closing remarks by Dr. Seinfeld. Howard M. Ellis, Chairman of the Critical Review Subcommittee of the Publications Committee, served as moderator of the 1988 APCA Critical Review session.     

Soil Remediation Techniques at Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste Sites

The A&WMA Critical Review entitled “Soil Remediation Techniques at Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste Sites” was presented by Ronald C. Sims, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, Utah. Dr. Sims presented his review at the 83rd Air & Waste Management Association Annual Meeting, held in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in June 1990. Prepared discussions presented during the Critical Review session are published here, along with some closing remarks by Dr. Sims. Ronald Harkov, Chairman of the Critical Review Subcommittee of the Publications Committee, served as moderator of the 1990 A&WMA Critical Review session.     

Incineration of Hazardous Waste

The APCA Critical Review entitled "Incineration of Hazardous Waste" was presented by E. Timothy Oppelt, Chief, Thermal Destruction Branch, Alternative Technologies Division of U.S. EPA’s Hazardous Waste Engineering Research Laboratory (Cincinnati). Mr. Oppelt presented his review at the 80th APCA Annual Meeting & Exhibition, held in New York City in June 1987. The Critical Review paper, published in the May 1987 issue of JAPCA, examined the current state of knowledge regarding hazardous waste incineration in an effort to put the technical and environmental issues into perspective. Prepared discussions presented during the Critical Review session are published here, along with additional comments and closing remarks by Mr. Oppelt. Howard M. Ellis, Chairman of the Critical Review Subcommittee of the Publications Committee, served as moderator of the 1987 Critical Review session.     

Introduction to the Air & Waste Management Association's 30th Annual Critical Review

This marks the 30th year of the Air & Waste Management Association's Critical Review Program. The Critical Review is a feature of A&WMA's Annual Conference, and is directed by the Critical Review Committee. The committee evaluates several topics each year, selects the best for presentation, and invites an individual (or group) to prepare the Critical Review Paper. This paper is thoroughly reviewed by the committee members and a panel of experts. After presentation of the review by the authors (typically on the Wednesday of the Annual Conference), there is a panel discussion and question-and-answer session. Panel members are invited to prepare their comments on the Critical Review, which, along with audience comments and the author's closing statements, are published in the Journal.     

Industrial Pollution Prevention

The 1992 A&WMA Critical Review was authored by Harry Freeman and members of his staff at the Pollution Prevention Research Branch, Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in Cincinnati, Ohio. Mr. Freeman presented the paper "Industrial Pollution Prevention," at the Critical Review session held during the 85th Air & Waste Management Association Annual Meeting in Kansas City, Missouri. Prepared discussions and invited comments presented during the session are published here, as well as closing remarks by Mr. Freeman.     

Air Pollution Control Association Critical Reviews Program

This is the fourth in the series of Critical Reviews commissioned by the APCA Board of Directors. The first Critical Review "Regulations for the Control of Particulate and Sulfur Oxides Emissions" was published in 1974 and the topic is still timely. The second Critical Review "Regulations for the Control of Hydrocarbon Emissions (from Stationary Sources) and Odorous Pollutants" was published in 1975. In light of recent developments concerning hydrocarbon emissions from stationary sources, this Critical Review is again very timely. The third Critical Review "The Effect of Air Pollution Control Regulations on Land Use Planning" will soon be published in final form. Now we have the fourth in the series, "A Critical Review of Air Pollution Index Systems in the United States and Canada" and "Status Report on Federal Regulations for New Source Performance Standards".     

Air Quality: Status,Management and Direction

The Tenth Government Affairs Seminar conducted by the Air Pollution Control Association was held in Washington, D.C. on March 17–18, 1982. The APCA Government Affairs Committee of which John S. Lagarias is Chairman, sponsored this meeting. Dr. Jerry Pell was General Chairman of the Seminar Steering Committee which included in its membership: Gordon M. Rapier, Vice-chairman, William K. Bonta, Facilities Chairman, Barbara Bankoff, David Benforado, D. Kent Berry, Samuel Booras, William Chapman, Stanley Coloff, Philip T. Cummings, Roy S. Denham, Gerald P. Dodson, Daniel Dreyfus, Raymond W. Durante, Victor S. Engleman, Richard Grundy, W. G. Hamlin, Glenn Hanson, G. Steve Hart, Terrence Li Puma, Michael Lukey, John E. Maroney, William Megonnell, Curtis A. Moore, Russell Mosher, Joseph Mullan, Sidney R. Orem, Dennis G. Seipp, Martin L. Smith, Roger Strelow, Michael Tinkleman, Neal Troy.

This meeting served as a forum for discussion of the issues of: the Clean Air Act amendments, regulatory reform, international perspectives on acid rain, and new directions pursued by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

Representative Henry A. Waxman, Chairman, Subcomittee on Health and the Environment, Committee on Energy and Commerce, U.S. House of Representatives, was the keynote speaker. The Honorable C. Boyden Gray, Counsel to the Vice President of the United States was the luncheon speaker on Wednesday. Daniel J. Goodwin, President, State and Territorial Air Pollution Program Administrators, was the luncheon speaker on Thursday.

Session 1. entitled “The Clean Air Act: Legislative Status,” was moderated by G. Steve Hart, President of APCA. Session 2. “Regulatory Reform,” was chaired by Richard N. Holwill, Vice President for Government Information, The Heritage Foundation. The Honorable A. Alan Hill, and Gordon Snow, from the President’s Council on Environmental Quality were co-moderators for Session 3. which was entitled, “Acid Rain: International Perspectives.” Session 4. “Critical Issues,” was moderated by Walter C. Barber, Jr., Director, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

Condensed versions of the remarks of the participants are presented here. A more extensive summary of the meeting which includes floor discussion is available in the Proceedings of the Tenth APCA Government Seminar which can be obtained from APCA headquarters.     

acid rain and environmental policy

Editor’s note: This paper by Dr. Jacobson was presented at the 74th annual meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association as part of a panel discussion entitled “Acid Rain–1981: An International Issue.” The session was held on June 22, 1981, and was arranged by APCA’s TT-6 Energy-Environmental Interactions Committee.     

Selections from the history of environmental pollution, with special attention to air pollution. Part 1.

Several comprehensive publications have been issued recently on the environmental pollution of past times (e.g. Tylecote, 1976; Nriagu, 1983a; Brimblecombe, 1987a; Goldstein, 1988; Healy, 1988; Brimblecombe and Pfister, 1990; Hughes, 1993; Markham, 1994; Brimblecombe, 1995; Karatzas, 2000, 2001; McNeill, 2001; Meszaros, 2001). The aim of this study is to give an overview of information on the subject – mainly related to ancient times.     

Numerical and approximate solutions for plume rise

Numerical and approximate analytical solutions are compared for turbulent plume rise in a crosswind. The numerical solutions were calculated using the plume rise model of Hoult, Fay and Forney (1969, J. Air Pollut. Control Ass.19, 585–590), over a wide range of pertinent parameters. Some wind shear and elevated inversion effects are included. The numerical solutions are seen to agree with the approximate solutions over a fairly wide range of the parameters. For the conditions considered in the study, wind shear effects are seen to be quite small. A limited study was made of the penetration of elevated inversions by plumes. The results indicate the adequacy of a simple criterion proposed by Briggs (1969, AEC Critical Review Series, USAEC Division of Technical Information extension, Oak Ridge, Tennesse).     

Herbicide toxicity,selectivity and hormesis of nicosulfuron on 10 Trichogrammatidae (Hymenoptera) species parasitizing Anagasta ( = Ephestia) kuehniella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) eggs

Selective agrochemicals including herbicides that do not affect non-target organisms such as natural enemies are important in the integrated pest management (IPM) programs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the herbicide toxicity, selectivity and hormesis of nicosulfuron, recommended for the corn Zea mays L. (Poaceae) crop, on 10 Trichogrammatidae (Hymenoptera) species. A female of each Trichogramma spp. or Trichogrammatoidea annulata De Santis, 1972 was individually placed in plastic test tubes (no choice) with a cardboard containing 45 flour moth Anagasta ( = Ephestia) kuehniella Zeller, 1879 (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) eggs. Parasitism by these natural enemies was allowed for 48 h and the cardboards were sprayed with the herbicide nicosulfuron at 1.50 L.ha^?1, along with the control (only distilled water). Nicosulfuron reduced the emergence rate of Trichogramma bruni Nagaraja, 1983 females, but increased that of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley, 1879, Trichogramma acacioi Brun, Moraes and Smith, 1984 and T. annulata females. Conversely, this herbicide increased the emergence rate of Trichogramma brasiliensis Ashmead, 1904, T. bruni, Trichogramma galloi Zucchi, 1988 and Trichogramma soaresi Nagaraja, 1983 males and decreased those of T. acacioi, Trichogramma atopovilia Oatman and Platner, 1983 and T. pretiosum males. In addition, nicosulfuron reduced the sex ratio of T. galloi, Trichogramma bennetti Nagaraja and Nagarkatti, 1973 and T. pretiosum and increased that of T. acacioi, T. bruni, T. annulata, Trichogramma demoraesi Nagaraja, 1983, T. soaresi and T. brasiliensis. The herbicide nicosulfuron was “harmless” (class 1, <30% reduction) for females and the sex ratio of all Trichogrammatidae species based on the International Organization for Biological Control (IOBC) classification. The possible hormesis effect of nicosulfuron on Trichogrammatidae species and on the bacterium Wolbachia sp. (Rickettsiales: Rickettsiaceae) was also discussed.     

A Fast Gas Chromatographic Method for Measuring C2-C6 Alkanes and Alkenes in Air

The Environmental Protection Agency is responsible for establishing, reviewing, and revising standards of performance for new stationary sources of air pollution. Since this federal program was authorized in 1970, standards of performance (commonly referred to as new source performance standards or NSPS) have been developed for 34 categories of stationary sources. These regulations have focused primarily on large new sources of particulate matter, NO _x , and SO₂ emissions. Recently, work has begun on NSPS for a number of source categories that emit volatile organic compounds. Environmental professionals in these industries and in many regulatory agencies have little direct experience with the NSPS program and are unaware of the detailed engineering, cost, and economic information available with each proposed rulemaking. This article, therefore, reviews the purposes, procedures, and benefits of the NSPS program. A summary of the NSPS that have been promulgated through February 1983 are presented in tabular form.     

Ozone Air Quality Models

Abstract

The field of ozone air quality modeling, or as it is commonly referred to, photochemical air quality modeling, has undergone rapid change in recent years. Improvements in model components, as well as in methods of interpreting model performance, have contributed to this change. Attendant with this rapid change has been a growing need for those developing and using air quality models and policy makers to have a common understanding of the use and role of models in the decision making process. This Critical Review highlights recent advances and continuing problem areas in photochemical air quality modeling. Emphasis is placed on the components and input data for such models, model performance evaluation, and the implications for their use in regulatory decisions.     

A Special Issue from the NARSTO Symposium on Tropospheric Aerosols

This dedicated issue of the Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association contains nine peer-reviewed scientific papers that were presented at the NARSTO Symposium on Tropospheric Aerosols: Science and Decisions in an International Community, held October 24-26, 2000, in Querétaro, Mexico.¹ Other peer-reviewed papers^2-9 appear in a companion issue of Science of the Total Environment to be published in February 2002. More than 130 papers were presented in platform and poster sessions at the meeting. Approximately 28% of the technical presentations dealt with topics from Mexico, and 15% related to Canada, with the remainder discussing U.S. and global topics.     

fluoride concentrations in the ambient air

The body of the information presented in this paper is of general interest to those concerned with air quality. This paper reports data for ambient atmospheric concentrations of water-soluble fluorides determined in samples of suspended particulate matter collected on glass-fiber filters by the National Air Surveillance Network. Data for over 12,000 samples collected in calendar years 1966, 1967, and 1968 are examined. The purpose of the examination of the data is to give an estimation of current air quality with respect to fluoride content.

The samples are extracted with pure boiling water, and the fluoride concentration of the extracts measured using a fluoride-ion selective electrode. The data engendered are tabulated on an annual basis, and a table is presented summarizing the results. Comparative data will be presented showing the distribution of urban and non-urban stations that exhibit various specified fluoride levels. The results show that the fluoride content in the majority of the samples is below the minimum detectable amount of 0.05 µgF/m³. Conclusions that can be drawn include the observations that: few of the urban samples contain over 1.00 µg/m ³ of fluoride, very few of all samples exceeded 1.00 µ/m³ of fluoride, and no non-urban sample contained over 0.16 µg/m³ of fluoride. It was also concluded that only in rare instances would the fluoride concentrations at the sites sampled be in excess of published standards.     

Critical Subset Allocation: A Framework for Complex Remedial Sites

Critical subset allocation (CSA) is a methodology for allocating remediation costs at sites where multiple contaminants contribute to the exceedance of multiple regulatory risk standards. The basic unit of allocation in CSA is the critical subset, which is a subset of potentially responsible parties (PRPs) that meets two criteria: 1) the risks associated with the subset exceed at least one regulatory risk standard; and 2) at least one of the PRPs in the subset is individually necessary for the first criterion to be true. Each PRP is assigned an allocation score equal to the number of critical subsets for which that PRP is an individually necessary member. The allocation share of a PRP is equal to its allocation score divided by the sum of all PRP allocation scores.     

ESP Performance Capability and Utilization: Past and Future

The following paper was presented by Alan B. Walker at the International Conference on Electrostatic Precipitation held in Monterey, California, October 14–16, 1981. Mr. Walker’s candid remarks were part of the opening session on “Electrostatic Precipitation Today.” The proceedings of this outstanding conference will be published by the Air Pollution Control Association.