MFC处理持久性有毒污染物的研究进展

微生物燃料电池(Microbial Fuel Cells,MFC)是利用微生物电化学催化作用,将有机物中的化学能直接转变为电能的一类装置.近年来,利用MFC处理污(废)水中持久性有毒污染物(Persisnt Toxic Substances,PTS)的研究表明,在净化废水的同时还可以产生清洁电能,具有良好的研究开发潜力.简要介绍了MFC的基本原理,评述国内外利用MFC技术处理持久性有毒污染物的研究进展,并展望了研究前景.     

人工湿地型微生物燃料电池研究进展述评

湿地型微生物燃料电池(Constructed Wetland-Microbial Fuel Cell,CW-MFC)由人工湿地和微生物燃料电池耦合而成,因其具有丰富的微生物种群和较强的电极催化活性,在水质净化和生物产电领域有着良好的应用前景。从CWMFC反应器结构、电极材料及电极布置、填充材料、湿地植物、微生物和运行参数等几个方面对其研究和应用现状进行述评。总体上,大多数CW-MFC系统的产电效果并不理想,普遍净能量回收率小于0.050(kW·h)/kg COD,但在污染物处理去除方面效果显著,COD去除率基本可以达到80%以上。目前,上流式的垂直流运行模式是最合理且常用的运行模式,颗粒状的石墨或者活性炭与金属集电器的组合则是理想的电极材料,较小电极间距、多电极和扩大阴极的电极布置可有效提高系统产电性能,脱水明矾污泥是最具有研究价值的填料。此外,湿地植物会明显提高CW-MFC产电性能,其影响因素包括根际微生物活性、根际分泌物、根际沉积物、径向泌氧、光合作用;湿地植物和电系统还会促进微生物种群增长从而提高系统性能。CW-MFC中的污染物负荷、HRT(大多为3 d)、运行温度(20~40℃)和pH值(7~9)也是提高系统性能的关键因素。总结了未来CW-MFC所面临的挑战及研究方向,包括如何提高产电效率补充能源消耗、新兴污染物的降解及降解机理的研究,以及与其他工艺的联合应用。     

MFC 利用植物秸秆产电特性研究

探讨了不同浓度葡萄糖和秸秆水解产物共基质溶液对电能的输出影响,并检测了产电微生物的种类。随着阳极底物质量浓度（50,500,1000,1500,2000,2500 mg／L ）的升高,电池的最大开路电压依次为725,1286,1273,1318,1165,1280 mV。当质量浓度为1500 mg／L时,电池产电性能最高,其最大输出功率密度为363．38 mW／m2,内阻为191．68Ω,COD去除效率为82．8％,库伦效率为18．83％。利用16SrDNA技术分析了微生物燃料电池的菌群结构,结果显示,阳极主要产电微生物为铜绿假单胞菌和枯草芽孢杆菌。     

可降解壬基酚的产电假单胞菌LQF-6的分离及其特性研究

从稳定运行以壬基酚为燃料的微生物燃料电池阳极生物膜分离到一株能以壬基酚为唯一碳源生长的产电菌LQF-6。对菌株LQF-6的形态和16S rDNA序列分析表明该菌为假单胞菌。LQF-6以壬基酚为唯一碳源,培养84 h壬基酚降解率为53.80%。差分脉冲伏安测定结果表明,LQF-6分别在-0.088 V和0.272 V出现两个氧化峰。菌株LQF-6接种至微生物燃料电池阳极室,以壬基酚为底物,铁氰化钾为阴极电子受体,外接电阻为1000Ω时,微生物燃料电池最大输出电压达0.17 V,电池最大功率密度为(58.51±2.24)m W/m²。     

处理聚驱采油废水的MBR反应器中活性污泥的驯化

为了提高膜生物反应器对聚驱采油废水的生化处理效果,以炼油厂污水处理站二沉池的活性污泥为接种污泥,采用逐步提高进水中聚驱采油废水比例的加压驯化方法,在一体浸没式膜生物反应器(MBR)中进行活性污泥的驯化.对驯化过程中MBR系统内污泥性质、微生物相和聚驱采油废水处理效果分别进行了研究.结果表明,经过近30 d的驯化培养后,评价污泥浓度与沉降性能的指标如MLSS、MLVSS、SVI、SV等明显改善,表征污泥成熟的微生物相包括菌胶团、轮虫、楯纤虫等大量出现.驯化结束时,污泥所处的MBR系统对聚驱采油废水具有较好的处理效果,其中,膜出水的CODCr,去除率为77%,含油量去除率为94.6%,聚合物去除率为60.2%.说明驯化后活性污泥可以良好适应聚驱采油废水环境,MBR系统已基本完成了对污泥的驯化培养.利用电镜对膜组件进行观察,发现有凝胶层和沉积污泥吸附在膜表面上,从而使膜过滤阻力增加,引起膜污染.通过化学清洗可以有效去除膜表面的微生物和有机污染物,使膜组件功能得以恢复.     

多种废弃物混合厌氧发酵产气及对重金属的影响

为综合利用多种废弃物混合发酵产沼气及解决沼渣中重金属污染问题,选用猪粪为主料,麦秸、蓝藻、磷矿粉作为辅料,厌氧污泥为微生物接种源,将多种废弃物组合发酵.通过分析不同原料组合的产气效果及对沼渣重金属的钝化效果来探究最佳产气和钝化重金属的原料组合.结果表明:各配比试验中"猪粪+污泥+麦秸"组合(ZJ)产气效果最佳,总产气量是"猪粪+污泥+蓝藻"组合(ZL)的4.8倍,日产气量较ZL组提前3 d达到极值;磷矿粉对各组沼渣中的重金属均有钝化作用,"猪粪+污泥+麦秸+磷矿粉"(ZJ1)组合对沼渣中重金属Cu、Zn钝化效果最优,残渣态分配率分别升高了 5.25个百分点和6.77个百分点;ZJ1沼渣重金属生物有效性下降率最高,Cu、Zn生物有效性分别下降了50.39％和59.25％.蓝藻对发酵沼渣中Cu、Zn则具有活化作用,其Cu、Zn生物有效性分别增加了 28.04％和20.69％.因此,猪粪、污泥、秸秆、磷矿粉通过合适配比进行厌氧发酵,既能绿色产能使多种污染物资源化,又能降低沼渣中重金属污染,为多种污染物协同厌氧发酵产沼气提供理论依据和参考.     

微波高温热解污水污泥各态产物特性分析

将SiC及污泥本身的热解固体残留物分别添加到污泥中,实现污泥在微波场中的快速升温及高温热解,并对其液、气、固3态产物的特性及再利用价值加以分析.实验表明: 添加SiC及固体残留物的污泥微波高温热解液态产物的热值可以达到37 MJ/kg以上,多环芳烃(PAHs)含量低于5.37%; 气态产物中H2和CO的体积分数在54%以上,热值达到9 420 kJ/m3; 添加热解固体残留物的污泥微波热解固态产物的比表面积达到305 m2/g.污泥微波热解产物的特性为其用作燃料和吸附剂提供了可能.     

高含固污泥厌氧消化中甲硫氨酸分解抑制特性

高含固污泥热水解-厌氧消化条件下,沼气中硫化氢体积分数较常规含固率污泥厌氧消化低。沼气中硫化氢主要来源于污泥中含硫氨基酸的降解,而硫化氢体积分数下降与甲硫氨酸分解抑制相关。在测定高含固厌氧消化过程中含硫氨基酸分解中间产物分布的基础上,以甲硫氨酸为基质对高含固厌氧消化污泥进行富集,分析富集后微生物种群结构特性及甲硫氨酸分解过程中挥发性有机硫分布,探讨高含固厌氧消化环境对甲硫氨酸分解过程的抑制特性。结果显示：高含固厌氧消化环境下,甲硫氨酸厌氧分解含硫产物包括甲硫醇、甲硫醚、二甲二硫和硫化氢。常规含固率及高含固率环境下,甲硫氨酸分解批次试验中硫化氢积累体积分数分别约为2 417×10^-6和1 418×10^-6,表明高含固厌氧消化过程中硫化氢生成量下降可能由甲硫氨酸厌氧分解时中间产物积累导致。高含固污泥采用甲硫氨酸富集培养时,结果显示Pseudomonas相对丰度为26%,分解产物包括氨氮、甲硫醇和二甲二硫等。其中,二甲二硫先于甲硫醇达峰值,体积分数分别约为267.7×10^-6和164.9×10^-6,推测反...     

多功能混合菌剂处理模拟生活污水研究

从菜园土壤及药材土壤土样中分离选育出以丝状菌为主的6株COD高效降解菌,与实验室保藏的2株絮凝剂产生菌构建混合菌剂,使菌剂同时具有降解污染物以及增强活性污泥沉降性和絮凝性的功能.以COD去除率、污泥指数和活性污泥絮凝性为指标,研究了混合菌剂各菌种接种量的配比.结果表明,该菌剂添加于活性污泥系统处理模拟生活污水,可以使COD去除率从86.5%提高到94.5%,污泥指数从124下降到59.0,活性污泥絮凝性从0.358增加到0.530.研究表明,该多功能混合菌剂添加于活性污泥系统可以显著增强对模拟生活污水的处理效果.     

基于GAC颗粒污泥厌氧氨氧化EGSB反应器的快速启动

以GAC颗粒污泥为接种污泥研究厌氧氨氧化EGSB反应器快速启动的条件及运行参数。反应器的启动在17 d内完成,总氮容积负荷达到1.62 kg/(m3·d)。采用缩短水力停留时间方式提高反应器负荷,14 d内反应器总氮容积负荷能快速升至1.45 kg/(m3·d),实验结果表明采用低基质浓度和缩短水力停留时间方式更利于厌氧氨氧化反应器的启动。第18~21 d平均产气速率为1.1 L/h,用气相色谱仪对EGSB反应器产生的气体进行分析,N2O、CO2平均体积分数分别为0.8%、0.02%,如何降低气体中N2O的浓度需要进一步研究。     

Motorcycle fuel tanks and pelvic fractures: A motorcycle fuel tank syndrome

Objective: Pelvic injuries are a serious and commonly occurring injury to motorcycle riders involved in crashes, yet there has been limited research investigating the mechanisms involved in these injuries. This study aimed to investigate the mechanisms involved in pelvic injuries to crashed motorcyclists.

Method: This study involved in-depth crash investigation and 2 convenience-based data sets were used. These data sets investigated motorcycle crashes in the Sydney, Newcastle, and Adelaide regions. Participants included motorcycle riders who had crashed either on a public road or private property within the study areas. The mechanism of injury and the type of injuries were investigated.

Results: The most frequent cause of pelvic injuries in crashed motorcyclists was due to contact with the motorcycle fuel tank during the crash (85%). For riders who had come into contact with the fuel tank, the injury types were able to be grouped into 3 categories based on the complexity of the injury. The complexity of the injury appeared to increase with impact speed but this was a nonsignificant trend. The pelvic injuries that did not occur from contact with the fuel tank in this sample differed in asymmetry of loading and did not commonly involve injury to the bladder. They were commonly one-sided injuries but this differed based on the point of loading; however, a larger sample of these injuries needs to be investigated.

Conclusion: Overall improvements in road safety have not been replicated in the amelioration of pelvic injuries in motorcyclists and improvements in the design of crashworthy motorcycle fuel tanks appear to be required.     

Glycerine from biodiesel: The perfect diesel fuel

Glycerine supply currently exceeds its demand by a significant margin as it is formed as by-product in biodiesel production. Different routes for its utilisation are currently being looked into, especially ones that would allow its use as a fuel addition. However these routes are not as energy efficient as its direct combustion.Previously glycerine and other very low cetane number calorific liquids were thought impossible to be used as fuels in compression ignition engines. We have developed a combustion cycle that permits the utilisation of glycerine as a fuel in a compression ignition engine without the need for pilot fuels or cetane improving additives. The paper discusses the results of glycerine combustion in standard unmodified Lister-Petter and Deutz compression ignition engines.     

Heat generation of refuse derived fuel with water

In order to clarify the scenario of fires and accidents resulting from spontaneous combustion of Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF), exothermic phenomenon of RDF with water at ambient temperature was characterized by Calvet calorimeter (C 80 and MS 80), Thermal Activity Monitor and Dewar. The spontaneous combustion characteristic of RDF without additional water was examined by Thermogravimetry and Differential Thermal Analysis and Spontaneous Ignition Tester. The experimental results show the heat generation of RDF with different water content occurred instantly after additional water was added into RDF, while no exothermic phenomenon can be observed if no additional water was added into RDF at room temperature. It means that the self-heating of RDF does not only result from fermentation of RDF because of the prompt heat generation and temperature rise of RDF with water. It is possible that the self-heating of RDF results from heat of wetting first when additional water/vapor is absorbed by RDF. The further quantitative analysis for the self-heating of RDF with water/vapor should be made to explain the process of spontaneous combustion of RDF in detail.     

Explosibility parameters for mixtures of pulverized fuel and ash

This paper reports the results of experiments done to examine the explosibility of pulverized fuel dusts (two different coals and petroleum coke) and their waste products (bottom and fly ashes). Tests were conducted for the fuel dusts alone and also blended with other fuels and ashes. The explosion parameters of interest were maximum pressure and rate of pressure rise, and ignition energy and temperature. Petroleum coke was found to present a lesser explosion hazard than the coals. Admixture of either coal or petroleum coke with fly ash resulted in explosible mixtures at volatile contents dependent on the composition of the mixture components and their particle sizes.     

细水雾抑制固体燃料火焰辐射特性的研究

采用热电偶测温系统和热流辐射传感器等仪器对细水雾施加前后火场温度及辐射热流密度进行测量.研究了不同喷雾气压下固体燃烧场的温度及辐射热流密度的变化特性.结果表明,细水雾的蒸发冷却是影响火焰热辐射的一个重要因素.在实验基础上,建立了固体可燃物燃烧场辐射热流密度的计算模型,计算结果与实验结果较为吻合.     

Engineering layout of fuel tanks in a tank farm

The present paper deals with the location of tanks in a tank farm, in chemical and allied industries. Ideally the tanks are so placed and installed that in case of fire, the neighbouring tanks could remain safe. The safe distance of separation among the tanks is calculated in no wind condition, as well as, in the presence of wind. The paper uses the methods available in literature and modifies the point source model to include the effect of wind vector on the flame height during the calculation of safe inter-tank distance. It is found that for wind velocity > 4 m/s, the modified point source model provides appropriate inter-tank distance. However, for no wind and with wind velocity < 4 m/s, the Shokri-Beyler’s method provides safe inter-tank distance.     

Prevention of gasoline vapor explosions in portable fuel containers

Portable Fuel Containers (PFCs) made for consumer use can, under unusual circumstances, develop a flammable atmosphere in the container headspace. In order to prevent an inadvertent ignition from causing flame propagation into this headspace and a subsequent explosion or flame jetting, PFC manufacturers are developing prototype Flame Mitigation Devices (FMDs) for installation in the PFC. A test method is described in this paper to determine if the installed FMD will indeed prevent flame entry into the PFC in a high-challenge flame propagation scenario. The method entails the use of a butane-air mixture ignited in a 5 cm diameter, 12 cm long tube attached to either the container neck or a spout on the container neck. Two concept FMD designs have successfully prevented repeated attempts at flame propagation into the PFC and have also produced encouraging results in tests for fuel flow restriction, duel dispensing nozzle friction, and prolonged fuel exposure. Versions of these tests are currently being promulgated in a draft ASTM standard on PFC FMDs.     

Low temperature autoignition of Jet A and surrogate jet fuel

An experimental study of the low-temperature and low-pressure autoignition of Jet A and surrogate fuels was conducted using the ASTM-E659 standardized test method. Two surrogate fuels (Aachen and JI mixtures), their individual components and two batches (POSF-4658 and POSF-10325) of standardized Jet A were tested using the ASTM-E659 method for a range of fuel concentrations and temperatures. The ignition behaviors were categorized into four distinct ignition modes. The individual hydrocarbon components had a wide range of ignition behaviors and minimum autoignition temperatures (AIT) values depending on the molecular structure. The two Jet A batches showed similar ignition behavior with measured AITs of 229 ±3°C and 225 ±3°C respectively. Both surrogates exhibited similar ignition behavior to Jet A with comparable AITs of 219 ±3.1°C (Aachen) and 228 ±3°C (JI) with the JI mixture proving to be a more suitable surrogate to Jet A in the low-temperature thermal ignition regime.     

Electrostatic ignition hazards arising from fuel flow in plastic pipelines

The use of electrically insulating synthetic materials, such as plastics, for fuel pipelines and other fuel handling components is now becoming widespread. In the case of buried or underground pipelines in filling station forecourts the use of these materials offers superior corrosion resistance and increased longevity. This in turn reduces the risk of pollution due to fuel leakage. It is well reported that the flow of fuel under certain conditions in metal pipes can produce significant levels of electrostatic charge on the fuel. Little work, however, has been undertaken on plastic pipe where charge can accumulate at the fuel/pipe wall interface.This paper reports on tests performed on a full-scale, high-density, polyethylene pipework system. During the tests, an iso-octane/toluene fuel mix of controlled and known electrical conductivity was transferred through the system at varying flow rates. Both buried and free-standing pipeline configurations were simulated. A number of test runs were performed yielding considerable data relating to the resultant electrostatic activity including electrostatic potential, the nature and location of electrostatic discharges and the discharge energy. The influence of components such as in-line valves and couplings, which have a metallic component, are also evaluated. The extensive data resulting from this study are presented graphically. The paper concludes with an analytical section and draws important conclusions with regard to the parameters influencing the degree of ignition hazard present.