Addressing the environmental risk of persistent organic pollutants in China

The Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants (POPs) was adopted in 2001. This year is the 10th anniversary of the adoption of the Convention. Until now, 22 chemicals or chemical categories have been listed as POPs in the Stockholm Convention. The POPs Research Center was established in Tsinghua University in the same year when the Convention was adopted. In the last ten years, much work has been done by Chinese researchers to understand the environmental risk of POPs in China. This article aims to review the recent research progress of our POPs Research Center and some other Chinese researchers’ studies in addressing the environmental risk of POPs, including the priority screening and inventory study of POPs, monitoring and modeling of POPs pollution and exposure, and environmental risk assessment and modeling of POPs. Although great advances in addressing the environmental risk of POPs have been made in recent years, we are still facing quite a few problems, such as data scarcity and uncertainty in environmental risk assessment of POPs. The study on the effect of POPs mixtures is in its infancy and currently POPs are usually assessed from legal perspective by risk assessment of single chemicals. These problems should be well addressed by further efforts. Further studies should also be taken in future to study environment risk of POPs by considering aspects of coupled dynamics between climate processes and POPs. Such sound scientific, riskbased information can support decision-making aiming to effectively minimize the risk level of POPs.     

Financing for innovative technologies and best practices to reduce persistent organic pollutants

Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) threaten human health and the global environment. Recognizing their dangers many countries began to limit or ban POPs production, use, and release in the 1990s. Eventually the Stockholm Convention on POPs, was adopted in 2001 and entered into force in 2004. The Global Environment Facility (GEF) provides financial support to developing country Parties for the implementation of the Stockholm Convention. The GEF’s POPs investment portfolio focuses on: 1) strengthening the capacity of developing country Parties to implement the Stockholm Convention; 2) establishing and supporting partnerships to develop and implement National Implementation Plans (NIPs), and 3) demonstrating and deploying best technologies and practices to reduce POPs emission, including development of safe alternatives. Since 2001 the GEF has committed US$568.8 million to POPs projects and leveraged some US$1474.5 million in co-financing from partners in the public and private sectors, bringing the total value of the GEF POPs portfolio to over US$2 billion. With GEF support, 108 developing country Parties have developed their NIPs. The GEF also financed 109 projects for the implementation of the Convention. Upon completion, these GEF POPs investments will contribute to the disposal of more than 70,000 tons of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) oil, contaminated equipments, and waste, more than 40,000 tons of obsolete POPs pesticides and associated waste, and reducing dioxin/furan and mercury emission by introducing environmentally sound technologies and best practices. This paper summarizes: 1) direct and indirect GEF investments to support the goals of the Stockholm Convention; 2) investment case studies on PCB, DichloroDiphenylTrichloroethane (DDT), chlordane and mirex, medical waste, obsolete POPs and engaging civil society; and 3) lessons learned in terms of GEF financing strategies, best technologies and environmental practices to address POPs.     

我国医疗废物领域履行POPs公约对策研究

文章根据POPs公约对医疗废物管理和处置的总体要求,结合我国目前医疗废物管理和技术应用现状,结合我国医疗废物处置设施污染物排放、工程建设及运行管理状况,从医疗废物处理技术的具体应用实际需要出发对如何推进采用BAT/BEP,推进中国该领域履约进程进行了探讨,并提出了我国医疗废物领域履行POPs公约的管理和技术对策。     

广东省新型POPs监测防控体系建设研究

2009年和2011年斯德哥尔摩公约新纳入的9种和1种持久性有机污染物（POPs）的研究是目前国际上环境领域研究的热点之一,所引起的环境污染和人体健康问题也逐步得到中国环保部门的关注.随着国际斯德哥尔摩公约履约活动的不断深入,中国正面临着履行公约以及削减与控制持久性有机污染物的巨大挑战.本文总结了广东省新型持久性有机污染物监测防控体系建设的必要性和意义,阐述了国内外在该领域的研究现状以及对解决新型POPs问题的作用.     

我国杀虫剂类POPs污染场地的类型与污染控制对策分析

POPs污染场地作为潜在的POPs污染源,必须予以妥善管理。杀虫剂类POPs作为《斯德哥尔摩公约》首批的12种POPs物质中的绝大多数,其污染场地的管理是我国POPs污染场地管理的重点所在。本文分析了我国的杀虫剂类POPs污染场地的成因、类型、存在现状及管理现状,着重剖析了我国可适用于POPs污染场地的管理体系所存在的问题,在此基础上提出了加强我国POPs污染场地管理与控制的对策,指出了重点研究方向。     

杀虫剂类POPs废物及污染场地治理共同责任研究

杀虫剂类POPs废物的环境无害化处置及其污染场地的治理是我国履行POPs公约的国家行动计划(NIP)的重要内容。我国POPs废物产生的责任主体主要是历史上的企业,企业经过了很大的变革,因而产生的POPs废物及其污染场地不同于现有工业企业产生的危险废物,需要根据历史、现状以及未来发展的特点建立新的责任制度,确立治理责任,落实治理资金。从我国杀虫剂类POPs废物和污染场地的现状调研出发,分析国内外相关法律规定中责任分担制度及原则,提出建立我国杀虫剂类POPs废物及其污染场地治理的"共同责任制度",为POPs废物的环境管理提供理论支持。     

我国氯化石蜡的环境赋存、人群暴露与管控:现状及展望

氯化石蜡(Chlorinated paraffin,CPs)是一类人工合成化学品,被广泛用作阻燃剂和增塑剂,在生产和使用过程中释放到多种环境介质中(如水、沉积物、灰尘、空气和土壤等). 短链氯化石蜡(SCCPs)作为新增持久性有机污染物已于2017年被正式列入《关于持久性有机物的斯德哥尔摩公约》附件A中,中链氯化石蜡(MCCPs)因具有和SCCPs相似的性质和环境效应,已被列入持久性有机污染物候选名单. 我国是CPs的生产和使用大国,但对该类物质的风险评估与管控还存在不足. 本文通过收集并深入讨论已发表的CPs相关文章,在系统梳理不同介质中CPs赋存情况的基础上,利用释放因子解析方法,估算了CPs在生产和使用过程中进入到环境的量,发现土壤介质是环境中CPs的汇. 人类活动、经济活动和经济水平等对CPs在不同区域的赋存具有重要影响. 对人群暴露途径解析表明,职业暴露场景显著高于其他场景;生态风险和人体暴露风险评估表明,目前CPs对我国生态环境与人体健康的危害整体上还处于较低水平. 另外,本文介绍了国内外对于SCCPs和MCCPs的管控措施,并基于化学品管理和风险评估的考虑,提出未来亟需深入开展MCCPs和LCCPs (长链氯化石蜡)的迁移转化和风险研究,特别是评估CPs管控造成的潜在经济、社会和环境影响. 相关数据及分析可更好地为CPs产品的管控和国家开展履约行动提供科学数据和技术支撑,并为将来可能的CPs淘汰政策的制定提供参考.      

The influence of science on Canada's foreign policy on persistent organic pollutants (1985–2001)

The role of science in environmental foreign policymaking has received little attention in the international environmental politics literature, and systematic, in-depth case studies of the influence of science on environmental foreign policy with respect to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are entirely missing. We present a case study of the influence of science on Canada's foreign policy on POPs from the discovery of the transboundary nature of the POPs problem around 1985 to the signing of the United Nations Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants in 2001. Influence was analyzed in terms of a knowledge–action methodology that focused on the types of scientific knowledge and the actions taken by scientists that were influential. Data were collected through interviews and extensive document analysis. We conclude that, while individual knowledge types and actions were influential during various periods (single-factor explanations), it was an increasingly layered and integrated “package” of knowledge types and actions, with human health impacts as its touchstone and partnering between scientists and non-scientists as its watchword, that propelled and sustained Canada's foreign policy on the POPs issue.     

生产三氯杀螨醇的滴滴涕环境风险及其控制途径研究

滴滴涕是《关于持久性有机污染物（POPs）的斯德哥尔摩公约》中首批受控物质。本文调查了国内传统三氯杀螨醇生产工艺情况,分析了生产过程和产品使用过程中滴滴涕环境排放途径及环境风险,结合公约中有关滴滴涕风险控制的相关要求,分析了有限场地封闭体系三氯杀螨醇生产的基本要素,提出了生产过程中的环境排放限值建议,明确了控制环境排放和环境风险的有效途径。为相关生产企业开展技术改造和实施自我考核以及相关部门开展监督管理工作提供建议。     

我国医疗废物焚烧处置污染控制案例研究

医疗废物处置行业是我国确定的优先控制的无意产生POPs重点行业之一。该行业以二噁英减排为目的开展最佳可行技术的研究及示范推广是《履行<关于持久性有机污染物的斯德哥尔摩公约>国家实施计划》确定的任务之一。本文详细对江西南昌和湖南益阳医疗废物集中处置设施二噁英控制最佳可行技术示范改造的主要技术内容进行了分析,提出未来一段时间医疗废物集中处置设施污染控制管理趋势,以及技术升级改造的主要方向和技术重点。     

我国POPs污染场地的环境管理基础与完善对策研究

固体废物不恰当处理处置是造成场地污染的原因之一,也是今后需要引起关注的环境问题.在POPs公约中,POPs污染场地和POPs废物一样有着明确的无害化管理要求,作为该公约的缔约国,我国将认真履行公约的义务,消除POPs引起的污染.根据调查,我国POPs引起的场地污染比较严重,现有的环境管理法律法规、标准和制度政策是POPs污染场地管理的基础,但这种基础还比较薄弱,尚不能完全满足环境无害化管理的要求.因此,我们在充分利用现有环境管理体系的基础上,还应该继续改进和完善现有法规和标准体系,建立相关的环境风险评价程序和资金筹集机制,加强污染场地环境管理和监督管理能力建设.     

化学品环境管理全球治理格局与中国管理体制的完善

全球化的今天,以欧盟化学品注册、评估、许可制度(REACH)为代表的化学品环境管理政策和制度日益显示出广泛的国际影响;POPs公约等国际公约的签署、全球统一的化学品分类和标识系统(GHS)的推广及国际化学品管理战略步骤(SAICM)的提出愈发表明,化学品环境管理正呈现出各国联动、彼此影响的全球治理格局.但作为世界化学品生产和使用大国,我国化学品产业发展和管理水平落后,化学品环境污染及健康风险问题日渐突出,主要表现在:以职业安全管理为主体的化学品管理体制相对落后,化学品环境管理立法薄弱,制度不健全.研究认为,推行GHS系统,建立专门化学品环境管理行政法规或综合法律,建立行政协调机制及现有化学品风险评价、优先风险管理以及污染排放、转移和登记(PRTR)制度,完善有毒污染物环境监测制度和重大危险源管理制度,加强新化学品申报登记管理相关制度间的协调,将是中国化学品环境管理发展完善的重要方面.      

碱催化脱氯技术处理氯代新POPs研究及示范工程

以硫丹作为氯代新POPs的代表,通过实验室小试研究,探讨反应温度、NaOH和石蜡油投加量对硫丹在NaOH/石蜡油碱催化反应体系中的去除和脱氯效率(RE和DE)的影响,并寻找出最优条件,开展示范工程研究.实验室小试结果表明,反应温度、NaOH投加量和石蜡油投加量对硫丹脱氯效率的影响要大于对其去除率的影响.当温度为250℃,硫丹和NaOH及石蜡油的质量比为1:3:6和1:3:10时,反应3h后,硫丹去除率和脱氯效率分别达到99.99%和99%以上.采用硫丹和得克隆两种氯代有机物开展示范工程研究,中试设备处理能力达到15kg/批次,在250~300℃下反应3~10h后,对硫丹和得克隆的去除效率均达到99.9%以上,表明硫丹和得克隆被有效分解.示范工程的成功实施为我国履行斯德哥尔摩公约提供技术支持.     

多氯联苯污染场地现场清运实践探讨

《关于持久性有机污染物（POPs）的斯德哥尔摩公约》明确规定于2028年前完成含PCBs液体和被PCBs污染设备的环境无害化管理,浙江省在2006年1月正式启动了PCBs废物削减和处置示范项目。列举了PCBs的危害和处置的紧迫性,在经历多处封存点修复清运工作后,总结了集中封存的PCBs电力电容器现场修复清运的准备工作和修复方法,系统再现了PCBs封存点土壤修复的作业流程及修复中的注意要点,并对今后土壤修复的清运工作提出了建议。     

多氯联苯管理体系探讨

多氯联苯属于《斯德哥尔摩公约》首批需要控制和消减的持久性有机污染物,在国内主要用于电力设备的绝缘油。中国的多氯联苯污染形态主要有含多氯联苯的设备以及受多氯联苯污染的土壤。针对中国目前存在的多氯联苯污染,分析了其特点,从法律、法规以及标准等方面介绍了多氯联苯污染控制的相关政策法规和管理现状,同发达国家多氯联苯污染管理体系进行比较,对中国多氯联苯污染管理不足提出相应的具体管理政策建议,主要包括管理方面持久性有机污染物技术规范方面和环境经济方面。     

长江水体多氯联苯和有机氯农药污染特征与通量研究

河流作为陆源持久性有机污染物(POPs)进入海洋的重要途径,其POPs污染问题备受关注. 为了解我国“十三五”时期长江水体多氯联苯(PCBs)和有机氯农药(OCPs)的污染特征,以2017年11月—2018年11月在长江大通站采集的表层水为研究对象,利用气相色谱-三重四级杆串联质谱仪(GC-MS/MS)测定水体中溶解态、颗粒态PCBs和OCPs的浓度,分析水体中溶解态、颗粒态PCBs和OCPs的污染特征,通过化合物组成特征和比值揭示水体中PCBs、OCPs的来源,估算输出通量,并从污染物浓度、年径流量及输沙量三方面加以比较. 结果表明:大通站水体中溶解态∑₄₁PCBs和∑₉OCPs浓度范围分别为0.059~0.29和0.21~0.52 ng/L,颗粒态∑₄₁PCBs和∑₉OCPs浓度范围分别为0.26~0.88和0.34~0.89 ng/L. 六六六(HCHs)、滴滴涕(DDTs)和氯丹(CHLs)均以历史使用残留为主,而PCBs存在新的输入. PCBs、HCHs和DDTs的总输出通量(溶解态+颗粒态)分别为0.57、0.35和0.29 t/a,远低于其他学者于2009—2015年得到的长江入海PCBs、HCHs和DDTs的年均通量. 研究显示,大通站水体中溶解态、颗粒态PCBs和OCPs的污染特征不同,大通站相对较低的PCBs、HCHs和DDTs的输出通量与长江流域过去10年污染物浓度、年径流量和输沙量的整体降低直接相关,溶解态PCBs、HCHs和DDTs浓度显著降低是重要因素. 研究结果反映了我国“十三五”期间提出的长江经济带“共抓大保护,不搞大开发”和近20年坚持履行《关于持久性有机污染物的斯德哥尔摩公约》的重要成效. 今后应重点关注大通以下至长江河口的污染物跨介质分配和交换通量,以系统揭示长江输出POPs在区域污染物“源汇”关系中扮演的角色.      

Do concentrations in eggs and liver tissue tell the same story of temporal trends of mercury in high Arctic seabirds?

Mercury(Hg) remains a key contaminant of concern in Arctic biota, and monitoring of Hg concentrations in seabird tissues will be an effective approach to track the effects of implementing the Minamata Convention. We examined trends in total Hg(THg) in liver and egg tissues of two Arctic seabirds, thick-billed murres(Uria lomvia) and northern fulmars(Fulmarus glacialis), between 1976 and 2013 to assess whether both tissues showed similar patterns of Hg change. Hepatic THg was consistently higher than egg THg, and both species had similar egg THg concentrations, but fulmars had higher hepatic THg than murres.Murre THg concentrations showed more relative variation through time than fulmars.We suggest that egg THg better reflects exposure of birds to THg in local, Arctic prey,whereas liver THg may incorporate longer term, year-round THg exposure. Additional analysis of THg distribution in Arctic seabirds post-laying would help inform interpretation of long-term trends.     

我国POPs管理策略研究

在研究美国、日本、欧盟POPs管理方式的基础上,对我国二(口恶)英类POPs削减控制策略、POPs废弃物安全处置策略、POPs污染场地管理修复策略进行研究。按照全过程管理的原则,对二(口恶)英类POPs可采取源头控制、过程控制、末端控制的管理策略对其进行削减控制,同时通过建立健全法律法规体系、探索经济刺激手段、加强行政...     

我国六溴环十二烷应用以及行业减排措施探讨

六溴环十二烷(HBCD)被列为斯德哥尔摩公约受审物质,其作为添加型阻燃剂在我国主要应用于挤出聚苯乙烯板材(XPS)、挤出聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料(EPS)和纺织涂料等领域。文章在对HBCD性质和环境风险进行概述的基础上,对我国HBCD的主要应用情况进行详细介绍,并从行业污染物减排和HBCD减排角度出发,针对各应用领域提出具体的减排措施,实现HBCD应用行业的减排。     

Addressing human security in the Arctic in the context of climate change through science and technology

Human security, particularly in the Arctic, is being stressed by climate change and other factors. Science and technology provide one instrument for the development of strategies that will protect those living in the Arctic from threats to environmental, social and economic conditions, namely human security, incurred by climate change. This paper explores a public good approach to Canada’s Science and Technology (S&T) strategy. Investigated in particular is the role of science and technology in addressing Arctic human security needs, using evolving Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) quality-of-life indicators to measure the ability of Canada’s S&T strategy to meet these needs.