安徽中北部河流沉积物的特征与多环芳烃分布

通过对安徽省中北部6条河流沉积物样品的粒径、矿物组分和有机质含量的测试,并应用气相色谱质谱联用仪测定了样品中萘、二氢苊、苊、芴、菲、蒽、荧蒽、芘、苯并[a]蒽、、苯并[a]芘和二苯并[a,h]蒽等12种多环芳烃的含量,分析了研究区河流沉积物的特征和多环芳烃分布。研究结果表明:位于安徽省中北部的淮河南北岸支流沉积物粒径和矿物组分具有不同特征;就PAHs总量来看,北岸支流平均值为313.3ng/g,南岸支流平均为112.8ng/g,差异比较明显,南岸支流沉积物中大多数多环芳烃的平均含量都低于北岸支流(蒽和菲除外,二苯并[a,h]蒽未检出);而有机质的含量,南北岸支流总体无明显差异(含量在0.55%至1.83%之间),但单条河流的分布呈沿水流方向自中上游至下游逐渐降低。     

黄浦江表层水体中低环多环芳烃的分布特征

2005年12月-2006年5月连续监测黄浦江表层水体中低环多环芳烃(LMWPAHs)含量。结果表明,萘、芴、菲和蒽的平均浓度分别为123ng/L,57.8ng/L,58.8ng/L和11.5ng/L。黄浦江表层水体中LMWPAHs的分布主要受人类活动影响,其总浓度沿黄浦江上中下游逐渐升高,在外滩附近,即S6采样点(311°44′6.2″N,1212°92′1.6E″),S7采样点(311°52′8.9″N,213°21′9.7″E)达到峰值。水体中LMWPAHs浓度受季节影响,冬季浓度明显高于春季。其特征化指数表明,黄浦江表层水体中LMWPAHs主要来自化石燃料的不完全燃烧。     

Partition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on organobentonites from water

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长江口水体中PAHs的基本生态风险特征

通过对2007年4月24—30日采集于长江口水体7个不同采样点18个水样中的4种典型多环芳烃类化合物(PAHs)的浓度分析,依据3个基础营养级水平(藻、、鱼)的毒性效应〔L(E)C50和NOEC〕,采用欧盟适用于现有化学物质与新化学物质的风险评价技术指南(TGD)中的商值法对长江口水体中的萘、菲、蒽、荧蒽进行了生态风险评价. 结果表明,4种PAHs除蒽外的环境浓度/无影响浓度(PEC/PNEC)都小于1. 说明长江口水体中4种PAHs只有蒽存在一定生态风险,其他3种均未对长江口生态造成威胁.      

青顶拟多孔菌对单一和复合多环芳烃的降解特性

利用中国东北林区普遍存在白腐菌——青顶拟多孔菌,降解单一和复合多环芳烃,分别测定了菲、蒽、芘于11,22,33d的累积降解率.结果显示,对于单一多环芳烃,该菌种降解能力由强到弱依次为菲>蒽>芘,33d累积降解率依次为96.56%、94.76%和57.53%;对复合多环芳烃降解中,菲和芘的累积降解率分别为99.46%和61.09%.在复合多环芳烃的降解研究中发现,少量蒽的加入,刺激了菌种对菲和芘的降解,使菲和芘的降解率分别提高了2.9%和3.56%.由此提示,在研究降解高环、难降解多环芳烃时,可利用低环多环芳烃对菌种的刺激作用,在体系内形成高、低环多环芳烃的共代谢,以达到更加高效降解多环芳烃的目的.     

珠江三角洲地区大气气溶胶中有机污染物背景研究

选择肇庆市鼎湖山自然保护区为珠江三角洲大气气溶胶有机污染评价的区域性环境背景．研究结果表明,珠江三角洲地区大气气溶胶中优控多环芳烃背景值萘、苊、二氢苊、芴、菲、蒽、荧蒽、芘、苯并（a）蒽、、苯并（b）荧蒽、苯并（k）荧蒽、苯并（a）芘、茚并（1,2,3-cd）芘、二苯并（a,h）蒽、苯并（ghi）分别为n.d.、n.d.、tr.、0.14、tr.、0．39、0.53、0.19、1.05、1.82、1.41、0.02、2.29、0.53和2．44ng/m³,总量为10.80ng/m³,其来源主要为高等植物排放.     

麻疯树籽壳生物质炭的制备及其吸附水中PAHs性能研究

麻疯树籽壳经磷酸处理,在300~700℃下炭化处理50min,制备了麻疯树籽壳生物质炭.以萘、蒽、菲、芘4种多环芳烃(PAHs)为目标物,考察了吸附剂投加量、反应时间、反应温度等因素对麻疯树籽壳生物质炭吸附性能的影响,探讨了麻疯树籽壳生物质炭对4种PAHs的吸附效果及机理.结果表明,随炭化温度升高,生物质炭的比表面积逐渐增大;在25℃、生物质炭投加量为0.15g、吸附时间为60min的条件下,萘、蒽、芘和菲的去除率分别为97.4%、94.6%、93.1%和92.1%.麻疯树籽壳生物质炭对4种PAHs的吸附机理服从准二级动力学方程,吸附等温线服从Langmuir方程,萘、蒽、芘和菲的饱和吸附量分别为8.849、8.547、8.097和7.633mg/g.     

典型石油化工污染场地多环芳烃土壤指导限值的获取与风险评价

尝试利用英国的污染土地暴露评价模型(CLEA模型)获取了典型石油化工污染场地中几种多环芳烃(PAHs)的土壤指导限值(SGVs),并用所得到的土壤指导限值对该场地的污染物风险进行了评价.结果表明,研究区域内萘、蒽、苯并［a］芘、苊、芴、芘的土壤指导限值分别为3.57×103,6.12×107,0.874,6.81×104,6.24×104和5.84×106　ng/g.特定场地表层土壤中萘、蒽、苊、芴、芘的实测浓度(MECs)大于其相应土壤指导限值的概率均趋于0,而苯并［a］芘的为0.225.这几种PAHs的风险从大到小依次为:苯并［a］芘萘>苊>芴>芘>蒽,说明该场地的优先控制污染物为苯并［a］芘.      

多环芳烃对海洋硅藻中肋骨条藻的光毒性效应

许多生态毒理学研究尤其是对水生生物的毒性研究表明,阳光中的紫外辐射(UV)能够促进多环芳烃的生物毒性. 以长江口浮游植物群落中的常年主要优势种之一——中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)为实验材料,选择2个环的萘,3个环的菲和蒽,4个环的荧蒽和芘5种寡环多环芳烃,在实验室内比较了它们在没有UV辐射和有UV辐射下对中肋骨条藻的毒性效应. 结果表明:在没有UV照射下,萘、菲、蒽、荧蒽和芘对中肋骨条藻的72 h EC50值分别比有UV照射下时高约1.9,8.4,13.0,6.5和5.7倍,其中蒽相差的倍数最大.在没有UV照射情况下,5种多环芳烃对中肋骨条藻种群生长的抑制作用强度表现为荧蒽>芘>蒽>菲>萘;而当系统中加入UV照射后,毒性强度变为荧蒽≈蒽>芘>菲>萘,表明UV照射不仅能够促进多环芳烃对中肋骨条藻的毒性,也能够改变它们对中肋骨条藻的相对毒性.      

珠江广州段沉积物中PAHs生态风险的蒙特卡洛模拟

以珠江广州段24个采样站位表层沉积物的实测16种多环芳烃(PAHs)浓度为基础资料,采用基于Logistic混沌迭代序列改进的蒙特卡洛算法对珠江广州段沉积物中PAHs的生态风险发生概率进行了定量分析.研究结果表明:PAHs风险排序从大到小依次是:菲>芘>荧蒽> >苯并[a]蒽>苯并[a]芘>二苯并[a,h]蒽.菲、芘和荧蒽引发水生生态风险概率较大,应重点关注.除菲外,其余6种PAHs暴露浓度对生态风险发生概率的贡献率均超过90%,可见PAHs在本区域环境中的风险大小主要取决于其暴露量.     

扎龙湿地沉积物垂向剖面中多环芳烃分布特征

对扎龙湿地核心区沉积物分层取样,以正己烷/二氯甲烷为提取剂,用超声波方法提取沉积物中16种优控PAHs,采用GC/MS法定量分析w(PAHs). 结果表明,扎龙湿地剖面沉积物中2环和3环PAHs占PAHs总量的86%以上,4环以上的PAHs所占比例较小. 在各层沉积物中含量较高的萘、菲、芴及PAHs总量随深度的增加而减小,沉积物表层0～10 cm内的w(PAHs)最高,达396.61 ng/g. 表层沉积物中含量较高的PAHs为萘>菲>芴>荧蒽>芘>二氢苊>苊烯>. w(PAHs)与沉积物中w(TOC)呈正相关关系,相关系数为0.9347. 从扎龙湿地的低环PAHs污染特征以及同周边地区大气颗粒物中的PAHs对照分析表明,扎龙湿地沉积物中的PAHs主要来源于石油类污染.      

某油泥堆放场地中多环芳烃的污染及其垂向分布特征

通过采集某油田油泥堆放场地及其周边24个表层土壤样品和2个剖面土壤样品,采用超声波萃取-气相色谱/氢火焰离子化检测分析方法,对美国环境保护局(USEPA)优控的16种多环芳烃(PAHs)进行定量分析.结果表明:该研究区域的PAHs污染已较为严重,污染场地内16种PAHs的检出率为100%,w(PAHs)平均值为7 770.7 ng/g;周边土壤的16种多环芳烃的检出率为58.3%～100%,二苯并［a,h］蒽及茚并［1,2,3-cd］芘的检出率相对较低,w(PAHs)平均值为2 038.8 ng/g.研究区域内主要污染物为萘、苊、二氢苊、芴、菲、蒽、荧蒽、、芘、苯并［a］蒽和苯并［a］芘.从母体PAHs与污染物来源的关系和单组分比值可以看出,污染场地内及周边土壤的污染源是石油源和燃烧源的混合源.w(PAHs)在土壤剖面中的峰值出现在40～60及20～40 cm处,不同组分的PAHs在土壤剖面中的迁移能力表现为2～3环PAHs＞4环PAHs＞5～6环PAHs.      

Distribution, sources and potential toxicological significance of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) in Guanting Reservoir sediments, China

The Guanting Reservoir lost its function as the second biggest drinking water source for Beijing due to the pollutions from the upstream flow of Yongding River in 1997. From 1998, lots of studies were carryied out to renew the function of Guanting Reservoir as domestic drinking water source before 2008 Olympic Games. This is the first time that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations in the surface sediment of Guanting Reservoir have been analyzed. A distinctive spatial distribution of PAHs was observed. Sediments from four sites along Inlet of Yongding River to reservoir bam had PAHs concentrations of 1377--2855 μg/g dw in descending order. The composition of PAHs is investigated and used to assess patrogenic,combustion and naturally derived of the sediments samples of Guanting Reservoir. Special PAHs ratios, such as phenanthrene/anthracene(P/A) and fluoranthene/pyrene(Fl/Pyr) were calculated to assess the relative importance of different origins. The data confirmed a relatively high level of petrogenic contamination in four sites. These high PAHs levels were associated with the input of untreated and partially treated industrial sewage. In addition, the concentrations of PAHs compounds of samples indicated that sediments of reservoir were most likely to pose potential biological impairment.     

Characterization and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in sediments of Haihe River, Tianjin, China

In this study sediment samples were collected from 13 sites of Haihe River in Tianjin City, China, sixteen of priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） listed in USEPA were analyzed by means of GC-MS. The total concentrations of PAH ranged from 774.81 to 255371.91 ng/g dw, and two to four rings of PAHs were dominant in sediment samples. Molecular ratios, such as phenanthrene/anthracene, fluoranthene/pyrene and low-molecular-weight PAH/high-molecular-weight PAH, were used to study the possible sources of pollution. It indicated a mixed pattern of parolytic and petrogenic inputs of PAHs in sediments in Haihe River. The petrogenic PAHs may be mainly derived from the leakage of refined products, e.g., gasoline, diesel fuel and fuel oil vehicle traffics or gas stations from urban area. The pyrolytic PAHs might be from the discharge of industrial wastewater and the emission of atmospheric particles from petrochemical factories. In addition, the levels of PAHs in the urban and industrial areas are far beyond the values reported from other rivers and marine systems reported. This situation may be due to polluted discharging from some petrochemical industrial manufactories and worse traffic conditions in Tianjin.     

Degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by Pseudomonas sp. JM2 isolated from active sewage sludge of chemical plant

It is important to screen strains that can decompose polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) completely and rapidly with good adaptability for bioremediation in a local area. A bacterial strain JM2, which uses phenanthrene as its sole carbon source, was isolated from the active sewage sludge from a chemical plant in Jilin, China and identified as Pseudomonas based on 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis. Although the optimal growth conditions were determined to be pH 6.0 and 37℃, JM2 showed a broad pH and temperature profile. At pH 4.5 and 9.3, JM2 could degrade more than 40% of fluorene and phenanthrene (50 mg/L each) within 4 days. In addition, when the temperature was as low as 4℃, JM2 could degrade up to 24% fluorene and 12% phenanthrene. This showed the potential for JM2 to be applied in bioremediation over winter or in cold regions. Moreover, a nutrient augmentation study showed that adding formate into media could promote PAH degradation, while the supplement of salicylate had an inhibitive effect. Furthermore, in a metabolic pathway study, salicylate, phthalic acid, and 9-fluorenone were detected during the degradation of fluorene or phenanthrene. In conclusion, Pseudomonas sp. JM2 is a high performance strain in the degradation of fluorene and phenanthrene under extreme pH and temperature conditions. It might be useful in the bioremediation of PAHs.     

非离子表面活性剂溶液中多环芳烃的溶解特性

采用3种典型非离子表面活性剂(Tween80、Tween20和Triton X-100),对4种典型多环芳烃萘(naphtha-lene)、菲(phenanthrene)、芴(fluorene)和芘(pyrene)进行了溶解特性研究.结果表明,非离子表面活性剂对多环芳烃具有较好的增溶效果,在浓度大于临界胶束浓度(CMC)时,多环芳烃的溶解度与表面活性剂浓度成正比例线性相关通过质量溶解率(WSR)的比较,确定3种非离子表面活性剂对多环芳烃的增溶效果为Triton X-100＞Tween80＞Tween20,与其HLB值呈负相关.在非离子表面活性剂溶液中,多环芳烃的正辛醇-水分配系数(K_ow)与其胶束-水分配系数(K_m)呈现良好的线性相关关系.     

武汉城区土壤剖面多环芳烃的分布特征及来源分析

研究分析了位于武汉市城区附近的南望山土壤剖面样品.表层土壤检测到了美国EPA优控的16种多环芳烃,含量为991 ng/g.之外还检测到了联苯、苯并[e]芘、苝、二苯并呋喃、二苯并噻吩、惹烯以及一些多环芳烃的烷基取代物.多环芳烃含量随着深度的增加急剧降低.表层土壤以萤蒽、苯并萤蒽、芘、苯并[a]芘等为主,菲次之.与高环相...     

Anaerobic biodegradation of PAHs in mangrove sediment with amendment of NaHCO3

Mangrove sediment is unique in chemical and biological properties. Many of them suffer polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon(PAH) contamination. However, the study on PAH biological remediation for mangrove sediment is deficient. Enriched PAH-degrading microbial consortium and electron acceptor amendment are considered as two effective measures. Compared to other electron acceptors, the study on CO2, which is used by methanogens, is still seldom. This study investigated the effect of Na HCO3 amendment on the anaerobic biodegradation of four mixed PAHs, namely fluorene(Fl), phenanthrene(Phe),fluoranthene(Flua) and pyrene(Pyr), with or without enriched PAH-degrading microbial consortium in mangrove sediment slurry. The trends of various parameters, including PAH concentrations, microbial population size, electron-transport system activities, electron acceptor and anaerobic gas production were monitored. The results revealed that the inoculation of enriched PAH-degrading consortium had a significant effect with half lives shortened by 7–13 days for 3-ring PAHs and 11–24 days for 4-ring PAHs. While Na HCO3 amendment did not have a significant effect on the biodegradation of PAHs and other parameters, except that CO2 gas in the headspace of experimental flasks was increased.One of the possible reasons is that mangrove sediment contains high concentrations of other electron acceptors which are easier to be utilized by anaerobic bacteria, the other one is that the anaerobes in mangrove sediment can produce enough CO2 gas even without adding Na HCO3.     

河蚬对太湖梅梁湾沉积物多环芳烃的生物富集

以采自清洁水体的河蚬(Corbicula flumiaea)为实验生物,利用生物富集实验测试了河蚬对太湖梅梁湾水源地沉积物巾多环芳烃的乍物富集.研究结果表明:将河蚬暴露于多环芳烃污染程度不同的太湖梅梁湾沉积物中(PAHs总含量分别为991.4-1210.9 ng·g-1(以干重汁),平均为1 101.0 ng·g-1),暴露7d后各样点中河蚬对PAHs的富集量为233.5-342.6 ng·g-1,其中2、3、4环PAHs分别占总含量的23.5%±4.9%、26.2%±4.4%和46.6%±8.5%;含量最高的4种多环芳烃依次为芘、萘、菲和荧蒽,它们所占的比例分别为29.4%±8.2%、23.5%±4.9%、14.6%±6.1%和12.5%±3.6%.河蚬对多环芳烃的生物-沉积物生物富集因子(BSAF)为0.09-0.44.低分子鼍多环芳烃的BSAF要比高分子最多环芳烃的BSAF值高,其中芘、萘、菲和荧蒽的BSAF值分别为0.09±0.04、0.24±0.04、0.44±0.23和0.19±0.09.     

焦化厂土壤和地下水中PAHs分布特征及其污染过程

以煤炭为原料的焦化厂是环境中PAHs的主要人为污染源. 针对US EPA(美国国家环境保护局)优先控制的16种PAHs,对苏南某生产历史长达16 a、面积为44.58×104 m2的焦化厂土壤样品中的w(PAHs)以及地下水样品中的ρ(PAHs)进行了分析,并采用统计学方法对PAHs的分布规律进行了研究. 结果表明:表层土壤中除二苯并[a,h]蒽外,其他15种PAHs均被检出;w(2~3环PAHs)平均值占w(∑PAHs)平均值的92.6%,明显高于w(4~6环PAHs). 地下水中只检出强亲水性的萘、二氢苊、苊、芴、菲、蒽等6种低环PAHs,但未迁移至厂外. 厂区内土壤和地下水中PAHs污染均具有典型的区域分布特征,并且均为化厂车间最严重. 土壤防污性能的差异使PAHs在3.0 m黏土层〔K_y(垂向渗透系数)=1.28×10-8 cm/s〕中富集. 高环PAHs主要与有机质结合以固相迁移,因w(TOC)随深度增加而下降,部分高w(高环PAHs)点位土壤有机质吸附过饱和,未被吸附的高环PAHs向深层迁移至5.0 m含水层顶板,但因强疏水性未进入7.0 m含水层. 强亲水性低环PAHs以溶解态迁移进入含水层,但因地下水流动缓慢(流速为3.71×10-6 cm/s),PAHs污染区仅集中在化厂车间及其附近区域.