上海市截流外排工程污水扩散影响数值研究

城市污水截流外排工程是上海市城市水环境整治的重大战略。文章以CODCr为例,数值模拟研究了上海近岸水域东、南、西三大截流外排干线不同排污方案下污染物的输移扩散规律。结果表明,长江口的水动力条件有利于污水的稀释扩散;在现状排污条件下,无论洪枯季,引起的环境水体污染物CODCr浓度增量均不大,能够满足长江口水环境容量的要求;对于规划排放量的污水,预处理和一级处理条件下引起的环境水体污染物CODCr,浓度增量较为显著,对周围敏感目标的影响也比较大;二级处理条件下所引起的污染浓度增量比较小,对水环境的影响相对较小。因此,在规划城市污水外排工程时,建议必须近期和远期相结合,合理充分利用水体自净能力。     

蓟运河含汞底质的絮凝特性

天然水体含汞底质可以成为严重的二次污染源,目前国外提出的处置方法中只有疏浚法得到工程实际应用,但必须妥善解决疏浚回水和沉泥的后处理,防止汞污染物的扩散。本文实验研究蓟运河含汞底质的粒度分布和自然絮凝特征,并对疏浚回水模拟悬浊液进行多种药剂的絮凝实验,提出可供采用的方案。     

建筑物对高架点源大气污染物扩散影响的模拟研究

运用数值方法对城市中高架点源排放大气污染物的扩散规律进行了模拟研究,在计算区域内建立了三维数学模型,并将拉格朗日法描述的颗粒轨道模型耦合到风场。本研究计算了地面风速为3 m/s时的大气流场,并模拟研究了该风场条件下气体污染物的扩散和固体颗粒污染物的运动轨迹。通过分析模拟结果,给出了高架点源中排放的气体污染物的扩散区域和固体颗粒污染物运动轨迹的变化规律。     

土壤环境下污染物运移问题的数值模拟研究

在土壤环境中,物质传输机制显著影响着污染物的运移,分析污染物运移问题的数值解,可以掌握污染物在土壤中传输的时空规律,具有重要的理论意义和实际意义。以对流扩散传输理论为依据,建立了土壤环境下污染物运移的数学模型,然后基于COMSOL对几种特定初始及边界条件下的对流扩散问题进行数值模拟,计算了稳定连续、指数变化和瞬时释放3种典型污染源排放模型,并对比了模型中的扩散、对流、吸附降解等参数对计算结果的影响,最后对污染物浓度分布的计算结果进行了相关分析和讨论。     

四氢呋喃对贴沙河水pH、溶解氧及微生物的影响

四氢呋喃是一种应用非常广泛的工业有机溶剂和中间体,但因其高水溶性和难生物降解性,使得四氢呋喃极容易进入水体和土壤中,造成环境污染。由于水具有流动性,污染物易随水体扩散,因此考察四氢呋喃对于水质的影响更显紧迫。选择了杭州市饮用水源——贴沙河作为考察对象,测定不同浓度四氢呋喃引起的贴沙河水短期和长期pH、溶解氧及可培养微生物数量这3个重要水质指标的变化,研究四氢呋喃对水体可能造成的影响。结果经过统计分析发现,四氢呋喃的添加使得水体pH随其浓度增加而显著上升;与空白对照相比,四氢呋喃使水体中微生物数量显著下降,但在实验设定不同浓度之间差异性不显著;四氢呋喃对河水溶解氧的影响不显著。     

有机蒸气-空气分子扩散系数测定的影响因素分析

利用自行研发的气体扩散系数测试装置及测定方法,分别测定和分析了常温常压下,不同扩散管径、扩散距离、体系温度、气体进气方式及其流量、扩散时间等对气体扩散系数测定的影响情况。基于拟稳态扩散模型,得出气体扩散系数测定的合理条件:扩散距离为9~14 cm;吹气流量为0.22~0.33 m~3·h;体系温度应低于液体沸点且不要太接近沸点;扩散时间根据液体挥发性情况,一般不小于12 h具体以能够明显观测到测定前后液面高度差为基准;扩散管管径应在保证扩散管截面积较小、液面以上气体以单向自然扩散为主、液体蒸发速度相对较慢的范围内选取。研究结果确定了气体扩散系数测定的合理条件,对加深油气空间传质机理的认识以及确保扩散系数测定的准确度具有重要指导意义。     

基于Fluent城市大气污染物扩散数值模拟

城市大气污染问题已经引起广泛的关注,其中对城市中大气污染物的迁移扩散过程还需进一步研究。为了探究城市复杂地形下大气污染物扩散预测的新模式,采用计算流体力学方法,建立了数值预测模型,构造出水平均匀的大气边界层模拟风场;进一步对建筑物影响下的大气污染物扩散过程进行了模拟,并与实验结果进行了对比。结果表明:数值模拟结果与实验结果基本吻合,计算流体力学方法可用于城市复杂地形下大气污染问题的研究工作;模拟结果与湍流模型的选取和湍流施密特数的设置有密切关系;采用SST k-ω湍流模型对此类问题较适宜,随着湍流施密特数的增大,扩散范围逐渐增大。     

大气污染物扩散模式的应用研究综述

应用大气污染物扩散模式可以模拟不同尺度、气象、地形条件下工业污染物在大气中的输送与扩散特征,为大气监测、城市环境规划和空气质量预报等工作提供科学依据.归纳了目前广泛应用于模拟工业污染物扩散的模式,着重介绍了近年来国内外对这些模式的主要应用研究进展,比较了各模式在应用上的优缺点,并对大气污染物扩散模式的应用研究前景进行了讨论.     

运河(杭州段)水体自净规律的实验室模拟

天然水体本身具有一定的自净能力,在一定的限度内,河流可以通过一系列复杂的物理、化学及生物作用净化水体中的污染物(?)从而维持其正常的生态平衡。进入河流的(?)染物一旦超过了其自净能力的范围,河流的这种正常的平衡就被破坏,水体逐渐恶化。为了合理利用水环境的自净能力,实现水体的良性循环,必须掌握水体净化所具有的特定规律。水体自净过程的两个突出表现是污染物的     

曝气对黑臭河道污染物释放的影响

利用黑臭河道模拟装置,对比研究了在静置和人工曝气2种方式下底泥污染释放特征及对上覆水水质的影响。结果表明,与静置释放相比,人工曝气促使实验前期底泥污染物快速释放,使得上覆水体中的各项污染物指标上升;随着水体中DO浓度的增加,硝化细菌、嗜磷菌等好氧细菌的活性增强,水体中的COD、氨氮、TN和TP得到降解或转化,浓度快速下降。实验期内,人工曝气底泥中TN、TP的平均释放速率分别为:-0.11 g/(m2·d)和-0.02 g/(m2·d),并且TP由最初的0.96 mg/L降到最终的0.48 mg/L,去除率达到50.00%。人工曝气在前期对水体中各污染指标有升高的影响,但增加了水体中的DO浓度,可以有效地抑制底泥中氮和磷的释放,对水体有机污染物、TN及TP有一定的削减作用,因此,该技术适合黑臭河道的水体修复。     

An atmospheric dispersion model for the environmental impact assessment of thermal power plants in Japan--a method for evaluating topographical effects

An atmospheric dispersion model was developed for the environmental impact assessment of thermal power plants in Japan, and a method for evaluating topographical effects using this model was proposed. The atmospheric dispersion model consists of an airflow model with a turbulence closure model based on the algebraic Reynolds stress model and a Lagrangian particle dispersion model (LPDM). The evaluation of the maximum concentration of air pollutants such as SO2, NOx, and suspended particulate matter is usually considered of primary importance for environmental impact assessment. Three indices were therefore estimated by the atmospheric dispersion model: the ratios (alpha and beta, respectively) of the maximum concentration and the distance of the point of the maximum concentration from the source over topography to the respective values over a flat plane, and the relative concentration distribution [gamma(x)] along the ground surface projection of the plume axis normalized by the maximum concentration over a flat plane. The atmospheric dispersion model was applied to the topography around a power plant with a maximum elevation of more than 1,000 m. The values of alpha and beta evaluated by the atmospheric dispersion model varied between 1 and 3 and between 1 and 0.4, respectively, depending on the topographical features. These results and the calculated distributions of y(x) were highly similar to the results of the wind tunnel experiment. Therefore, when the slope of a hill or mountain is similar to the topography considered in this study, it is possible to evaluate topographical effects on exhaust gas dispersion with reasonable accuracy using the atmospheric dispersion model as well as wind tunnel experiments.     

湍流扩散方程数学解析的探讨

本文讨论了水流场中平流、分子扩散、湍流扩散、离散作用所引起的扩散物质质量通量的数学解析以及几种水质数学模型的应用条件。     

Removal of phenols from water accompanied with synthesis of organobentonite in one-step process

A novel technology of wastewater treatment was proposed based on simultaneously synthesis of organobentonite and removal of organic pollutants such as phenols from water in one-step, which resulted that both surfactants and organic pollutants were removed from water by bentonite. The effects of contact time, pH and inorganic salt on the removal of phenols were investigated. Kinetic results showed that phenols and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTMAB) could be removed by bentonite in 25 min. The removal efficiencies were achieved at 69%, 92% and 99%, respectively, for phenol, p-nitrophenol and beta-naphthol at the initial amount of CTMAB at about 120% cation exchange capacity of bentonite. Better dispersion property and more rapid bentonite sedimentation were observed in the process. The results indicated that the one-step process is an efficient, simple and low cost technology for removal of organic pollutants and cationic surfactants from water. The proposed technology made it possible that bentonite was applied as sorbent for wastewater treatment in industrial scale.     

An Atmospheric Dispersion Model for the Environmental Impact Assessment of Thermal Power Plants in Japan—A Method for Evaluating Topographical Effects

Abstract

An atmospheric dispersion model was developed for the environmental impact assessment of thermal power plants in Japan, and a method for evaluating topographical effects using this model was proposed. The atmospheric dispersion model consists of an airflow model with a turbulence closure model based on the algebraic Reynolds stress model and a Lagrangian particle dispersion model (LPDM). The evaluation of the maximum concentration of air pollutants such as SO₂, NO_x, and suspended particulate matter is usually considered of primary importance for environmental impact assessment. Three indices were therefore estimated by the atmospheric dispersion model: the ratios (α and β, respectively) of the maximum concentration and the distance of the point of the maximum concentration from the source over topography to the respective values over a flat plane, and the relative concentration distribution [γ(x)] along the ground surface projection of the plume axis normalized by the maximum concentration over a flat plane. The atmospheric dispersion model was applied to the topography around a power plant with a maximum elevation of more than 1000 m. The values of α and β evaluated by the atmospheric dispersion model varied between 1 and 3 and between 1 and 0.4, respectively, depending on the topographical features. These results and the calculated distributions of γ(x) were highly similar to the results of the wind tunnel experiment. Therefore, when the slope of a hill or mountain is similar to the topography considered in this study, it is possible to evaluate topographical effects on exhaust gas dispersion with reasonable accuracy using the atmospheric dispersion model as well as wind tunnel experiments.     

Analysis of air quality observations with the aid of the source-receptor relationship approach

In this study, an attempt was made to analyze time series of air quality measurements (O3, SO2, SO4(2-), NOx) conducted at a remote place in the eastern Mediterranean (Finokalia at Crete Island in 1999) to obtain concrete information on potential contributions from emission sources. For the definition of a source-receptor relationship, advanced meteorological and dispersion models appropriate to identify "areas of influence" have been used. The model tools used are the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System and the Lagrangian-type particle dispersion model (forward and backward in time), with capabilities to derive influence functions and definition of "areas of influence." When high levels of pollutants have been measured at the remote location of Finokalia, particles are released from this location (receptor) and traced backward in time. The influence function derived from particle distributions characterizes dispersion conditions in the atmosphere and also provides information on potential contributions from emission sources within the modeling domain to this high concentration. As was shown in the simulation results, the experimental site of Finokalia in Crete is influenced during the selected case studies, primarily by pollutants emitted from the urban conglomerate of Athens. Secondarily, it is influenced by polluted air masses arriving from Italy and/or the Black Sea Region. For some specific cases, air pollutants monitored at Finokalia were possibly related to war activities in the West Balkan Region (Kosovo).     

Towards a multidisciplinary and integrated strategy in the assessment of adverse health effects related to air pollution: the case study of Cracow (Poland) and asthma

Complex interaction between anthropogenic activities, air quality and human health in urban areas, such as in Cracow sustains the need for the development of an interdisciplinary and integrated risk-assessment methodology. In such purpose, we propose a pilot study performed on asthmatics and based on a combined use of a biomarker, such as metallothionein 2A (MT-2A) in the characterization of human exposure to one or a mixture of pollutants and of Geographical Information Systems (G.I.S.) which integrates climatic and urban anthropogenic parameters in the assessment of spatio-temporal dispersion of air pollutants. Considering global incidence of air pollution on asthma and on peripheral blood lymphocytes MT-2A expression should provide a complementary information on biological risks linked to urban anthropogenic activities. Such study would help for the establishment of a sustainable development in urban areas that can maintain the integrity of air quality and preserve human health.     

A real-time monitoring and assessment method for calculation of total amounts of indoor air pollutants emitted in subway stations

Subway systems are considered as main public transportation facility in developed countries. Time spent by people in indoors, such as underground spaces, subway stations, and indoor buildings, has gradually increased in the recent past. Especially, operators or old persons who stay in indoor environments more than 15 hr per day usually influenced a greater extent by indoor air pollutants. Hence, regulations on indoor air pollutants are needed to ensure good health of people. Therefore, in this study, a new cumulative calculation method for the estimation of total amounts of indoor air pollutants emitted inside the subway station is proposed by taking cumulative amounts of indoor air pollutants based on integration concept. Minimum concentration of individual air pollutants which naturally exist in indoor space is referred as base concentration of air pollutants and can be found from the data collected. After subtracting the value of base concentration from data point of each data set of indoor air pollutant, the primary quantity of emitted air pollutant is calculated. After integration is carried out with these values, adding the base concentration to the integration quantity gives the total amount of indoor air pollutant emitted. Moreover the values of new index for cumulative indoor air quality obtained for 1 day are calculated using the values of cumulative air quality index (CAI). Cumulative comprehensive indoor air quality index (CCIAI) is also proposed to compare the values of cumulative concentrations of indoor air pollutants. From the results, it is clear that the cumulative assessment approach of indoor air quality (IAQ) is useful for monitoring the values of total amounts of indoor air pollutants emitted, in case of exposure to indoor air pollutants for a long time. Also, the values of CCIAI are influenced more by the values of concentration of NO2, which is released due to the use of air conditioners and combustion of the fuel. The results obtained in this study confirm that the proposed method can be applied to monitor total amounts of indoor air pollutants emitted, inside apartments and hospitals as well. Implications: Nowadays, subway systems are considered as main public transportation facility in developed countries. Time spent by people in indoors, such as underground spaces, subway stations, and indoor buildings, has gradually increased in the recent past. Especially, operators or old persons who stay in the indoor environments more than 15 hr per day usually influenced a greater extent by indoor air pollutants. Hence, regulations on indoor air pollutants are needed to ensure good health of people. Therefore, this paper presents a new methodology for monitoring and assessing total amounts of indoor air pollutants emitted inside underground spaces and subway stations. A new methodology for the calculation of cumulative amounts of indoor air pollutants based on integration concept is proposed. The results suggest that the cumulative assessment approach of IAQ is useful for monitoring the values of total amounts of indoor air pollutants, if indoor air pollutants accumulated for a long time, especially NO2 pollutants. The results obtained here confirm that the proposed method can be applied to monitor total amounts of indoor air pollutants emitted, inside apartments and hospitals as well.     

Simulation of short-range diffusion experiment in low-wind convective conditions

A previously obtained analytical solution to model the short-range dispersion of pollutants in low winds from surface releases has been used to simulate diffusion tests conducted during winter in weakly convective conditions at the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi. The turbulence parameterization based on friction velocity has been tested to simulate diffusion experiment. Such a parameterization in this study is considered justifiable on two counts: (1) prevailing meteorological and dispersion conditions have been generally of weakly unstable type as indicated by values of Monin–Obukhov length and bulk Richardson number, (2) uncertainties associated with the application of convective velocity based similarity parameterization to simulation of diffusion experiment at IIT Delhi, resulting in significant underprediction in most of the cases (Atmos. Environ. 30 (1996a) 1137). With this parameterization, the model simulations have improved considerably and compare reasonably well with the observations. Further, the results from a simple Gaussian model have been included for comparison. This study is in continuation of the work done earlier to simulate near-source dispersion in weak winds.     

The effect of improved nowcasting of precipitation on air quality modeling

The predictive potential of air quality models and thus their value in emergency management and public health support are critically dependent on the quality of their meteorological inputs. The atmospheric flow is the primary cause of the dispersion of airborne substances. The scavenging of pollutants by cloud particles and precipitation is an important sink of atmospheric pollution and subsequently determines the spatial distribution of the deposition of pollutants. The long-standing problem of the spin-up of clouds and precipitation in numerical weather prediction models limits the accuracy of the prediction of short-range dispersion and deposition from local sources. The resulting errors in the atmospheric concentration of pollutants also affect the initial conditions for the calculation of the long-range transport of these pollutants. Customary the spin-up problem is avoided by only using NWP (Numerical Weather Prediction) forecasts with a lead time greater than the spin-up time of the model. Due to the increase of uncertainty with forecast range this reduces the quality of the associated forecasts of the atmospheric flow.In this article recent improvements through diabatic initialization in the spin-up of large-scale precipitation in the Hirlam NWP model are discussed. In a synthetic example using a puff dispersion model the effect is demonstrated of these improvements on the deposition and dispersion of pollutants with a high scavenging coefficient, such as sulphur, and a low scavenging coefficient, such as cesium-137. The analysis presented in this article leads to the conclusion that, at least for situations where large-scale precipitation dominates, the improved model has a limited spin-up so that its full forecast range can be used. The implication for dispersion modeling is that the improved model is particularly useful for short-range forecasts and the calculation of local deposition. The sensitivity of the hydrological processes to proper initialization implies that the spin-up problem may reoccur with changes in the model and increased model resolution. Spin-up should be an ongoing concern for atmospheric modelers.     

Which meteorological conditions produce worst-case odors from area sources?

Two competing meteorological factors influence atmospheric concentrations of pollutants from open liquid area sources such as wastewater treatment plant units: temperature and stability. High temperatures in summer produce greater emissions from liquid area sources because of increased compound volatility; however, these emissions tend to disperse more readily because of frequent occurrence of unstable conditions. An opposite scenario occurs in winter, with lesser emissions due to lower temperatures, but also frequently less dispersion, due to stable atmospheric conditions. The primary objective of this modeling study was thus to determine whether higher atmospheric concentrations from open liquid area sources occur more frequently in summer, when emissions are greater but so is dispersion, or in winter, when emissions are lesser but so is dispersion. The study utilized a rectangular clarifier emitting hydrogen sulfide as a sample open liquid area source. Dispersion modeling runs were conducted using ISCST3 and AERMOD, encompassing 5 yr of hourly meteorological data divided by season. Emission rates were varied hourly on the basis of a curve-fit developed from previously collected field data. Model output for each season was used to determine (1) maximum 2-min average concentrations, (2) the number of odor events (2-min average concentrations greater than odor detection thresholds), and (3) areas of impact. On the basis of these 3 types of output, it was found that the worst-case odors were associated with summer, considering impacts of meteorology upon both emissions and dispersion. Not accounting for the impact of meteorology on emissions (using a constant worst-case emission rate) caused concentrations to be overpredicted compared with a variable emission rate case. The highest concentrations occurred during stability classes D, E, and F, as anticipated. A comparison of ISCST3 and AERMOD found that for the area source modeled, ISCST3 predicted higher concentrations and more odor events for all seasons.