双金属Fe~0-Cu~0的合成及其催化过硫酸钠(PS)降解邻苯二甲酸二丁酯的研究

以铜金属有机骨架材料Cu_3(BTC)_2·12H_2O (Cu-BTC)为前驱体,通过浸渍还原方法成功制备出粒径为20-30 nm的Fe~0-Cu~0双金属催化剂.为评估该双金属催化剂对过硫酸钠(PS)的催化活性,对邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)进行氧化降解研究.考察了Fe~0/Cu~0的摩尔比、PS浓度、催化剂用量及初始pH对DBP降解的影响.结果表明在Fe~0/Cu~01.0时,DBP的降解去除率随着双金属催化剂Fe~0/Cu~0摩尔比的增加而增大.DBP的降解率随着PS和Fe~0-Cu~0双金属催化剂浓度的增加而增大,并在PS和Fe~0-Cu~0浓度分别为1.62 mmol·L~(-1)和0.3 g·L~(-1)时达到最佳去除效果.除pH值为7.0外,DBP的降解率随着初始pH值的增加而下降.     

Fe^0对土壤中对氯硝基苯和对硝基甲苯的还原

采用零价铁(Fe0)还原技术,在25℃和常压下修复受对氯硝基苯(PCNB)和对硝基甲苯(PNT)混合污染的土壤,研究不同反应条件对还原反应的影响及产物在反应历程中的变化.实验结果表明:零价铁能够有效地将土壤中PCNB和PNT还原为其对应的苯胺化合物.在PCNB和PNT的初始含量约为2.5×106mol·g-1,Fe0加人最为25 mg·g-1,土壤水分含量为0.75 mL·g-1,土壤初始pH值为6.8,于25℃下反应5 h,PCNB和PNT的还原率都可达93%以上.Fe0用量、土壤初始pH值、温度和土壤含水量均对Fe0还原硝基苯类化合物有较明显影响,偏酸性的土壤、较高的温度、增加Fe0用量和饱和的土壤含水量能显著提高还原率.     

海南典型水稻土厌氧铁还原特征对DOM分子特性的响应

为探究海南典型水稻土不同粒径土壤中溶解态有机质(DOM)的含量组成对铁氧化还原特征的影响机制,分别采集海南5种成土母质发育的水稻土(玄武岩、花岗岩、砂页岩、海相沉积物、河流冲积物),利用紫外-可见光谱技术分析不同粒径土壤中DOM的碳含量及其光谱特征,利用Logistics模型对不同水稻土培养过程中Fe(Ⅲ)还原特征进行表征;采用冗余分析手段分析各水稻土在厌氧培养过程中,不同粒径土壤中DOM组分及光谱参数对Fe(Ⅲ)还原特征影响。结果表明,在厌氧培养过程中,不同母质发育水稻土Fe(Ⅱ)含量不同,其中玄武岩发育水稻土Fe(Ⅱ)含量最大(8.45 mg·g~(-1)),根据Logistics模型发现不同母质发育水稻土的还原潜势(a)和Fe(Ⅲ)还原速率(vmax)存在差异且玄武岩发育水稻土的a、v_(max)最大。海相沉积物发育水稻土的溶解态有机碳(DOC)含量最高(0.712 g·kg~(-1)),5种水稻土的DOC均在最小粒径(1 kDa)含量最多,随着培养时间增长各类水稻土中DOC含量均下降,紫外-可见光谱结果显示5种母质发育的水稻土的芳香性和疏水性随着DOC粒径的减小而下降,三维荧光光谱结果表明,不同母质发育水稻土中各组分的荧光强度均随培养时间增长而增强,而在粒径0.45—0.7μm、1—10 kDa中各组分荧光强度增强;在粒径10 kDa—0.45μm、1 kDa中各组分荧光强度降低;BIX、HIX、FI值均随着粒径的减小而增大。冗余分析结果显示,HIX、SUVA260、C1、C2组分可促进水稻土铁还原过程,不同的培养阶段下铁还原受不同DOM组分的影响,但是C1组分始终影响Fe(Ⅲ)的还原,小粒径的C3、C4组分(1kDa)对铁还原有更大贡献。了解海南岛水稻土铁还原对不同分子量DOM的响应,对农业环境具有重要意义。     

Fe~(2+)/单过氧硫酸氢盐(PMS)体系降解水体中酮洛芬的机制研究

以酮洛芬(KTP)为目标污染物,研究了其在Fe~(2+)/单过氧硫酸氢盐(PMS)体系中的降解行为.溶液的pH值不仅会影响KTP的存在形态,而且也会影响Fe~(2+)/PMS体系中Fe~(2+)的形态,进而影响KTP的降解,结果表明,酸性条件有利于KTP的降解,当pH=3时降解效果达到最佳,降解率为66.87%.分别以乙醇和叔丁醇做为自由基猝灭剂,检测到体系中存在硫酸根自由基与羟基自由基,且酸性时以硫酸根自由基为主导,而中性和碱性时以羟基自由基为主导,说明随pH值的升高体系中发生了SO_4~(-·)向HO·转化.当HCO_3~-浓度从0增大至0.01 mmol·L~(-1)时,其对KTP的降解起到促进作用,继续增大至10 mmol·L~(-1)时,对KTP的降解起抑制作用.HA在0至10 mg·L-1浓度范围内对KTP的降解起到促进作用,继续增大至50 mg·L~(-1)时则表现出抑制作用.自然水体中低浓度的腐殖酸、碳酸氢盐对KTP的降解起到促进作用,而高浓度则表现为抑制作用;采用UPLC/MS/MS对KTP降解产物进行鉴定,推测KTP在Fe~(2+)/PMS体系下的降解途径主要涉及脱羧反应、酮基化反应和羟基化反应;用发光菌急性毒性实验评价了KTP降解过程中的毒性变化,发现KTP氧化过程中体系的毒性低于氧化前KTP的毒性,表明Fe~(2+)/PMS体系是一种有效降低KTP毒性的方法.     

广东省农耕土壤中四溴双酚A与六溴环十二烷的含量调查及其蓄积水平估算

以广东省的农耕土壤为研究对象,利用HPLC-MS/MS法对粤北、粤东、粤西、珠三角地区6个市18个县的360份土壤样品中四溴双酚A(TBBPA)与六溴环十二烷(HBCDs)3种异构体的含量进行测定,旨在探明广东省农耕土壤中两种阻燃剂的含量、分布、异构体的构成特征,并对广东省农耕土壤中TBBPA与HBCDs的蓄积情况进行评估,以期为两者的污染防治提供依据.结果表明,(1)广东省农耕土壤中TBBPA与∑HBCDs(α、β、γ-HBCD之和)的含量范围分别为ND—7.43 ng·g~(-1)dw和ND—3.85 ng·g~(-1)dw,均值分别为0.61 ng·g~(-1)dw和0.68 ng·g~(-1)dw.(2)在采样涉及的6个市中,TBBPA平均含量高低顺序为佛山(0.91 ng·g~(-1)dw)湛江(0.90 ng·g~(-1)dw)汕头(0.82 ng·g~(-1)dw)肇庆(0.44 ng·g~(-1)dw)惠州(0.34 ng·g~(-1)dw)韶关(0.24 ng·g~(-1)dw),∑HBCDs平均含量高低顺序为汕头(0.98 ng·g~(-1)dw)惠州(0.97 ng·g~(-1)dw)佛山(0.77 ng·g~(-1)dw)湛江(0.72 ng·g~(-1)dw)肇庆(0.35 ng·g~(-1)dw)韶关(0.28 ng·g~(-1)dw).各采样市之间的农耕土壤中TBBPA浓度和HBCDs浓度均有显著的地区差异(方差分析,P0.001),工业和经济更发达的珠三角地区农耕土壤中的TBBPA与HBCDs浓度明显高于粤北山区.当地阻燃剂使用相关工业年产值与∑HBCDs在农耕土壤中的污染浓度均有强相关性(P=0.021,Spearman相关系数=0.829).(3)广东省农耕土壤中α-HBCD、β-HBCD、γ-HBCD的平均丰度分别为36.1%、9.0%、54.9%,与工业产品中三者的比例有所不同,说明HBCDs在环境蓄积过程中发生了转化与重排.(4)广东省农耕土壤中的TBBPA蓄积量为4.57 t,HBCDs的蓄积量为5.10 t,说明该两种化合物在广东省农耕土壤中已经达到一定程度的蓄积.     

甲氧苄啶在有机酸络合Fe~(2+)活化过硫酸钠体系中的降解机制

在有机酸(OAS)/Fe~(2+)/过硫酸钠(PDS)体系中生成的具有强氧化能力的硫酸根自由基(SO_4~(·-)),可以降解水中难降解污染物甲氧苄啶(TMP).分别探讨了柠檬酸(CA)浓度、Fe~(2+)浓度、PDS浓度、p H值对甲氧苄啶降解的影响,以及不同浓度的4种有机酸在不同p H值下对TMP降解的影响.结果表明,当TMP浓度20μmol·L~(-1),p H=7,温度25℃,反应时间30 min,摩尔比CA∶Fe~(2+)∶PDS∶TMP=5∶15∶40∶1时,TMP的降解率高达82.55%;柠檬酸和EDTA有促进TMP降解作用,焦磷酸钠和草酸起抑制TMP降解作用.猝灭实验证实了TMP的降解是SO_4~(·-)和·OH共同作用的结果,SO_4~(-·)起主导作用;液相色谱质谱检出5种中间产物,推测TMP的降解路径涉及羟基化反应、脱甲氧基化反应和裂解反应.     

Mn~(2+)协同Fe~(3+)-EDTA在中性pH条件下催化类Fenton降解水中卡马西平

研究了Mn~(2+)协同Fe~(3+)-EDTA络合体催化类Fenton反应,在中性p H条件下对水中新兴污染物卡马西平的降解情况.考察了Mn~(2+)∶Fe~(3+)、EDTA∶Fe~(3+)和H_2O_2∶Fe~(3+)的物质的量比率、Fe~(3+)浓度和初始p H等关键因素对卡马西平降解效果的影响.结果表明,共存Mn~(2+)能够显著增强Fe~(3+)-EDTA络合体催化类Fenton反应体系的氧化能力.在0.1 mmol·L~(-1)Fe~(3+)、EDTA∶Fe~(3+)为2∶1、Mn~(2+)∶Fe~(3+)为1∶1、H_2O_2∶Fe~(3+)为150∶1和p H 7.0的条件下,经过20 min反应时间,卡马西平的降解率能够达到100%,表观降解速率常数达到0.6374 min~(-1).其增效机理是通过Mn~(2+)-EDTA与H_2O_2反应促进O_2~(·-)的产生,进而加速还原Fe~(3+)-EDTA至Fe~(2+)-EDTA,间接提高HO~·的产生速率.研究结果能够为水中卡马西平的有效去除提供参考.     

环甲基硅氧烷的环境分布、行为与效应研究进展

近年来,挥发性环甲基硅氧烷(cVMS)在生产和生活过程中的广泛使用导致其环境和人体暴露风险日益增加,由于其具有持久性、潜在的生物积累性和毒性而被受关注。目前,人们对cVMS在全球各种环境介质中的赋存、行为及效应有一定的了解。排入环境中的cVMS大部分进入大气,在水体、沉积物、土壤和生物体中也有一定的含量。研究表明,希腊室内空气降尘中总的环硅氧烷含量中位数最高(1 380 ng·g~(-1)),其次为中国(362 ng·g~(-1));中国污水处理厂总的硅氧烷年人均通量(10 g·y~(-1))低于英国(D4~D6 48.3 g·y~(-1))和美国(D4~D6 93.5 g·y~(-1)),其中大连市一家采用CWSBR工艺的污水处理厂进水中cVMS的总浓度(1.05μg·L~(-1))普遍低于希腊(5.14μg·L~(-1))、西班牙(9.2μg·L~(-1))、加拿大(44μg·L~(-1))和一些北欧国家(17μg·L~(-1));我国大部分废水处理厂污泥中甲基硅氧烷的含量(0.1~lμg·g~(-1)dw)比一些北欧国家(26μg·g~(-1)dw)、希腊(20μg·g~(-1)dw)和加拿大(64μg·g~(-1)dw)等要低得多。中国普通居民吸入+摄食D4~D6的PELs中位数(173 ng·d~(-1))远低于中国普通人群的皮肤暴露(中位数18.5μg·d~(-1)),更低于英国成人日暴露量(1.875 mg·d~(-1))和美国妇女对总硅氧烷的日暴露量(307 mg·d~(-1))。环境中cVMS的行为和效应取决于其理化性质和具体的环境条件。进入大气的cVMS会与·NO_3、O_3和·OH反应,而与·OH反应脱去甲基生成硅醇是其主要的消除机制。污水处理过程中,大部分cVMS被污泥吸附固定,D6吸附污泥的能力最强,其次为D5和D4。挥发、吸附和非生物降解是cVMS在土壤中主要的环境行为。D4和D5可能存在生物放大作用。评估cVMS的TMF(trophic magnification factor)研究结果相互矛盾,且与BCF、BMF和BSAF的评估结果相反。总之,国内外对污水处理过程中cVMS的赋存状态和迁移、转化行为的研究比较多,且以进、出水和剩余污泥为主,而对整个工艺流程中具体变化的细化研究很少,对其生物积累特征、降解机制和降解产物更缺乏深入研究。因此,今后需要补充对其他环境介质、尤其是和人们居住、工作密切相关环境中cVMS分布规律的研究,深入探索其在实际环境中的降解过程,包括其降解产物或中间产物的环境行为,进一步评估其生态环境效应和人类健康风险。     

Fe~0对土壤中3-硝基甲苯的还原作用

研究常温常压下零价铁(ZVI或Fe0)对土壤中3-硝基甲苯(MNT)的还原作用.结果表明:零价铁能够有效地将土壤中的MNT还原为3-甲基苯胺.在MNT为2.5×10-6mol·-1,铁粉加入量为25mg·g-1,土壤初始pH值为6.8,含水量为75%,温度为25℃的条件下,反应5h后MNT的还原率可达95%.随着体系反应时间的延长,温度的升高,土壤含水量的增大和铁粉用量的增加,MNT的还原率均增大.将土壤初始pH值控制在偏酸性有利于反应的进行.     

新疆阿勒泰地区土壤中多环芳烃含量水平及来源解析

为了研究新疆阿勒泰地区土壤多环芳烃(PAHs)污染状况,于2018年10月对阿勒泰地区表层土壤进行采样,共采集样品14个,采用气相色谱-质谱仪(GC-MS 7890A-5975MSD Agilent)测定土壤样品中16种优控PAHs含量,并对其组成、分布及来源情况进行解析。结果表明,阿勒泰地区表层土壤中∑_(16)PAHs含量介于3.48～103.81 ng·g~(-1)之间,平均含量为32.24 ng·g~(-1),PAHs组成以3、4环为主,其中,7种致癌PAHs总含量介于0.32～50.95 ng·g~(-1)之间,平均含量为11.20 ng·g~(-1)。研究区域土壤PAHs污染水平较低,且PAHs污染水平与海拔高度无显著相关性(r=-0.471,P=0.668)。同分异构体比值法分析结果表明阿勒泰地区土壤PAHs主要来源于化石燃料及生物质燃烧,机动车尾气排放对PAHs贡献较大。主成分分析-多元线性回归解析结果表明,阿勒泰地区土壤PAHs主要受交通源(62.8%)、焦炉和燃煤源(28.2%)以及生物质燃烧源(9.0%)3个污染源影响,与新疆2012年排放贡献源相比,交通源以及焦炉和燃煤源排放占比呈上升趋势。     

Modelling dynamics of soil organic matter under different historical land-use management techniques in European Russia

We have analyzed an influence of the traditional agricultural system techniques on the soil organic matter dynamics using the model of carbon and nitrogen cycling in forest ecosystems EFIMOD linked with the model of SOM dynamics ROMUL. Forest stands on the loamy soddy-podzolic soils (Alfisoils) located in the Central European Russia have been taken for the case study. The following land-use management scenarios were simulated: (a) slash-and-burn system with 3 years for crops and 120, 60 and 25 years for forest; (b) three-field crop rotation system with organic fertilization (dung) every 3 and 9 years and the same rotation without fertilization; and (c) short-term field-forest shifting system with 10 years for crops and 10 and 25 years for forest. Analysis of the results showed that the frequency of agricultural use in mixed field-forest land-use systems was crucial for soil organic matter dynamics. Under the short interval between agriculture, the stocks of all soil organic matter pools decreased. Under all scenarios except the three-field crop rotation with fertilization and the slash-and-burn system with 120 years for forest, a strong reduction of soil organic matter occurred after 30-130 years of the agricultural impacts. The highest reduction rates were modelled under the short-term field-forest shifting system and three-field rotation without fertilization. Fertilization led to stabilization of soil organic matter pools and gave a possibility for a long time stable agricultural use.     

The environmental fate of thymol,a novel botanical pesticide,in tropical agricultural soil and water

In this study, the environmental fate of thymol, including hydrolysis, aqueous photolysis, soil sorption and soil degradation, was studied under conditions that simulated the tropical agricultural environment. This study was undertaken to supply basic information for evaluating the environmental risks of applying this new botanical pesticide to tropical crop production. The results showed that the hydrolysis of thymol was pH-dependent and accelerated by acidic conditions and high temperatures. However, the hydrolysis rate was far lower than the aqueous photolysis rate, indicating that direct photolysis is an important dissipation pathway for thymol in water. The sorption of thymol by three tropical soils was consistently well described by the Freundlich model, and the sorption coefficients increased in the order sandy soil < loamy soil < clay soil, a characterization that depended on the organic carbon contents of the soil. The soil degradation rate of thymol decreased in the order sandy soil > loamy soil > clay soil, which has a negative correlation with the sorption of thymol in soils. We concluded that the degradation rates of thymol in tropical soil and water are fast: thymol in water is photodegraded (50%) by sunlight within 28 h, and the thymol in soils is degraded (50%) within 8.4 d. Therefore, the environmental risk to the surrounding soils and water of thymol application for tropical crop production is low.     

海南热带橡胶园土壤易氧化有机碳空间变异特征研究

为了解热带橡胶园土壤活性有机碳状况,采集了海南全岛13个不同胶园土壤,用高锰酸钾氧化-比色法测定了土壤易氧化有机碳质量分数,分析了其影响因素。结果表明,海南橡胶园土壤易氧化有机碳质量分数平均为2.70 g.kg-1（以C计）,变化在0.92~6.82 g.kg-1之间,变幅达到641%。易氧化有机碳质量分数与土壤有机质、全磷和全氮显著正相关,同时受成土母质的强烈影响,玄武岩发育的土壤最有利于易氧化有机碳累积,砂页岩和花岗岩次之,而变质岩和浅海沉积物形成的土壤易氧化有机碳质量分数较低。土壤易氧化有机碳质量分数也受气候强烈影响,随湿度降低而下降。     

Dissipation of the triketone mesotrione herbicide in the soil of corn crops grown on different soil types

The new triketone herbicide mesotrione corresponds to the older sulcotrione in which the 2‐chloro benzoyl substituent is replaced by a nitro group, generating an herbicide of greater efficiency and a broader spectrum of activity. Mesotrione has been applied within the same 15 days period pre‐emergence at the rate of 150gha^‐1 to four corn crops made at different sites located 40 km apart in Belgium and of soils of different textures, but similar pH and organic matter (old humus) contents. The mesotrione soil half‐life in the 0–10 cm surface soil layer (which contained more than 90% of the residue) was 50 days in loam soil (at Zarlardinge), 41 days in sandy loam soil (at Melle) and in clay soil (at Koksijde), and 34 days in sandy soil (at Zingem). The cumulative effects of the recent organic fertilizer treatments and of the soil texture could explain the differences between the soil half‐lives. The time for the 90% dissipation of mesotrione was between 3.6 (in the sandy soil) to 4.7 months (in the sandy loam, loam and clay soils). The low mesotrione soil residues remaining after the corn harvest should disappear with the usual heavy rains in autumn, and the tilling which precedes the following crop and dilutes the mesotrione soil residue. These low mesotrione soil residues thus should have no phytotoxicity toward the following crop, especially at the lower application dose of 100 g mesotrione ha^‐1 used in practice.     

膜下滴灌棉田不同土层盐分变化及其对棉花生长的影响

研究选择两种不同盐分含量土壤（中度盐渍化EC25：4-7 dS.m-1和轻度盐渍化EC25：1-4 dS.m-1）,通过对棉田整个生育期的土壤盐分含量测定,研究棉田不同土层盐分变化及其对棉花生长的影响。结果表明：两种不同盐分含量土壤,盐分降幅较大的在0-20、40-80 cm土层为膜下滴灌棉田盐分积聚区。整个生育期土壤盐分变化趋势相似,都表现为土壤盐分前期（现蕾期）快速下降后期有所增加;中度盐渍化和轻度盐渍化棉田的单株干物质积累量差异不显著,单位面积的干物质积累和籽棉产量差异显著,其主要原因是两种盐分土壤棉花的成活率差异较大。     

滨海沙滩造林种果后土壤理化性质的变化

在滨海沙滩营造木麻黄防护林，林带老化后进行更新，部分林地改种潮州柑或芒果而成为果园，并于其间套种农作物或牧卓；结果表明，人为耕作活动对土壤的热化起到了明显的促进作用．在造林种果的同时，大量肥料的施入及优质客土改良了土壤，使＞１．０ｍｍ的砂粒比例明显减少，＜０．０１ｍｍ的粉粘粒及土壤养分含量明显增加，其中沙草地、防护林及果园，０—４０ｃｍ土壤粉粘粒含量分别为５６．４ｇ／ｋｇ、５９．６ｇ／ｋｇ和１０８．９ｇ／ｋｇ，土壤有机质为０．７１ｇ／ｋｇ、２．０２ｇ／ｋｇ和４．１１ｇ／ｋｇ；土壤氮素含量随有机质提高而提高，柑园速效磷和钾含量是沙草地的３７倍和３．５倍，然而防护林的种植对土壤速效磷和钾的影响却不明显；由于雨水淋洗，土壤盐分减少；又由于酸性化学肥料的大量施入，土壤ｐＨ值由８．３下降为５．３．果园的营建，明显改善了土壤的肥力状况及其保水保肥性能，提高了沙滩地的利用价值及生态经济效益．     

Chemical changes in agricultural soils of Korea: data review and suggested countermeasures

The monitoring of chemical properties, including heavy metals, in soils is necessary if better management and remediation practices are to be established for polluted soils. The National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology initiated a monitoring study that investigated fertility and heavy metal contents of the benchmarked soils. The study covered paddy soils, upland soils, and horticultural soils in the plastic film houses, and orchard soils throughout the Korea from 1990 to 1998. Likewise, 4047 samples of paddy and 2534 samples of plastic house in 1999 and 2000 were analyzed through the Soil Environment Conservation Act. Soil chemical properties such as pH, organic matter, available phosphate and extractable calcium, magnesium and potassium contents, and heavy metal contents such as cadmium, copper, lead, zinc, arsenic, mercury, and cobalt contents were analyzed. The study showed that the average contents of organic matter, available phosphate, and extractable potassium rapidly increased in plastic house soils than in upland or paddy soils. Two kinds of fertilizer recommendation systems were established for the study: the standard levels by national soil average data for 77 crops and the recommendation by soil test for 70 crops. Standard nitrogen fertilizer application levels for cereal crops changed from 94 kg/ha in 1960s, 99 kg/ha in 1970s, 110 kg/ha in 1980s to 90 kg/ha in 1990s. The K2O-fertilizer also changed from 67 kg/ha in 1960s, 76 kg/ha in 1970s, 92 kg/ha in 1980s, and only 44 kg/ha in 1990s. In rice paddy fields, the average contents of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in surface soils (0-15 cm depth) were 0.11 mg kg(-1) (ranged from 0 to 1.01), 4.70 mg kg(-1) (0-41.59), 4.84 mg kg(-1) (0-66.44), and 4.47 mg kg(-1) (0-96.70), respectively. In the uplands, the average contents of Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, and As in surface soils (0-15 cm depth) were 0.135 mg kg(-1) (ranged from 0 to 0.660), 2.77 mg kg(-1) (0.07-78.24), 3.47 mg kg(-1) (0-43.00), 10.70 mg kg(-1) (0.30-65.10), and 0.57 mg kg(-1) (0.21-2.90), respectively. In plastic film houses, the average contents of Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, and As in surface soil were 0.12 mg kg(-1) (ranging from 0 to 1.28), 4.82 mg kg(-1) (0-46.50), 2.68 mg kg(-1) (0-46.50), 31.19 mg kg(-1) (0.19-252.0), and 0.36 mg kg(-1) (0-4.98), respectively. In orchard fields, the average contents of Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, As, and Hg in surface soils (0-20 cm depth) were 0.11 mg kg(-1) (ranged from 0-0.49), 3.62 mg kg(-1) (0.03-45.30), 2.30 mg kg(-1) (0-27.80), 16.60 mg kg(-1) (0.33-105.50), 0.44 mg kg(-1) (0-4.14), and 0.05 mg kg(-1) (0.01-0.54), respectively. For polluted soils with over the warning content levels of heavy metals, fine red earth application, land reconsolidation and soil amelioration such as lime, phosphate, organic manure, and submerging were recommended. For the countermeasure areas, cultivation of non-edible crops such as garden trees, flowers, and fiber crops; land reformation; and heavy application of fine red earth (up to 30 cm) were strongly recommended. Land use techniques should be changed to be harmonious with the environment to increase yield and income. Soil function characteristics should be taken into account.     

北京市农业区不同使用类型土壤中二噁英类分析

2005年6—7月采集了北京市农业区不同使用类型土壤样品24个,分别为蔬菜地8个、粮地8个、果园地8个,采用高分辨气质联机对17种二噁英类进行了分析.结果表明:所有样品中二噁英浓度范围为,0.26—5.74(平均值为1.51)pgI-TEQ.g-1;蔬菜地浓度范围为,0.26—5.62(平均值1.75)pgI-TEQ.g-1;粮地浓度范围为,0.45—5.74(平均值2.02)pgI-TEQ.g-1;果园地浓度范围为,0.34—2.02(平均值0.73)pgI-TEQ.g-1;三种类型中粮食地浓度最高,其次为蔬菜地,果园地浓度最低.与国外农业区土壤中的二噁英浓度相比而言,北京市相对较低.所有样品中,样品8和16浓度异常高,但是8.3%(2:24)的高浓度样品数并不代表对人体有害.由于样品24处于垃圾焚烧炉旁边,也对此进行了详细的分析.样品中二噁英类物质形态分布出现了极大的离散性,这表明农田土壤中二噁英可能是多种因素综合作用的结果,例如:除草剂的使用、秸秆等固体废弃物的焚烧、汽车尾气排放等.     

茚虫威对映体在土壤中的选择性降解

研究了茚虫威在4种不同类型的农田土壤中的降解动态和选择性降解行为.结果表明,添加水平在0.1—5.0 mg.kg-1的条件下,茚虫威对映体在土壤中添加回收率在(78.56±3.16)%—(108.16±5.32)%之间,最低检测限为0.01 mg.kg-1,定量限为0.05 mg.kg-1.茚虫威在土壤中的消解符合一级动力学规律,消解过程受土壤pH值、有机质含量等因素的影响.茚虫威对映体在1#—4#土壤中的降解速率存在明显的差异性,E1的半衰期分别为15.33 d、19.09 d、10.61 d、11.40 d,E2的半衰期分别为15.44 d、15.61 d、8.58 d、11.13 d,降解快慢顺序为:3#>4#>1#>2#,表明茚虫威在偏碱性的土壤中的降解速率要快于在酸性土壤中,且对映体的半衰期差异在有机质含量较高的土壤中表现得更加明显;对映体分数EF值(enantiomer fraction)表明茚虫威对映体在4种供试土壤中除了1#土壤外均存在明显的立体选择性降解.     

铜污染土壤添加有机物质的生物效应Ⅰ. 对黑麦草生物量的影响

试验研究了泥炭和堆肥对铜污染土壤盆栽黑麦草生物量的影响。结果表明，在未添加有机物质的情况下，随着污染土壤铜含量的增加，黑麦草生物量呈明显减少的趋势（呈显著负相关），地下部分对铜毒害的反应比地上部分更敏感；导致黑麦草生物量减产20%的土壤铜含量在200～400 mg/kg之间。添加有机物质能显著促进黑麦草尤其是其地下部分的生长，使中度、重度铜污染土壤上的三茬黑麦草生物量平均增加80%～200%，并提高了导致黑麦草严重减产的土壤铜临界浓度。堆肥的增产效果好于泥炭。在试验的9个月内，有机物质仍能维持对受铜污染的土壤上的黑麦草生长的促进作用。