环境敏感区环保技术措施的研究与实践

文章介绍环境敏感区百重7井区开发过程中的环境保护工作,为尽量降低油田开发过程中对环境的负面影响,对环境保护长效机制进行初步探索。通过油田开发前、钻井过程中、生产运行中、施工作业中各环节的环境保护技术措施的实施,节约了大量清水与天然气,实现了水资源与热能的循环利用,采出液能耗降低,废气与排放量减小。     

新型环保钻井液体系研究综述

为了减少钻井废物对环境的污染,国内外钻井工作者注重研究及开发新型的环保型钻井液体系,如合成基钻井液体系、聚合醇钻井液体系、多元醇钻井液体系、甲酸盐钻井液体系、烷基葡萄糖苷钻井液体系、硅酸盐钻井液体系、化肥钻井液体系、有机盐钻井液体系等。对各种环保钻井液的特点进行了分析,并对环保型钻井液的发展方向进行了预测和探讨。     

套管保护液对钻井废水处理效果的影响＊

通过研究高含硫气田钻井完井后套管保护液对钻井废水处理效果的影响,可知:采用混凝/二次絮凝/吸附工艺处理不含套管保护液的钻井废水时,出水COD<150 mg/L;当套管保护液加量>0.5 mL/L时,出水中COD随套管保护液用量增加而急剧升高,远大于150 mg/L;采用混凝/吸附/微电解组合工艺处理含套管保护液的完井钻井废水,出水COD<150 mg/L,满足GB 8978-1996《污水综合排放标准》二级标准的要求。     

废弃水基钻井液的利用──MTC固井技术

治理与利用废弃钻井液是油气田环境保护的主要研究课题之一。MTC固井技术是在废弃钻井液中加入固化剂和化学处理剂使之转变为固井液，研究结果表明：只要固化剂、化学处理剂及配方选择得当，可使废弃钻井液转化为MTC固井液，这样既可节的固井成本，又为解决废弃钻井液的环境污染问题提供了一条行之有效的途径。     

我国页岩气开发钻井废物污染防治技术进展

我国在逐步加大页岩气开发力度的同时,也在加大页岩气开发过程中的环保技术研究,以促进页岩气开发绿色可持续发展。文章分析了页岩气开发过程中钻井废物处理存在的主要问题,针对这些问题,介绍了环保型钻井液、水基钻井废物处理与资源化、油基钻井废物处理与资源化等技术及其应用进展。提出了强化源头控制,从钻井液、井身结构设计、钻完井等方面进行全面管控,提高钻井液的循环使用效率,研发高效的废液净化工艺,降低钻井废物的产出,并实现钻井废物资源化的发展思路。     

油气钻井节能减排及清洁生产措施实践

从钻井作业各环节进一步采取节能减排措施,对企业环境保护极为重要。结合四川油气田钻井作业实际,从生产过程中的八个环节较详细地分析论述了节能减排清洁生产的主要措施,以龙岗10井为清洁生产示范工程,介绍了其清洁生产与节能减排所取得的绩效,处理后水质达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978-1996)一级标准,清洁生产主要指标达到中国石油天然气集团公司规定的钻井清洁生产指标的二级指标要求。     

空气钻井条件下的油气田环境保护

空气钻井与常规钻井相比,可以显著提高钻井效率。由于空气钻井实际应用时间较短,给油气田环境保护带来的难题亟需解决,与环保相关的配套技术还需完善,如粉尘的扩散、泡沫钻井液的回收等。文章根据塔里木油田大北X井空气钻井现场试验,分析了空气钻井条件下环境问题的成因,提出了相应的解决方法,并对一些油田未运用的环保配套技术作了一定的探讨。     

油田钻修井废水处理工艺技术研究及应用

在钻井、完井、井下作业等油气田开发生产过程中,会产生钻井泥浆压滤液、压井液、洗井液、压裂和酸化返排液等含油钻修井废水,这些废水组成复杂难处理,无法直接外排或回注。文章对冀东油田钻修井废水的水质特性及组成进行分析,开发了1套钻修井废水一体化处理技术,介绍了电催化、絮凝沉降、铁碳微电解、多级砂滤等核心工艺,开展了絮凝剂、助凝剂及pH值调节剂的最佳条件试验研究。研究结果表明:最佳药剂添加浓度分别为絮凝剂50 mg/L、助凝剂6 mg/L,最佳絮凝效果反应条件pH值为9。同时,现场试验应用结果表明:该工艺处理后的污水水质能够达到SY/T 5329—2012《碎屑岩油藏注水水质指标及分析方法》相关指标要求,实现了钻修井废水的合规化处置。     

HSE管理体系在承包国际合作项目中的应用

0 引 言 2000年6月至12月，长庆石油勘探局（以下简称长庆局）承包了壳牌公司长北区块“长1井”、“长2井”两口井的钻井和压裂、试气施工作业任务，通过施工，按照壳牌公司要求，不仅为我们提供了科学的钻井技术和井下作业技术，还带来了先进、系统的环境保护管理技术和方法，使我们颇受启发。 1 HSE管理体系的应用 壳牌公司在生产组织中，严格按照规范的HSE管理模式进行运作，即按照戴明PDCA循环模型，在计划（P）、行动（D）、检查(C)和改进(A)4个环节的循环过程中不断前进。壳牌公司认为第4个环节为反馈，即要按反馈的信息进行…     

高95井硫化氢处理及防治措施研究

文章分析总结了硫化氢对钻井的影响及在钻井中应注意的事项,并结合胜利油田高95井现场取芯钻井过程中硫化氢六次高显示的处理工艺,提出了主要防治措施,对该区块的高含硫化氢井有参考借鉴价值。     

Assessing drilling mud and technical fluid contamination in rock core and brine samples intended for microbiological monitoring at the CO2 storage site in Ketzin using fluorescent dye tracers

The CO₂SINK project in Ketzin represents a field laboratory for the storage of CO₂ in a 650-m deep saline aquifer. The project is accompanied by a microbiological monitoring programme to characterise the composition and activity of the autochthonous microbial community in rock and brine samples and their changes in response to CO₂ storage. A prerequisite of these studies is the acquisition of samples free of contamination from microorganisms and organic and inorganic components. Drilling mud and technical fluids are the main sources of contamination. This study describes the application of the fluorescent dye tracers fluorescein and rhodamine B as contamination controls for rock core and brine samples. Fluorescein was added to drilling mud that was used during the coring phase of the Ketzin wells Ktzi 200, 201 and 202. In addition, total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations, reflecting the carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) component of the drilling mud, were determined to verify the tracer results. The fluorescence and TOC analyses revealed that drilling mud filtrate penetrated the outer 20 mm of mildly permeable sandstone cores. Rhodamine B was added to brines that were used to displace the drilling mud and to flush the wells after completion. The tracer monitoring during the discharge of drilling mud and displacement brines from the wells during hydraulic tests and nitrogen lifts enabled the quantification of reservoir fluid quality. After the production of 140–190 m³ (16–21 borehole volumes) of fluid, the drilling mud concentration was reduced to about 0.05%. The use of fluorescein emerged as a field-capable, sensitive and reliable method during the sampling of rock core and formation brine samples.     

Where the Waters Divide: First Nations,Tainted Water and Environmental Justice in Canada

Abstract

We have survived Canada's assault on our identity and our rights … Our survival is a testament to our determination and will to survive as a people. We are prepared to participate in Canada's future—but only on the terms that we believe to be our rightful heritage.

Wallace Labillois, Council of Elders, Kingsclear, New Brunswick

This paper argues for a strengthening of the theoretical relationship between neo-liberalism and environmental justice. Empirical research involving First Nations communities in southwestern Ontario suggests that neo-liberal reforms introduced in the mid-1990s were particularly discriminatory against Canada's indigenous peoples, serving to exacerbate historical disparities in health, environment pollution, and well-being. In particular, under neo-liberal reform in Ontario, recognition of environmental injustices has become much more difficult for First Nations communities. Furthermore, this ‘new’ form of environmental governance has broadly reduced legitimate opportunities for First Nations to participate in environmental governance that affects their health and welfare. In short, this research supports a widening of the definition of environmental justice advocated by David Schlosberg and others (Environmental Politics, 13(3) (2004), pp. 517–540; Agyeman, Bullard and Evans 2003 Agyeman, J., Bullard, R. D. and Evans, B. 2003a. “Joined-up thinking: bringing together sustainability, environmental justice and equity”. In Just Sustainabilities: Development in an Unequal World, Edited by: Agyeman, J., Bullard, R. D. and Evans, B. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.  [Google Scholar]; Akwesasne Task Force on the Environment, Research Advisory committee 1997; Di Chiro 1998 Di Chiro, Giovanna. 1998. “Environmental Justice from the Grassroots: Reflections on History, Gender and Expertise”. In The Struggle for Ecological Democracy: Environmental Justice Movements in the United States, Edited by: Faber, D. NY: Guilford.  [Google Scholar]) if we are to understand the subtle, complex and multiple ways that this new form of environmental governance is particularly harmful to marginalized groups, such as First Nations in Canada.     

Book reviews

Planning in the Public Domain: From Knowledge to Action

John Friedmann. Princeton University Press, 1987, 501pp.

New Communities for Urban Squatters: Lessons from the Plan that Failed in Dhaka, Bangladesh

Charles L. Choguill, Plenum Press, New York 1987, pp. 213.

Models of Urban and Regional Systems in Developing Countries

George Chadwick, Oxford, Pergamon Press, 1987, xv +320pp.

Price: £17.50.     

The oil industry along the Atlantic coast of Cameroon: Assessing impacts and possible solutions

While the oil industry along the Atlantic coast of Cameroon has made important contributions to the national economy, this has been accompanied with adverse environmental impacts. There has been significant pollution from oil drilling, refinery waste, oil spillage, gas and flaring. After discussing these impacts, this paper argues that prevailing regulations are inadequate and need overhauling. It proposes that cleaner production requires:

(i)

specific laws to protect dwellers in the neighbourhood of oil refineries, filling stations, service stations and pipelines;     

Book reviews

The Economics of Art and Culture: An American Perspective

James Heilbrun & Charles M. Gray

New York, Cambridge University Press, 1993, 378 pp., £14.95 pb

Building Cities that Work

Edmund Fowler

Montreal & Kingston, McGill‐Queen's University Press, 1992, 315 pp.

Interactive Decision Making: The Graph Model for Conflict Resolution

Liping Fang, Keith W. Hipel & D. Marc Kilgour

New York, Wiley, 1993, 221 pp., £49.50

The Politics of Nature: Explorations in Green Political Theory

Andrew Dobson & Paul Lucardie (Eds)

London, Routledge, 1993, 240 pp. + xv, £37.50

Urban Transport in Asia: An Operational Agenda for the 1990s, World Bank

Technical Paper No. 224

Peter Midgley

Washington, DC, The World Bank, 1994, 98 pp.

Landscape Ecology: Theory and Application, 2nd edition

Zev Naveh & Arthur Lieberman

New York, Springer‐Verlag, £34.50     

Australian Local Government Attempts to Deliver Beneficial Environmental Outcomes

Abstract

This paper presents the results of a national project investigating Australian local government (LG) attempts to deliver beneficial environmental outcomes. It briefly describes the extensive environmental planning, management and protection roles played by Australian LGs. It notes that these roles are poorly documented within the academic literature, and makes a case for fundamental research to better understand LGs and their work from the inside. It describes this project's use of grounded theory methods in gathering and analysing 34 case studies of Australian LG environmental initiatives. The inside perspectives represented by the papers show that Australian LG environmental work:

• extends beyond its statutory requirements;

• is novel and creative;

• endures by balancing ecological, social and economic values;

• demonstrates different patterns depending on its planning, management or protection focus; and

• usually involves environmental strategists with long-term, passionate commitments to local environmental values.

     

Melanesian axiology,communal land tenure,and the prospect of sustainable development within Papua New Guinea

It is the contention of this paper that some progress in alleviating the social and environmental problems which are beginning to face Papua New Guinea can be achieved by supporting traditional Melanesian values through maintaining the customary system of communal land tenure. In accordance with this aim, I will proceed to contrast certain Western attitudes towards individual freedom, selfinterested behaviour, individual and communal interests and private ownership with attitudes and values expressed in the traditional Melanesian approach. In order to demonstrate the latter, I will briefly touch upon the phenomenon of wantokism and indicate how the Melanesian values associated with this concept find their locus in the system of customary communal ownership. Subsequently, I will describe how the emergence of a cash economy and the attachment to Western gadgetry and products have effected injury to the environment and undermined values which have previously maintained Melanesian social cohesion. While admitting that little can be done to eradicate the desire for cash and the products it can buy, I suggest that Melanesian communities and the environment itself would receive more protection if future development in Papua New Guinea embraced a system which incorporated certain of the traditional Melanesian values through the preservation of the communal form of land tenure. Ultimately, I suggest a way in which customary communal land tenure can be integrated into the established Anglo-Australian legal system.     

An economic scenario that gives top priority to saving the environment rather than encouraging production growth

Summary Welfare, or satisfaction of wants, is not only dependent on produced goods but also on the quality of the environment, leisure time, income distribution, working conditions, employment and the safety of the future.The same amount of production and consumption requires more labour with environmental conservation than without. Under current conditions, environmental measures, nevertheless, often lead to a loss of jobs. The paper enunciates in which conditions environmental measures lead to more employment. In the scenario study the necessary environmental measures have been formulated, their effects on the environment have been estimated in physical terms and their costs in money terms. The (negative) consequences for production and the (positive) consequences for employment have been scanned with the aid of an econometric model.In the short term (20 years) the effect on production is less than expected, among others because employment is created for many jobless: part of the measures could be carried out free of charge. In the long term more measures have to be taken and the possibilities for an ever-growing production in the industrialized world will probably diminish.In the paper, it is explained why saving the environment is not only possible, but necessary as well, in order to evade overshoots in the future and to safeguard the living conditions for generations to come. The author sincerely hopes that studies like this will be elaborated for other countries. By then the politicians and the public might become convinced that it is possible and necessary to shift the priority of economic policy to saving the environment.Dr Roefie Hueting is Head of the Department for Environment Statistics, of the Netherlands Central Bureau of Statistics. In 1970, he published Wat is de natuur ons waard? (What is nature's value to us?), a collection of articles from the years 1967–1970 on the deterioration of the environment, and economic growth. In 1974, he took (cum laude) a doctor's degree, his thesis being entitled Nieuwe schaarste en economische groei. An updated version in English has been published, in 1980, under the title New Scarcity and Economic Growth. He has published numerous papers and articles on environmental problems, both in Dutch and English, for seminars, periodicals and collections.     

Health and safety implications of alternative energy technologies. II. Solar

No energy technology is risk free when all aspects of its utilization are taken into account. Every energy technology has some attendant direct and indirect health and safety concerns. Solar technologies examined in this paper are wind, ocean thermal energy gradients, passive, photovoltaic, satellite power systems, low- and high-temperature collectors, and central power stations, as well as tidal power. For many of these technologies, insufficient historical data are available from which to assess the health risks and environmental impacts. However, their similarities to other projects make certain predictions possible. For example, anticipated problems in worker safety in constructing ocean thermal energy conversion systems will be similar to those associated with other large-scale construction projects, like deep-sea oil drilling platforms. Occupational hazards associated with photovoltaic plant operation would be those associated with normal electricity generation, although for workers involved in the actual production of photovoltaic materials, there is some concern for the toxic effects of the materials used, including silicon, cadmium, and gallium arsenide.Satellite power systems have several unique risks. These include the effects of long-term space travel for construction workers, effects on the ozone layer and the attendant risk of skin cancer in the general public, and the as-yet-undetermined effects of long-term, low-level microwave exposure. Hazards may arise from three sources in solar heating and cooling systems: water contamination from corrosion inhibitors, heat transfer fluids, and bactericides; collector over-heating, fires, and out-gassing and handling and disposal of system fluids and wastes. Similar concerns exist for solar thermal power systems. Even passive solar systems may increase indoor exposure levels to various air pollutants and toxic substances, eitherdirectly from the solar system itself or indirectly by trapping released pollutants from furnishings, building materials, and indoor combustion.Operated by Union Carbide Corporation under contract W-7405-eng-26 for the U.S. Department of Energy.     

Environmental problem-solving and land-use management: A proposed structure for Australia

A three-tiered structure of land-use and environmental management is here proposed for Australia. The structure is based on the idea that environment means the environment of people, and that environmental problems arise when a change in the interaction between people and their environment leads to conflicts about the use of land and resources. The heterogeneity of society means that a range of human aspirations and value systems must be satisfied by environmental managers. Existing methods of environmental management fail to achieve these objectives, due to inadequate perception of environmental problems by decision-makers, and the inability of currently available impact assessment techniques to resolve human conflicts associated with the use of land and resources. The main work of planning and managing land use and the environment would be carried out by regional authorities, supported by federal and state policy. Examples are given of moves towards regional administration in England and Wales, Western Australia, Australia and New Zealand. Community participation in the decision-making process is essential and can be achieved by electoral representation to the authoritative bodies and through procedures that ensure informed public comment on planning proposals.