Differences in rheological and fractal properties of conditioned and raw sewage sludge

Rheological tests for raw and conditioned activated sludge(AS) or anaerobic digested sludge(ADS) show that power-law relationships can be used to describe the evolution of several rheological parameters,i.e.,limiting viscosity(η∞),yield stress(τy),cohesion energy of the sludge network(Ec),and storage modulus(G’),with total suspended solid(TSS) content in raw and conditioned sludge.A gel-like structure that behaves similar to weak-link flocs/aggregates was observed in AS and ADS.As derived from the double-logarithmic plots of G’-TSS content,the mass fractal dimensions of the raw and conditioned AS or ADS flocs/aggregates were 2.70 and 2.53 or 2.85 and 2.79,respectively.The rheological tests also indicate that both polymer conditioning and increased TSS content led to improved elastic behavior,cohesion energy,and yield stress of the sludge network,as well as expanded the corresponding linear viscoelastic range.The porosity of AS or ADS flocs/aggregates will be improved by polymer conditioning.     

Physical characteristics of conditioned anaerobic digested sludge – A fractal, transient and dynamic rheological viewpoint

The changes in the physical characteristics of unconditioned and conditioned anaerobic digested sludge (ADS) biosolids, such as capillary suction time (CST), yield stress, average size and fractal dimensions, were investigated through a CST test, transient and dynamic rheological test and image analysis. The results showed that the optimum polymer dose range was observed when CST or its reciprocal value was employed as an indicator. There were good correlations between the yield stresses determined from both a controlled shear stress test and a strain amplitude sweep test. The yield stress and storage modulus (G′) increased as the polymer dose increased in most cases. A frequency sweep test revealed that polymer conditioning could extend the frequency sweep ranges for their elastic behaviors over viscous behaviors as well as the gel-like structure in the linear viscoelastic range. These results implied that more deformation energy was stored in this rigid structure, and that elastic behavior became increasingly dominant with the addition of the polymer in most cases. In addition, both the average sizes and two-dimensional fractal dimensions for conditioned ADS biosolids presented a similar up-climax-down variation trend as the polymer doses increased, whereas the critical polymer doses at the highest average sizes or two-dimensional fractal dimensions, were different. Correlation analysis revealed that the conditioned ADS dewaterability was not correlated with the yield stresses, while the average sizes or the two-dimensional fractal dimensions for conditioned ADS biosolids could be taken as the indication parameters for ADS dewaterability.     

Physical characteristics of conditioned anaerobic digested sludge - A fractal,transient and dynamic rheological viewpoint

The changes in the physical characteristics of unconditioned and conditioned anaerobic digested sludge (ADS) biosolids,such as capillary suction time (CST),yield stress,average size and fractal dimensions,were investigated through a CST test,transient and dynamic rheological test and image analysis.The results showed that the optimum polymer dose range was observed when CST or its reciprocal value was employed as an indicator.There were good correlations between the yield stresses determined from both a controlled shear stress test and a strain amplitude sweep test.The yield stress and storage modulus (G') increased as the polymer dose increased in most cases.A frequency sweep test revealed that polymer conditioning could extend the frequency sweep ranges for their elastic behaviors over viscous behaviors as well as the gel-like structure in the linear viscoelastic range.These results implied that more deformation energy was stored in this rigid structure,and that elastic behavior became increasingly dominant with the addition of the polymer in most cases.In addition,both the average sizes and two-dimensional fractal dimensions for conditioned ADS biosolids presented a similar up-climax-down variation trend as the polymer doses increased,whereas the critical polymer doses at the highest average sizes or two-dimensional fractal dimensions,were different.Correlation analysis revealed that the conditioned ADS dewaterability was not correlated with the yield stresses,while the average sizes or the two-dimensional fractal dimensions for conditioned ADS biosolids could be taken as the indication parameters for ADS dewaterability.     

给水厂浓缩污泥的稳态流变特征研究

针对给水厂浓缩污泥,采用旋转流变仪研究了其稳态流变特性,分别探讨了污泥的典型流变图、污泥浓度和温度对浓缩污泥极限粘度的影响.结果表明,污泥具有触变及剪切变稀的性质,其极限粘度(η∞)与污泥浓度(TSS)的关系符合指数关系,可用方程η∞=24.43-494.62e-0.14TSS描述.极限粘度与温度的关系服从于阿伦尼乌斯公式,相应的反应活化能为14.91J·mol-1.此外,宾汉模型可以描述污泥的流变性质,屈服应力随污泥浓度的升高而增加.     

不同方式预处理污泥对微生物燃料电池的影响

为了探究不同预处理方式污泥对MFC（microbial fuel cell,微生物燃料电池）的影响,采用双室MFC反应器构型,以不同预处理方式的污泥作为MFC的底物基质,包括热处理污泥、废碱渣预处理污泥、未处理污泥,并设置静态试验组污泥（开路试验）,考察MFC的产电性能（电压、电功率密度）、pH、COD_Cr、总悬浮物（TSS）、挥发性悬浮物（VSS）、EPS（胞外聚合物）以及三维荧光等参数的变化规律.结果表明:①在所设外电阻条件下（1 000 Ω）,MFC的最大启动电压可达0.3 V;②废碱渣预处理污泥的最大功率密度可达70.1 mW/m2,热处理污泥的最大功率密度可达60.1 mW/m2,预处理后污泥的性能优于未处理污泥;③热处理污泥、废碱渣预处理污泥、未处理污泥以及静态试验组污泥的pH总体呈下降的趋势,废碱渣预处理污泥及热处理污泥总悬浮物和挥发性悬浮物的去除率均高于未处理污泥,且COD_Cr有类似的变化规律.在此基础上,进一步分析污泥EPS的组成成分以及三维荧光光谱图的特性发现,污泥EPS中蛋白质质量浓度最高,并且腐殖酸能够在一定程度上辅助胞外电子基团的转移,三维荧光光谱图也证实了不同预处理方式污泥随厌氧消化过程的变化规律.研究显示,将废碱渣预处理的污泥作为MFC的底物,不仅降低了资源能耗而且提高了MFC的产电性能,实现了综合绿色发展.      

好氧污泥絮体与厌氧颗粒污泥的剪切稳定性分析

通过标准的剪切实验装置检测了好氧污泥絮体和厌氧颗粒污泥在不同剪切条件下剥离的分散胶体浓度的变化.结果表明,厌氧颗粒污泥的剪切敏感性(KSS)比好氧活性污泥高1个数量级,证明了好氧活性污泥的剪切稳定性更好.好氧活性污泥絮体在剪切下剥离的分散胶体平衡浓度(md,∞)分别随着污泥悬浊液的固体浓度(mT)和剪切强度(G)的增加而增加.AE模型的模拟结果显示,好氧活性污泥絮体样品1在剪切作用下粘附-剥离的平衡常数(Km)比样品2的高,相应的DG0adh/RT值更小,证明其在剪切作用下的粘附过程更易发生.修正AE模型可以更好地模拟不同剪切强度下污泥絮体上分散胶体的剥离过程,其不仅能够给出未施加剪切的稳定状态时因布朗运动而导致的分散胶体浓度,而且能确定与污泥絮体上分散胶体的剥离能量相关的DH/R值.模拟结果表明,好氧活性污泥絮体样品1上分散胶体的剥离需要更多的能量,剪切强度的升高对样品2的影响更加明显.活性污泥剪切稳定性的差异证明了其与污泥结构、性质以及污水处理厂运行效果之间的关系比较复杂.     

基于Fe3+/EDTA-2Na的类芬顿对剩余污泥脱水性能的影响

剩余污泥的高含水率限制了对其后续处理以及资源化利用. 为了改善污泥脱水性能,利用Fe3+/EDTA-2Na类芬顿试剂作为调理剂强化污泥脱水,通过粒径分析、差示扫描量热仪(DSC)、傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等方法对剩余污泥进行表征,探究其强化脱水机理. 结果表明:经过氧化调理后的污泥泥饼含水率降至67.8%,并有62.32%的结合水得以释放. 污泥胞外聚合物(EPS)结构被氧化破解,紧密结合的胞外聚合物(TB-EPS)中的多糖和蛋白质浓度显著减少;污泥絮体减小,但从SEM图可以看出絮体结构变得规整、平滑,且出现不规则孔洞,增加了污泥水分的输送通道,改善了污泥的脱水性能. FTIR分析表明,氧化处理后的污泥清液中水的吸收峰变小,多糖和蛋白质对应的吸收峰增强,而富里酸对应的峰消失. 研究显示,基于Fe3+/EDTA-2Na类芬顿的污泥调理可以高效氧化破解污泥,提高污泥脱水性能.      

Influence of the inherent properties of drinking water treatment residuals on their phosphorus adsorption capacities

Batch experiments were conducted to investigate the phosphorus（P） adsorption and desorption on five drinking water treatment residuals（WTRs） collected from different regions in China. The physical and chemical characteristics of the five WTRs were determined. Combined with rotated principal component analysis, multiple regression analysis was used to analyze the relationship between the inherent properties of the WTRs and their P adsorption capacities. The results showed that the maximum P adsorption capacities of the five WTRs calculated using the Langmuir isotherm ranged from 4.17 to8.20 mg/g at a p H of 7 and further increased with a decrease in p H. The statistical analysis revealed that a factor related to Al and 200 mmol/L oxalate-extractable Al（Alox） accounted for 36.5% of the variations in the P adsorption. A similar portion（28.5%） was attributed to an integrated factor related to the p H, Fe, 200 mmol/L oxalate-extractable Fe（Feox）, surface area and organic matter（OM） of the WTRs. However, factors related to other properties（Ca,P and 5 mmol/L oxalate-extractable Fe and Al） were rejected. In addition, the quantity of P desorption was limited and had a significant negative correlation with the（Feox＋ Alox） of the WTRs（p 〈 0.05）. Overall, WTRs with high contents of Alox, Feoxand OM as well as large surface areas were proposed to be the best choice for P adsorption in practical applications.     

污泥超声处理及其在好氧消化中的应用

污泥好氧消化工艺可以有效实现污泥的稳定和减量,为了进一步提高好氧消化的效率,促进有机质的降解,在对污泥超声处理性能研究的基础上,考察了不同超声辅助处理手段对污泥好氧消化的影响.结果表明,经1.0 W/mL超声处理10 min后,污泥上清液中溶解性COD增加了5.4倍,污泥总悬浮固体减少了16%;而经0.05 W/mL超声处理10 min后,污泥比耗氧速率可提高29%.用这2种超声预处理好氧消化的进泥时,污泥有机质降解率没有明显改变,但用1.0 W/mL超声处理好氧消化的回流污泥时,污泥有机质降解率提高了15%,而且消化污泥的沉降性能良好,上清液中有机质含量增加很少,因此,后者可以用于改善污泥好氧消化工艺.     

Effects of calcined aluminum salts on the advanced dewatering and solidification/stabilization of sewage sludge

The high moisture content (80%) in the sewage dewatered sludge is the main obstacle to disposal and recycling. A chemical dewatering and stabilization/solidification (S/S) alternative for the sludge was developed, using calcined aluminum salts (AS) as solidifier, and CaCl2, Na2SO4 and CaSO4 as accelerators, to enhance the mechanical compressibility making the landfill operation possible. The properties of the resultant matrixes were determined in terms of moisture contents, unconfined compressive strength, products of hydration, and toxicity characteristics. The results showed that AS exhibited a moderate pozzolanic activity, and the mortar AS0 obtained with 5% AS and 10% CaSO4 of AS by weight presented a moisture contents below 50%–60% and a compressive strength of (51.32 ± 2.9) kPa after 5–7 days of curing time, meeting the minimum requirement for sanitary landfill. The use of CaSO4 obviously improved the S/S performance, causing higher strength level. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and thermogravimetrydifferential scanning calorimetry investigations revealed that a large amount of hydrates (viz., gismondine and CaCO3) were present in solidified sludge, leading to the depletion of evaporable water and the enhancement of the strength. In addition, the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) and horizontal vibration (HJ 557-2009) leaching test were conducted to evaluate their environmental compatibility. It was found that the solidified products conformed to the toxicity characteristic criteria in China and could be safely disposed of in a sanitary landfill.     

低强度超声波与酸、碱协同对污泥溶胞的影响

在能量密度为0.05W·mL-1和pH范围3.0～12.0条件下,研究了超声波辐射与酸、碱协同对污泥溶胞效果的影响.结果表明,溶解性化学需氧量(SCOD)、溶解性磷(SP)和溶解性糖(SA)含量随pH增大均呈先降后升趋势.当pH为3.0时,污泥溶胞效果不高,随污泥溶液碱性增强,SCOD、SP和SA含量随pH呈指数增长,说明强碱性环境有利于污泥溶胞.超声波辐射可显著提高污泥溶胞率,而且pH越大超声波辐射改善的溶胞效率越高.pH=11.0时超声波辐射60min以内,SCOD、SP和SA含量与时间均呈线性关系,超声波/碱协同污泥溶胞为一级反应.pH大于9.0的碱性条件下,超声波辐射和提高pH均可降低VSS/TSS.依据实验数据,应用非线性优化技术得到SCOD与pH和超声波辐射时间的数学模型,其平均相对误差小于2.6%.     

再悬浮过程中河流底泥PAHs的迁移与释放

利用再悬浮模拟(particle entrainment simulator,PES)装置模拟了河流底泥在受到上层扰动力后的再悬浮过程.结果表明,沉积物性质如粒径组成及PAHs含量对沉积物再悬浮过程中PAHs的释放影响显著.再悬浮过程中上覆水体总悬浮颗粒物(total suspended solids,TSS)含量与颗粒态PAHs之间存在极显著相关关系.切应力对再悬浮过程中PAHs释放的影响体现在两方面.一方面,单位体积的颗粒态PAHs随切应力增大而增大;另一方面,悬浮颗粒上PAHs的富集效应随切应力增大而减弱,是由于切应力强烈导致吸附作用弱的大颗粒进入水体.上覆水体中的PAHs总量在一段时间上升后于120 min或240min趋于稳定,而颗粒态与溶解态之间具有良好响应.高低环PAHs释放行为差异显著,由于中高环PAHs的疏水性,上覆水体中检测到的多为3~4环个体.     

碱热联合破解污泥效果及动力学研究

研究了碱热联合处理对污泥的破解效果并进行了动力学分析.结果表明,碱的加入显著提高了热处理的破解效果,NaOH的破解效果比Ca(OH)2好.碱热联合处理脱水泥饼的适宜处理参数为140℃、90min、Ca(OH)2和NaOH投加量为0.25g/g总固体(TS).在该条件下,溶解性化学需氧量(SCOD)比未加碱时分别增加了41.26%和198%,质量减少率分别为50%、57%.采用NaOH碱热破解污泥后的SCOD值与热处理温度(T)、处理时间(t)及投碱量(A)的关系可以用幂指数模型表示:SCODNa=10178.17[T ]0.43 [A ]0.59t 0.24.     

Municipal sludge as landfill barrier material

The aim of this research is to find substitute barrier materials for natural clay from two kinds of municipal sludge: waterworks sludge( Sw ) and dredging sludge( Sd ). Laboratory tests were performed firstly to determine their Atterberg limits and hydraulic conductivity.Based on the results, the use of waterworks sludge was recommended. Then, shear strength tests were performed and it was found the shear resistance property of waterworks sludge is strong enough to maintain slope stability. In order to evaluate the possibility of secondary pollution, the heavy metal contents of waterworks sludge was determined and the results indicated that secondary pollution is unlikely happened. Finally, economic analysis proves that reusing waterworks sludge as barrier will reduce the lost a great for both landfill and waterworks. Based on the results, waterworks sludge was proposed to use and a further long-term simulated landfill test was suggested.     

微波与酶联用对印染污泥脱水性能的影响

比较微波、酶、微波与酶联用处理对印染污泥脱水性能的影响,在单因素考察的基础上,以印染污泥中毛细吸水时间(CST)、沉降曲线、扫描电镜(SEM)及EPS的三维荧光光谱等指标,通过正交试验法优选微波与酶联用预处理对破解印染污泥的最佳条件来表征污泥脱水性能,获得联合预处理最佳条件为:酶解温度40 ℃,加酶量0.09 g/g(TSS),酶解时间3 h,微波功率400 W,微波时间150 s。单因素实验结果表明:单独微波(400 W,180 s)和酶(0.09 g/g(TSS),40 ℃,4 h)处理在适当条件下均能促进污泥的破解和胞外聚合物的溶出,多糖和蛋白质的增长率分别为609%和306%,CST分别下降了12.2%和22.0%;而微波与酶联用溶出多糖和蛋白质和的增长率为1353%,CST下降了49.3%,污泥沉降性能最好。扫描电镜结果显示,微波与酶联用使污泥结构变化明显,污泥菌胶团破裂,絮体结构松散,胞内结合水转化为自由水,有利于污泥脱水。     

Sewage sludge disintegration by high-pressure homogenization: A sludge disintegration model

High-pressure homogenization (HPH) technology was applied as a pretreatment to disintegrate sewage sludge. The effects of homogenization pressure, homogenization cycle number, and total solid content on sludge disintegration were investigated. The sludge disintegration degree (DDCOD), protein concentration, and polysaccharide concentration increased with the increase of homogenization pressure and homogenization cycle number, and decreased with the increase of sludge total solid (TS) content. The maximum DDCOD of 43.94% was achieved at 80 MPa with four homogenization cycles for a 9.58 g/L TS sludge sample. A HPH sludge disintegration model of DD_COD= kN^aP^b was established by multivariable linear regression to quantify the effects of homogenization parameters. The homogenization cycle exponent a and homogenization pressure exponent b were 0.4763 and 0.7324 respectively, showing that the effect of homogenization pressure (P) was more significant than that of homogenization cycle number (N). The value of the rate constant k decreased with the increase of sludge total solid content. The specific energy consumption increased with the increment of sludge disintegration efficiency. Lower specific energy consumption was required for higher total solid content sludge.     

活性污泥投加粉末活性炭的基础特性研究

在活性污泥(AS)中投加粉末活性炭(PAC)的试验结果表明,PAC不吸附氨氮,对COD的吸附容量也仅为0.0148—O.2305g COD/g PAC.而[AS+PAC]系统的反应速率常数K分别是[PAC]和[AS]系统的2.33倍和1.40倍,COD绝对去除量大于[PAC]和[AS]二者系统之和,并能明显地提高生物处理系统的有机物去除率。同时,1mg PAC还能吸附0.5—0.75mg DO;当活性污泥的PAC量占1/3,SVI可从389ml/g降至200ml/g以下;含1.5g/L PAC的污泥在投加碱式氯化铝后,污泥比阻仅为原比阻的25％,相应过滤产率提高1倍。     

污泥的热解动力学实验研究

利用热重分析法对扬子污水处理厂的污泥进行了热解动力学实验研究。实验结果表明：在20℃／min的升温速率下,热解过程中有3个失重速率较高的阶段,这3个阶段以挥发分的析出为主。通过Coats--Redfern指数积分法,求解了这3个阶段的化学反应动力学参数——频率因子A和活化能E,最后得到污泥的热解动力学方程。     

剪切作用对活性污泥沉降性能的影响

采用序批式活性污泥法系统(SBR)研究了搅拌型反应器中水流剪切应力对处理系统中活性污泥沉降性能的影响,通过微生物数量、絮凝体形态和微生物种群的观测分析,探讨了水流剪切应力影响活性污泥沉降性能的机制。结果表明:活性污泥的微生物数量和沉降指数随水流剪切应力增加先减少后增加,活性污泥的界面沉降速度随水流剪切应力的增加先增加后降低。水流剪切应力对活性污泥处理系统沉降性能的影响是通过剪切应力对微生物的选择作用实现的。     

化学解耦联剂对活性污泥产率的控制作用

采用3,3',4',5-四氯水杨酰苯胺(TCS)作为代谢解耦联剂添加到活性污泥工艺中,进行连续曝气分批培养实验.结果表明:在TCS总投加量相同的情况下,采用一次性大剂量投加的污泥减量化效果好于分次小剂量投加.每d投加 12 mg TCS,污泥产量比对照下降了33%,而每2 d一次性投加24 mg TCS,污泥产量比对照下降了55%.污泥的CODCr去除能力有所下降,当一次性投加12 mg时,CODCr去除率比对照下降了12%,但出水氨氮及总氮质量浓度均未受影响.污泥的SVI有所上升,但沉降性能未见有明显变化.