四川色达县切都柯沟“7.8”泥石流灾害特征及危险性分析

2004年7月8日四川色达县歌乐沱乡切都柯沟发生了中等规模泥石流,最大流速10.4m/s,洪峰流量156m3/s,冲出方量约7×104m3,造成了一定的财产损失。泥石流稠度大,冲击力强,具有明显的直进性特征,为粘性泥石流。切都柯沟泥石流发育阶段为壮年(偏幼)期。切都柯沟为中度危险的泥石流沟,该沟一次泥石流最大堆积危险范围39902m2,最大堆积长度284m,最大堆积厚度4.32m。提出了相应的防治措施:一是在滑坡崩塌处进行加固,采取沟岸护坡等措施;二是在沟谷上游修建谷坊、拦挡坝,以降低流速,削减泥石流能量和规模。     

四川汶川茶园沟泥石流灾害特征及危险度评价

2003年8月9日四川汶川县茶园沟泥石流造成了1人死亡,10人失踪和严重的财产损失.泥石流是由于短历时高强度的大雨激发而形成的.泥石流最大流速为10.8m/s,泥石流洪峰流量为999m3/s,冲出物方量约为5万m3.茶园沟流域内松散固体物质的密度为2.18 g/cm3,含水量为10.7%,空隙率为28%,塑性界限和流性界限分别为18.8%和32.5%,一遇大雨或较长时间的降雨就极易形成泥石流.茶园沟属中度危险的泥石流沟,中度危险的泥石流也造成了严重的人民生命财产的损失,这主要是由于受灾对象,即易损性的特性所决定的.茶园沟泥石流的防灾减灾措施,一是要实行封山育林,停止开矿弃渣;二是要提高公路桥梁的防洪标准,合理布局水利水电设施.     

四川省汶川县簇头沟“7.10”泥石流灾害成因与特征分析

簇头沟是岷江右岸一条低频泥石流沟,受2013年7月极端暴雨的影响,暴发特大泥石流。结果显示,汶川地震造成流域内的坡面和沟道堆积的大量的松散物质是泥石流形成的物源,流域上游暴雨及其形成的山洪是此次泥石流形成的激发因子。"7.10"泥石流为过渡性泥石流,泥石流容重约为1.8~1.9 t/m3,沟口处最大流速为9.2 m/s,峰值流量为515 m3/s,冲击力达到3 657 t,输沙总量约为50×104m3。泥石流过程表现为为暴雨(山洪)—滑坡(坡面泥石流)—泥石流—堰塞湖—溃决洪水。对震后低频泥石流危险性认识不足、防治工程设计标准偏低是此次灾害造成重大损失的主要原因。在未来灾害防治工程设计中,应合理估计灾害规模和潜在风险。     

四川色达县切都柯沟"7·8"泥石流灾害风险评价

2004年7月8日,四川甘孜州色达县歌乐沱乡切都柯沟暴发泥石流.由于前期断断续续一个多月的降雨,使得切都柯沟多处发生崩塌,大量松散固体物质含水量趋于饱和,致使在7月8日一场不大降雨的情况下触发了泥石流.这次泥石流灾害造成的损失虽不十分严重,但泥石流过程比较典型.我们将考察结果整理成文,并用已有的泥石流风险评价模型对其危险度、易损度和风险度作了分类评价,以期为今后的深入研究和防灾减灾实践提供基础.     

四川甘洛自勒沟泥石流运动特征及预测防治效果研究∗

甘洛县位于四川省西南部,所处区域高山峡谷地貌特征显著,地质构造运动强烈且为强震影响区,泥石流灾害频发。甘洛县自勒沟分别于 1987 年和 2019 年发生两次特大泥石流,大量泥石流堆积物顺沟而下,堵塞 245 国道和尼日河,并对沟口凉红水电站及尼日河河岸成昆铁路造成严重威胁。对此,基于现场调查资料和无人机航拍数据,利用 Massflow 数值模拟方法,对该沟泥石流运动特征进行分析以及治理措施防治效果进行预测。结果表明：若沟内现有物源再次爆发泥石流,最大泥深将达到 11.9 m,流速达到 11.7 m/s,流动强度达到 123.37 m² /s,堆积物一次冲出量为 11.18×10⁴ m³ ,堆积扇面积为 6.925×10⁴ m² 。根据预测结果,采用合理的工程措施进行治理后,最大泥深下降为 8.5 m,流速下降为 9.1 m/s,而流动强度可下降 52.7%,为 58.32 m² /s,堆积扇面积和一次冲出量分别为 1.406×10⁴ m² 和 2.75×10⁴ m³ ,分别下降 80% 和 75%。这表明,采用固源为主,拦挡、排导为辅的措施对自勒沟泥石流灾害进行治理,可取得较好治理效果,对保护沟口建筑及成昆铁路安全运营有重要意义。     

甘肃省南部泥石流运动规律的分析与研究——以甘肃舟曲三眼峪沟为例

以相似性原理为基础,选择恰当的比尺,在甘肃省陇南市武都区野外构建泥石流物理模型,重现了舟曲"8·8"特大泥石流灾害发生过程。通过物理实验模拟,测得泥石流运动的平均流速为0.741 7 m/s,冲击力为1.99 N,最大堆积厚度为6.1 cm,堆积面积达3.64 m~2,并勾勒出堆积形态。选取经验公式,将实测值与经验公式计算结果相比较,验证了物理模型的合理性,进一步分析了泥石流的运动规律。根据泥石流形成的要素提取危险度评价因子,结果表明三眼峪为高度危险泥石流沟,这为泥石流灾害防治工程提供可靠的科学依据。     

川藏铁路沟谷型泥石流形成运动特征与工程危害研究∗

拟建川藏铁路拉林铁路段山地灾害活跃,沿线分布有大量的沟谷型泥石流沟,由于其规模大、侵蚀强烈、具有重复性等特点,时常对铁路和公路造成破坏,并直接或间接的影响着拟建川藏铁路的建设,甚至对铁路后期的安全运营造成威胁。考虑到拟建川藏铁路和G318的特殊性和重要性以及其时刻面临着泥石流灾害的威胁,故采用野外考察、室内试验、遥感解译等相结合的方法,对拟建川藏铁路沿线存在泥石流暴发痕迹的4条沟谷型泥石流沟的形成运动特征进行了研究,分析了4条泥石流沟的危害特点,结合泥石流运动参数和不同的危害特点提出了相应的防治方案。研究结果表明:(1)江中浦曲、帮改娘沟、色比单嘎沟、协拉浦曲在形成条件上有利于泥石流灾害的形成和暴发。(2)4条沟道的泥石流容重为1.7 g/cm3左右,均属稀性泥石流沟;色比单嘎沟泥石流在规模上属大型,其余3条沟泥石流在规模上均属特大型;泥石流一次过流总量为8.61万～1 901.97万m3;固体冲出物质为3.91万～829.95万m3;泥石流流速为5.2～6.6 m/s。(3)通过过流能力分析发现,协拉浦曲沟口G318断面存在明显的过流能力不足。(4)基于泥石流特征参数及危害的分析,对泥石流沟提出了相应的防治方案,可为该段拟建铁路和公路的建设和后期安全运营等的防灾减灾提供借鉴。     

沟床侵蚀主导型泥石流形成机理与成灾特征——以石棉县2013-07-04群发泥石流为例

2013年7月4日18时许,石棉县后沟、熊家沟、马颈子沟3沟同时发生了泥石流。以石棉县2013-07-04群发泥石流为研究对象,通过调查测绘、遥感解译,研究了沟床侵蚀主导型泥石流的形成机理和成灾特征。调查研究表明:小时雨强36.6 mm的暴雨激发了这次群发泥石流,该短历时强降雨可视为是触发这次群发泥石流关键因素;沟床质侵蚀与起动是泥石流最重要的物源,3条沟内约97×104m3沟床堆积物被侵蚀补给泥石流,这次群发泥石流流体粘度高,搬运能力强,下游峰值流量分别达到751.0 m3/s,870.1 m3/s和758.7 m3/s。研究结果对沟床侵蚀主导型泥石流的形成机理和成灾特征的认识及防灾减灾实践具有一定的参考价值。     

秦巴山区泥石流动力学特征及致灾模式

通过详细调查2014年9月19日秦岭南坡九千岔沟的洼沟泥石流的发生、发展和堆积过程,分析泥石流发生时物源的颗粒级配、容重及泥石流的流速、流量、最大历时等物理性质和动力学特征,认为洼沟泥石流形成过程具有明显的溃决效应,且前期降水对该泥石流的形成有显著影响;洼沟泥石流是一种流速高、流量大、历时长的粘性、降水弃渣型泥石流;洼沟泥石流运动过程具有高位远抛、沿沟揭底、受阻爬坡、分流折转、弯道加速、S型前进的特点;洼沟泥石流致灾模式严格受泥石流堆积过程中行进路线的影响,尤其是高位冲积,在S型弧线弯道处跌落时能量巨大,是本次致灾的主要原因。     

泥石流危险范围的流域背景预测法

本研究通过对大量泥石流堆积扇平面形态的统计分析,总结出三种不同类型的平面概化模式,由此推导了它们的通用求积公式。并通过对泥石流沟流域背景因素的比较分析,选择了流域面积、流域相对高差、主沟长度和主沟平均坡度作为预测泥石流危险范围的定量指标。采用多元和逐步回归分析的数学方法,得出了泥石流最大堆积长度、最大堆积宽度和最大堆积幅角的计算公式,建立了半理论半经验性的泥石流危险范围的预测模型。通过模型的检验及其应用实践,证明本研究提出的泥石流危险范围的流域背景预测法适用于我国暴雨泥石流危险范围的预测预报。     

突出重点 全面防御 健全体系 强化管理 社会参与 共同抵御

陈建民局长在2011年全国地震局长会暨党风廉政建设工作会议上指出,科学规划＂十二五＂时期的事业发展,按照＂科学防灾、积极避灾＂的要求,大力开展基础探测工作,加强抗震设防要求与行业抗震设计规范的衔接,强化监管,把防震保安工作纳入新农村建设,全面提升民居的抗震能力,实现有效减灾。     

岩土矿物与疾病

地方病是与地质环境有一定依存性的疾病。它的致病物质除直接来自人类生产和生活制品外,主要源于自然界的大气、水土、岩石中。换言之,人类生存发育与一定地区的水、土和生物化学元素含量有关,当某些元素含量过高,与人需要量不相适应时,就可能导致人发生某种疾病。归纳与地质因素有关的地方病有甲状腺肿(克汀病)、克山病、硒中毒、氟中毒、铜毒、铅毒症、不孕症、食道癌、肝癌、布鲁氏菌病、鼻咽癌、口腔癌、乳腺癌等。     

陕西汉中“98.7”洪涝灾害剖析

对汉中市１９９８年７月上旬的雨情、灾情作了初步统计,分析了致灾原因及经验与教训。     

Foundations of community disaster resilience: well-being,identity, services,and capitals

If community disaster resilience is to mature into a robust and lasting area of research, methodologically facilitated dialogue between empirical observations and theory is necessary. However, methodological and empirical research has outpaced community disaster resilience theory. To address this gap, a theoretical framework called WISC is presented. WISC is named after four constructs of the framework: well-being, identity, services, and capitals. WISC relates the two concepts of community and infrastructure, broadly defined, to the four constructs it is named after. The 4 constructs are respectively defined by 29 variables. The broadest interpretation of WISC is that infrastructure supports and facilitates components of community within human settlements. Infrastructure is represented as combinations of capitals and services; community is represented by connections of identity and well-being. Ultimately, well-being of a community is dependent on that community's collective capital. But these two constructs are mediated by the intervening constructs of identity and services. WISC goes beyond existing frameworks by addressing essential elements of theory building that have been overlooked in the literature, while synthesizing other frameworks and areas of knowledge. WISC provides a powerful foundation for posing and evaluating hypotheses, improving data collection efforts, and, most importantly, enabling critical theory building.     

Social entrepreneurship,co-production,and post-disaster recovery

Post-disaster recovery requires co-production; that is, the inputs of citizens are essential for successful community recovery to occur. Citizens contribute to post-disaster recovery by volunteering, taking on consultative and decision-making roles within their communities, and directly participating in post-disaster reconstruction efforts. Without meaning ful contributions from citizens—the intended beneficiaries—unilateral efforts by public officials and authorities will inevitably fail. This study shows that social entrepreneurs can thus play a critical role in spurring post-disaster recovery by facilitating co-production. It focuses on the role of social entrepreneurs after disasters and centres on one rural village, Giranchaur Namuna Basti in the Sindhupalchowk District of Nepal. Specifically, the study uses the case of the Dhurmus Suntali Foundation's Namuna village project in Giranchaur following the 7.8-magnitude earthquake that struck on 25 April 2015 to examine the pivotal role that social entrepreneurs assume in promoting voluntary activities, community engagement, and participation in post-disaster recovery efforts.     

Ethnicity,income, and disaster preparedness in Deep South Texas,United States

This paper examines the influence of a series of demographic and socioeconomic factors on preparedness outcomes for a sample of residents of the Rio Grande Valley in the southernmost part of Texas, United States. Data were collected as part of the regional Pulse of the Valley Study, a general social survey of south Texas residents conducted by the Center for Survey Research at the University of Texas‐Rio Grande Valley. The purpose of this investigation is to understand better the effects of ethnicity and income on preparedness within a region of the US that suffers from widespread poverty and limited infrastructure and is prone to flooding and hurricanes. Taken together, the results suggest that while age, disaster experience, and income are associated with preparedness, the relationship between preparedness and ethnicity remains complex. Furthermore, policymakers should consider initiatives that address the socioeconomic and other issues that shape preparedness for a disaster.     

Immediate behavioural responses to earthquakes in Christchurch,New Zealand,and Hitachi,Japan

This study examines people's immediate responses to earthquakes in Christchurch, New Zealand, and Hitachi, Japan. Data collected from 257 respondents in Christchurch and 332 respondents in Hitachi revealed notable similarities between the two cities in people's emotional reactions, risk perceptions, and immediate protective actions during the events. Respondents' physical, household, and social contexts were quite similar, but Hitachi residents reported somewhat higher levels of emotional reaction and risk perception than did Christchurch residents. Contrary to the recommendations of emergency officials, the most frequent response of residents in both cities was to freeze. Christchurch residents were more likely than Hitachi residents to drop to the ground and take cover, whereas Hitachi residents were more likely than Christchurch residents to evacuate immediately the building in which they were situated. There were relatively small correlations between immediate behavioural responses and demographic characteristics, earthquake experience, and physical, social, or household context.