新疆外来入侵种现状研究

通过对我国新疆9种已呈现出较大危害的外来入侵种的分布范围、生境类型、种群建立状况、起源、首次发现或引入的地点及时间、来源、引入路径、入侵途径、经济和生态影响等内容进行了研究,并深入分析了目前外来入侵种管理等方面存在的问题,提出了外来入侵物种预防、控制和管理措施。     

外来生物入侵拉响生物安全警报

由于栖息地的丧失、外来物种入侵、自然资源的不合理利用、气候变化等原因,世界上的生物多样性正以惊人的速度遭受损失。     

凤眼莲与生物外来物种的入侵

提出问题入秋以来，在京杭大运河、平湖塘、穆湖溪等江河湖荡的水面上，漂浮着一团团凤眼莲，水流较缓的河港尽头，凤眼莲你挤我挨地堆积在一起，再不见昔日小桥流水，荷塘月色的水乡风光。原为“泊来品”的凤眼莲肆无忌惮地侵占了清水粼粼的港湾。研究方法和内容1．生物学特征凤眼莲（Eichhornia crassipes）又名“凤眼蓝”、“水葫芦”。雨久花科，多年生草本，营水生直立或漂浮生活。原产于南美洲委内瑞拉，20世纪60年代引入我国，广泛分布在长江以南的河湖、池塘或稻田中。凤眼莲成体高70厘米以内，根须状，且数量极多。从根际生出匍匐…     

外来入侵物种通缉令——揭开生物入侵者面纱

生态系统是经过长期进化形成的,系统中的物种经过上百年、上千年的竞争、排斥、适应和互利互助,才形成了现在相互依赖又互相制约的密切关系。一个外来物种引入后,有可能因不能适应新环境而被排斥在系统之外,     

我国外来生物入侵的现状及对策

外来生物在丰富了区域生物物种的同时,也带来了一些负面影响,对生态环境、生物多样性和社会经济造成很大危害。我国外来生物入侵现象越来越严重,入侵生物种类多、来源广泛,外来生物入侵问题越来越受到重视。本文对外来生物入侵提出了一些防范措施。     

我国外来生物入侵的现状及对策

外来生物在丰富了区域生物物种的同时,也带来了一些负面影响,对生态环境、生物多样性和社会经济造成很大危害。我国外来生物入侵现象越来越严重,入侵生物种类多、来源广泛,外来生物入侵问题越来越受到重视。本文对外来生物入侵提出了一些防范措施。     

生物入侵对生态环境的影响及对策

外来入侵种侵入新的栖息地后,会在该生境所处的生态系统中占据相应的生态位,严重影响当地物种的生存和发展,制约社会经济发展。生物入侵的途径多种多样,生物入侵现状十分严峻。面对这一事实,应采取以预防为主、综合防治的办法,尽量将生物入侵造成的危害降到最低,维护生态平衡,确保生态环境安全。     

香港的废物入侵与管制

废物入侵亚洲1994年绿色和平组织发布了题为“废弃物入侵亚洲”的报告，此后，废弃物越境转移问题引起公众的极大关注。该报告称：西方贩卖废弃物的不法商人正在制定一个所谓最终抛弃计划，即将成千上万吨有毒有害废物倾倒到亚洲国家。香港是一个主要的国际港，每天都有大量的进。出日及转口活动，因此受到特别的关注。大家主要关心：（l）在香港倾倒的废物毒性如何；（2）现有的管制手段是否足以防止香港被用作一个倾倒场。请看表互、表人应该注意的是，许多无害废物如金属碎屑、废纸。织物及废塑料可以作有价值的原料代用品。进口废物用于…     

外来赤潮生物入侵现状及对赤潮灾害的影响研究

外来赤潮生物入侵加剧了我国近海海域的赤潮灾害。根据2004—2013年的数据统计,分别从赤潮生物优势种、频率、海域分布和赤潮面积4个方面分析了外来赤潮生物对我国近海赤潮灾害的影响,并着重从外来赤潮生物入侵早期预警系统建设、压舱水排放管理和赤潮灾害防治技术3个方面提出应对措施。     

风险预防背景下的外来物种入侵法律规制

随着世界经济贸易的发展,外来物种入侵成为威胁生物多样性、公众健康,甚至生态安全和国家安全的重大问题。我国目前在外来物种入侵相关立法方面存在立法理念滞后、调整范围欠充分、监管碎片化、法律制度缺失且责任追究机制单一等问题,无法有效回应高风险社会对外来物种入侵的防范。在国内外相关制度经验总结的基础上,我国防治外来物种入侵的相关法律法规应在《生物安全法》的指导下,确立整体生态安全理念,采取风险预防原则,健全外来物种风险评估、引种许可证、全过程跟踪监测、公众参与和法律责任制度,优化外来物种风险管理机制,促进生物安全治理体系进一步完善。     

外来物种入侵及其环境法律调控准则

随着世界经济、贸易和交通高度发达的影响，外来物种入侵活动且益加剧，已尼成为威胁我国生物多样性与生态环境的重要因素之一，对我国的一些地区造成了巨大的生态和经济损失。有关外来入侵物种管理的立法应贯彻风险预防原则。     

Prioritizing Wildlife Taxa for Biological Diversity Conservation at the Local Scale

/ We identified and ranked 108 resident and migratory wildlife taxa on John F. Kennedy Space Center (KSC) that were vulnerable to local, regional, or global extinction. We ranked taxa based on their vulnerability to extinction, their potential role for maintaining faunal integrity, and the relevance of KSC for maintaining their populations in the United States and Florida. Several taxa, not listed by agencies, were vulnerable to regional or global extinction. Many taxa not vulnerable to global extinction were vulnerable to local and regional extinction. Top predators were vulnerable to extinction because of small population size, isolation from other populations, and road mortality. Many taxa were dependent on habitat conditions at different geographic locations so that conservation required greater collaboration among land owners, managers, and researchers at local, regional, and global scales.KEY WORDS: Biological diversity; Endangered species; Conservation     

Incomes,Attitudes, and Occurrences of Invasive Species: An Application to Signal Crayfish in Sweden

This article analyzes and carries out an econometric test of the explanatory power of economic and attitude variables for occurrences of the nonnative signal crayfish in Swedish waters. Signal crayfish are a carrier of plague which threatens the native noble crayfish with extinction. Crayfish are associated with recreational and cultural traditions in Sweden, which may run against environmental preferences for preserving native species. Econometric analysis is carried out using panel data at the municipality level with economic factors and attitudes as explanatory variables, which are derived from a simple dynamic harvesting model. A log-normal model is used for the regression analysis, and the results indicate significant impacts on occurrences of waters with signal crayfish of changes in both economic and attitude variables. Variables reflecting environmental and recreational preferences have unexpected signs, where the former variable has a positive and the latter a negative impact on occurrences of waters with signal crayfish. These effects are, however, counteracted by their respective interaction effect with income.     

Impact of an Invasive Exotic Species on Stream Nitrogen Levels in Southern Illinois1

Abstract: Autumn‐olive (Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb.) is an invasive, exotic shrub that has become naturalized in the eastern United States. Autumn‐olive fixes nitrogen (N) via a symbiotic relationship with the actinomycete Frankia. At the plot scale, the presence of autumn‐olive has been related to elevated soil water nitrate‐N (NO₃^?‐N) concentrations. This study examined the relationship between autumn‐olive cover in a watershed and stream water quality. Stream water nitrate‐N (NO₃^?‐N) and ammonium‐N (NH₄⁺‐N) concentrations were measured in 12 first order ephemeral streams draining watersheds with mixed forest cover and a range of 0‐35% autumn‐olive cover. Percent autumn‐olive cover was positively correlated with mean stream NO₃^?‐N concentrations, but was not correlated with mean stream NH₄⁺‐N concentrations. While other studies have demonstrated a significant relationship between native N‐fixers and stream NO₃^?‐N, this is the first study to document a relationship for an invasive, exotic N‐fixing species. Results suggest that this exotic species can be an additional source of NO₃^? in local and regional water bodies and demonstrates an additional negative ecosystem consequence of invasion beyond losses in biodiversity.     

A Critical Review of Assumptions About the Prairie Dog as a Keystone Species

Cynomys spp.) have been labeled as keystone species because of their influence on biological diversity and ecosystem function. However, the validity of several assumptions used to support keystone status is questionable. We review the strength of the evidence and the magnitude of the prairie dog's effects on ecosystem structure and function. We use this review to reevaluate the keystone role for prairie dogs. Our goal is to encourage sound management of the prairie dog ecosystem by improving the ecological foundation of their keystone status. Our review confirms that prairie dogs affect a number of ecosystem-level functions but that their influence on prairie vertebrates may be less than previously suggested. Species richness and abundance patterns were variable among plants, mammals, and birds and were not consistently higher on prairie dog colonies compared to uncolonized areas. In addition, only nine of the 208 species listed in the literature as observed on or near prairie dogs colonies had quantitative evidence of dependence on prairie dogs. Abundance data indicated opportunistic use of colonies for an additional 20 species. A total of 117 species may have some relationship with prairie dogs, but we lacked sufficient data to evaluate the strength of this relationship. The remaining 62 species may be accidental or alien to the system. Despite our conclusion that some prairie dog functions may be smaller than previously assumed, collectively these functions are quite large compared to other herbivores in the system. We suggest that prairie dogs also provide some unique functions not duplicated by any other species and that continued decline of prairie dogs may lead to a substantial erosion of biological diversity and landscape heterogeneity across prairie and shrub-steppe landscapes. Thus, we concur that keystone status for prairie dogs is appropriate and may aid conservation efforts that help protect species dependent on prairie dogs and support other important ecosystem functions.     

Non-native Species <Emphasis Type="Italic">DO</Emphasis> Threaten the Natural Environment!

Sagoff [Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 18 (2005), 215–236] argues, against growing empirical evidence, that major environmental impacts of non-native species are unproven. However, many such impacts, including extinctions of both island and continental species, have both been demonstrated and judged by the public to be harmful. Although more public attention has been focused on non-native animals than non-native plants, the latter more often cause ecosystem-wide impacts. Increased regulation of introduction of non-native species is, therefore, warranted, and, contra Sagoff’s assertions, invasion biologists have recently developed methods that greatly aid prediction of which introduced species will harm the environment and thus enable more efficient regulation. The fact that introduced species may increase local biodiversity in certain instances has not been shown to result in desired changes in ecosystem function. In other locales, they decrease biodiversity, as they do globally.     

Biological monitoring and environmental assessment: a conceptual framework

Direct biological monitoring is essential for effective assessment efforts. Past approaches to biomonitoring are too simplistic (for example, toxicity testing, indicator species) or conceptually invalid (diversity indexes). Assessments that use ecological guilds use ecological principles in a more integrative fashion. The best long-term approach is development of suites of metrics, like those used in the index of biotic integrity (IBI), to reflect individual, population, community, and ecosystem attributes in an integrative framework. Efforts to use the conceptual content of IBI in a wider diversity of habitats should be encouraged and followed up with effective control actions.     

美国西北部太平洋沿海地区植物入侵及其控制对策

美国西北部太平洋沿海地区作为美国的对外交通要塞以及自身的自然环境,因其湿润的温带海洋性气候结合人为的和自然条件的因素,造成了比较严重的植物入侵状况。本文作者结合在美国华盛顿地区做入侵植物生态环境调查和入侵植物生态环境修复工作,总结和归纳了在美国西北部太平洋地区的几种较严重的入侵植物状况及其控制对策,以便对我国生物入侵控制方法有所借鉴。