新疆外来入侵种现状研究

通过对我国新疆9种已呈现出较大危害的外来入侵种的分布范围、生境类型、种群建立状况、起源、首次发现或引入的地点及时间、来源、引入路径、入侵途径、经济和生态影响等内容进行了研究,并深入分析了目前外来入侵种管理等方面存在的问题,提出了外来入侵物种预防、控制和管理措施。     

客观看待外来物种入侵

正何为外来生物入侵?一般而言,主动引进加以培养、种植养殖,不归类为生物入侵。而不是主动引进,对本土农业、生态环境和人畜健康产生不利影响,甚至造成重大经济损失的才能称为外来生物入侵。据专家介绍,在国际自然保护联盟公布的全球100种最具威胁的外来物种中,入侵中国的就有50余种。入侵生物危害严重,给农林业生产构成了巨大的威胁。据初步估计,松材线虫等13种主要农林入侵物种每年对我国造成574亿元的直接经济损失。同时,     

我国外来生物入侵的现状及对策

外来生物在丰富了区域生物物种的同时,也带来了一些负面影响,对生态环境、生物多样性和社会经济造成很大危害。我国外来生物入侵现象越来越严重,入侵生物种类多、来源广泛,外来生物入侵问题越来越受到重视。本文对外来生物入侵提出了一些防范措施。     

我国外来生物入侵的现状及对策

外来生物在丰富了区域生物物种的同时,也带来了一些负面影响,对生态环境、生物多样性和社会经济造成很大危害。我国外来生物入侵现象越来越严重,入侵生物种类多、来源广泛,外来生物入侵问题越来越受到重视。本文对外来生物入侵提出了一些防范措施。     

生物入侵对生态环境的影响及对策

外来入侵种侵入新的栖息地后,会在该生境所处的生态系统中占据相应的生态位,严重影响当地物种的生存和发展,制约社会经济发展。生物入侵的途径多种多样,生物入侵现状十分严峻。面对这一事实,应采取以预防为主、综合防治的办法,尽量将生物入侵造成的危害降到最低,维护生态平衡,确保生态环境安全。     

美国西北部太平洋沿海地区植物入侵及其控制对策

美国西北部太平洋沿海地区作为美国的对外交通要塞以及自身的自然环境，因其湿润的温带海洋性气候结合人为的和自然条件的因素，造成了比较严重的植物入侵状况。本文作者结合在美国华盛顿地区做入侵植物生态环境调查和入侵植物生态环境修复工作，总结和归纳了在美国西北部太平洋地区的几种较严重的入侵植物状况及其控制对策，以便对我国生物入侵控制方法有所借鉴。     

论外来生物入侵预警机制

外来生物入侵给世界各国的生态环境、社会经济等诸方面都带来了极大危害,成为引人关注的全球性问题。如何应对和解决该问题是一个值得思考的课题。循着预防优于治理的思路,分析了构建外来生物入侵预警机制的必要性,提出了构建外来生物入侵预警机制的原则,并在此基础上架构了该预警机制体系的内容。     

黄河三角洲外来入侵物种米草对滩涂昆虫的影响

2005年5,8,10月份对黄河三角洲无棣岔尖、东营市五号桩、小清河口米草分布区与土著植物芦苇分布区的昆虫作了调查,并辅以2003年同期调查资料,结果表明：米草分布区共鉴定出昆虫9种,芦苇分布区鉴定出49种,是米草分布区昆虫种数的5．4倍,米草分布区昆虫种数明显少于芦苇分布区,且优势类群存在很大差异,米草入侵对昆虫的结构、组成与多样性产生了影响。     

外来赤潮生物入侵现状及对赤潮灾害的影响研究

外来赤潮生物入侵加剧了我国近海海域的赤潮灾害。根据2004—2013年的数据统计,分别从赤潮生物优势种、频率、海域分布和赤潮面积4个方面分析了外来赤潮生物对我国近海赤潮灾害的影响,并着重从外来赤潮生物入侵早期预警系统建设、压舱水排放管理和赤潮灾害防治技术3个方面提出应对措施。     

生物入侵对我国生态安全的影响及防治建议

论述生物入侵对社会，经济和生态安全的影响。并提出加强对生物入侵的防治建议。     

风险预防背景下的外来物种入侵法律规制

随着世界经济贸易的发展,外来物种入侵成为威胁生物多样性、公众健康,甚至生态安全和国家安全的重大问题。我国目前在外来物种入侵相关立法方面存在立法理念滞后、调整范围欠充分、监管碎片化、法律制度缺失且责任追究机制单一等问题,无法有效回应高风险社会对外来物种入侵的防范。在国内外相关制度经验总结的基础上,我国防治外来物种入侵的相关法律法规应在《生物安全法》的指导下,确立整体生态安全理念,采取风险预防原则,健全外来物种风险评估、引种许可证、全过程跟踪监测、公众参与和法律责任制度,优化外来物种风险管理机制,促进生物安全治理体系进一步完善。     

云南省生物多样性与生态安全形势研究

云南省以其得天独厚的自然条件孕育了丰富而又脆弱的生物多样性资源，然而外来物种入侵破坏了云南的生物多样性，威胁到国家的生态安全。分析了外来物种入侵、生物多样性及生态安全三者之间的关系，提出生物多样性资源是我国的核心竞争力所在，要将维护生态安全提升到国家战略高度予以重视，同时采取多种措施防范外来物种入侵。     

整体性治理视域下防治外来物种入侵法治研究

外来物种入侵是威胁国家生物多样性、生态安全和公众健康的重大安全问题。《生物安全法》的通过为防治外来物种入侵提供了综合性的制度规范。我国防治外来物种入侵法治实践长期以行政规制为主导,较少关注司法机关、企事业单位、社会组织和公众等法律主体在治理中的作用。行政规制治理中执法机构及其职能与管理手段的碎片化,亦无法回应高风险社会防治外来物种入侵的需要。我国防治外来物种入侵法治建设应当坚持整体性治理理念,以整体安全观为指导,坚持风险预防、防治结合,明确综合管理程序及责任法律制度和一体化协同执法机制,健全防治外来物种入侵行政规制体系;引入公众参与,形成政府、企事业单位、社会组织和公众协同治理外来物种入侵,鼓励外来物种入侵公益诉讼等,完善防治外来物种入侵的多元共治体系,共促国家生物安全治理体系。     

辽宁省外来物种入侵防控对策与建议

外来物种入侵已经成为国内面临的重要环境问题。外来物种入侵不仅会破坏本地的生态系统,威胁生物群落多样性,还会对农业、林业等造成严重威胁,带来巨大的生态风险和经济损失。辽宁省地处陆海边境,是外来物种进入国内的重要通道,为防范外来物种入侵,提出应加强对于本地物种的选育使用、建立外来物种潜在风险调查机制、制定外来入侵物种名录、规范引进许可制度、加强政策宣传和口岸违法处罚力度等对策建议。     

Non-native Species <Emphasis Type="Italic">DO</Emphasis> Threaten the Natural Environment!

Sagoff [Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 18 (2005), 215–236] argues, against growing empirical evidence, that major environmental impacts of non-native species are unproven. However, many such impacts, including extinctions of both island and continental species, have both been demonstrated and judged by the public to be harmful. Although more public attention has been focused on non-native animals than non-native plants, the latter more often cause ecosystem-wide impacts. Increased regulation of introduction of non-native species is, therefore, warranted, and, contra Sagoff’s assertions, invasion biologists have recently developed methods that greatly aid prediction of which introduced species will harm the environment and thus enable more efficient regulation. The fact that introduced species may increase local biodiversity in certain instances has not been shown to result in desired changes in ecosystem function. In other locales, they decrease biodiversity, as they do globally.     

Vulnerability of Rehabilitated Agricultural Production Systems to Invasion by Nontarget Plant Species

Vast areas of arable land have been retired from crop production and “rehabilitated” to improved system states through landowner incentive programs in the United States (e.g., Conservation and Wetland Reserve Programs), as well as Europe (i.e., Agri-Environment Schemes). Our review of studies conducted on invasion of rehabilitated agricultural production systems by nontarget species elucidates several factors that may increase the vulnerability of these systems to invasion. These systems often exist in highly fragmented and agriculturally dominated landscapes, where propagule sources of target species for colonization may be limited, and are established under conditions where legacies of past disturbance persist and prevent target species from persisting. Furthermore, rehabilitation approaches often do not include or successfully attain all target species or historical ecological processes (e.g., hydrology, grazing, and/or fire cycles) key to resisting invasion. Uncertainty surrounds ways in which nontarget species may compromise long term goals of improving biodiversity and ecosystem services through rehabilitation efforts on former agricultural production lands. This review demonstrates that more studies are needed on the extent and ecological impacts of nontarget species as related to the goals of rehabilitation efforts to secure current and future environmental benefits arising from this widespread conservation practice.     

Assessing vulnerability to invasion by nonnative plant species at multiple spatial scales

Basic information on where nonnative plant species have successfully invaded is lacking. We assessed the vulnerability of 22 vegetation types (25 sets of four plots in nine study areas) to nonnative plant invasions in the north–central United States. In general, habitats with high native species richness were more heavily invaded than species-poor habitats, low-elevation areas were more invaded than high-elevation areas, and riparian zones were more invaded than nearby upland sites. For the 100 1000-m² plots (across all vegetation types), 50% of the variation in nonnative species richness was explained by longitude, latitude, native plant species richness, soil total percentage nitrogen, and mean maximum July temperature (n = 100 plots; P < 0.001). At the vegetation-type scale (n = 25 sets of four 1000-m² plots/type), 64% of the variation in nonnative species richness was explained by native plant species richness, elevation, and October to June precipitation (P < 0.001). The foliar cover of nonnative species (log) was strongly positively correlated with the nonnative species richness at the plot scale (r = 0.77, P < 0.001) and vegetation-type scale (r = 0.83, P < 0.001). We concluded that, at the vegetation-type and regional scales in the north–central United States, (1) vegetation types rich in native species are often highly vulnerable to invasion by nonnative plant species; (2) where several nonnative species become established, nonnative species cover can substantially increase; (3) the attributes that maintain high native plant species richness (high light, water, nitrogen, and temperatures) also help maintain nonnative plant species richness; and (4) more care must be taken to preserve native species diversity in highly vulnerable habitats.     

Integrating drivers influencing the detection of plant pests carried in the international cut flower trade

This paper analyses the cut flower market as an example of an invasion pathway along which species of non-indigenous plant pests can travel to reach new areas. The paper examines the probability of pest detection by assessing information on pest detection and detection effort associated with the import of cut flowers. We test the link between the probability of plant pest arrivals, as a precursor to potential invasion, and volume of traded flowers using count data regression models. The analysis is applied to the UK import of specific genera of cut flowers from Kenya between 1996 and 2004.There is a link between pest detection and the Genus of cut flower imported. Hence, pest detection efforts should focus on identifying and targeting those imported plants with a high risk of carrying pest species. For most of the plants studied, efforts allocated to inspection have a significant influence on the probability of pest detection. However, by better targeting inspection efforts, it is shown that plant inspection effort could be reduced without increasing the risk of pest entry. Similarly, for most of the plants analysed, an increase in volume traded will not necessarily lead to an increase in the number of pests entering the UK. For some species, such as Carthamus and Veronica, the volume of flowers traded has a significant and positive impact on the likelihood of pest detection. We conclude that analysis at the rank of plant Genus is important both to understand the effectiveness of plant pest detection efforts and consequently to manage the risk of introduction of non-indigenous species.