新导则下天然气长输管道项目的环境风险评价

以某天然气长输管道工程为例,按照HJ169—2018《建设项目环境风险评价技术导则》要求,根据 该导则引入的“环境风险潜势”和“大气毒性终点浓度”等概念及导则所调整、改进的内容和要求,对天然气长输管道项目的环境风险评价工作进行梳理,从风险调查、环境风险潜势划分、评价等级及评价范围的确定、风险识别、风险事故情形分析、风险预测与评价、环境风险管理等方面,介绍了环境风险评价的整个流程,并指出评价 中需要重点关注的方面。以期为天然气长输管道项目的环境风险评价工作提供参考。     

浅谈天然气采输过程环境保护管理

环境管理作为HSE管理的重要内容之一,与安全管理同样重要。天然气采输工程包含大量的工艺作业,若环境风险防控措施不到位,极易引发严重的环境污染事故。文章分析了天然气采输过程所涉及的环境保护问题,并对目前环境管理现状进行分析,识别天然气采输过程中的环境风险,分别从技术措施和组织管理措施两个方面提出了环境管理建议,为天然气采输过程的环境保护工作提供指导性依据。     

城市天然气高压输气管线环境风险评价的重点与难点研究

城市天然气高压输气管线泄漏后具有一定的环境风险,在对已有关于天然气高压输气管线环境风险的研究分析基础上,针对城市天然气高压输气管线与长输天然气管线的区别与联系,指出了城市天然气高压输气管线具有受外部第三方干扰大、发生火灾概率高、对人体健康影响大的特点。提出城市天然气高压输气管线环境风险评价的重点为风险识别和源项分析,难点为合理确定天然气泄漏量及发生火灾爆炸时次生污染物源强。采用《建设项目环境风险评价技术导则》（HJ 169-2018）所列方法,研究了城市天然气高压输气管线截断阀启动前后泄漏量和发生火灾爆炸时次生污染物源强核算。     

天然气管道输量变更环境影响分析

以某天然气管道为例,探讨了输量变更情况下的环境影响,分析、评价了环境影响的后果。通过预测源强、预测结果及分析,讨论了大气环境影响;通过环境风险识别、源项分析、灾害后果评估,分析了项目的环境风险。得出结论:本次输气量变更对大气环境影响较小,根据对假定最大可信事故管道发生天然气泄漏事故和火灾次生污染环境事故后果等的计算结果和评估,本次评价假定的环境风险事故不会致人死亡,其环境风险可接受。     

CFX软件在含硫天然气开发环境风险评价中的应用

结合目前国内外对气体泄漏、扩散仿真分析的研究现状,对CFX软件在含硫天然气开发过程中的环境风险定量评估进行了介绍。并以某气田开发为实例,采用CFX软件对4类天然气泄漏风险事故进行了仿真计算,得到定量分析结果。该方法的应用将有助于含硫天然气在开发过程中的环境风险评价,并为风险搬迁与应急疏散范围的确定提供计算依据。     

高含硫天然气钻井环境风险评价及防范措施

天然气钻井作业由于地下情况复杂隐藏着多种不安全因素,存在着较大的环境风险。要真正减少钻井施工现场的安全事故,必须充分了解影响钻井施工安全的风险源,评估风险的危害性的大小及范围,通过抓好安全生产管理,对风险进行控制,达到安全生产施工的目标。文章分析了天然气钻井中可能出现的环境风险因素,提出预防或减缓事故的对策和措施,为钻井行业提供安全可靠的参考。     

天然气净化厂清洁生产评价指标体系探讨

文章根据清洁生产要求,结合天然气净化厂的清洁生产特点,筛选提出了涵盖生产工艺与装备要求、资源能源利用指标、产品指标、污染物产生及排放指标和环境管理要求的5类15个定量、2类22个定性的清洁生产评价指标,形成天然气净化厂的清洁生产评价指标体系,用于综合量化评估天然气净化厂的清洁生产水平,有利于天然气净化厂清洁生产的审核和管理。     

含汞气田汞污染控制技术研究

痕量组分汞可能出现在大多数天然气气藏中。汞及其化合物均是剧毒物质,在含汞天然气处理过程中可能危害操作人员健康、腐蚀管线设备以及污染环境。针对某气田含汞天然气处理工艺,分析汞在天然气处理过程中分布情况,评价汞对天然气处理工艺及环境的影响,提出了含汞气田汞污染的控制技术以及防护措施,对降低含汞气田开发风险、保护人身健康及防止环境污染具有现实意义。     

比较风险评价在环境风险管理中的应用

在环境风险管理中,需要针对不同的管理目标进行评估与排序,实现有限资源供给下的风险管理效率最大化提升。作为环境风险优先管理中的一个重要内容,比较风险评价是针对不同类型环境问题进行评估与排序的方法,它可以从宏观尺度上有效识别出各类环境问题的风险大小顺序,并有针对性进行管理优先级的设置。本文在对国内外比较风险评价研究进行系统梳理的基础上,分析其对我国环境风险管理的意义,提出我国在开展环境问题的比较风险评价、建立与完善环境风险管理工作优先级等方面的建议。     

安全、健康与环境风险识别和评价概述

安全,健康与环境（HSE）管理的根本目的是最大限度地降低风险,防止人员伤害,财产损失及环境破坏,而风险识别和评价是搞好风险管理的关键所在。文中就风险识别和评价的目的、过程、方法等做了简单论述。     

基于大数据的水环境风险业务化评估与预警研究

随着生态环境大数据的不断建设,国家级、流域级和行政区级别的大数据中心相继产生。快速、高效地分析和利用实时产生、类型多样的环境大数据,提取环境大数据在风险评估与预警的价值,具有重要的意义,也充满挑战。本文基于环境大数据的数据特点和不同层次的组织管理特征以及环境风险评估预警的业务化需求,构建基于大数据的流域环境风险评估与预警技术及其业务化系统的体系、分析环境风险智能识别模式、研究环境风险高效模拟预测和评估的方法,并提出一套满足各级管理部门需求,高效利用环境大数据的多中心业务化系统。     

“互联网+”时代的环境风险评估探讨

环境风险评估是环境管理的前提和依据。目前比较成熟的方法分为项目"事先"环评和健康"事后"风险评估。以上两种风险评估方法由于多种原因制约,无法提供给环境管理部门实时在线的环境风险结果。实际上,环境风险评估方法在不断完善中,随着互联网、物联网、云计算、三网融合等IT与通信技术的迅猛发展,环境保护领域也迎来了大数据时代,风险评估也将逐渐步入"互联网+"时代。新型环境风险评估更具系统性,将以数字化的形式体现环境(E)—污染物(M)—人为因素(H)的风险耦合度。虽然数字化环境风险评估在相关风险因子和风险评估方法上仍处于起步阶段,但它是新形势下环境风险管理的一个全新方向,其应用将对环境管理领域产生巨大影响。本文将分析传统环境风险评估与"互联网+"时代的环境风险评估差异,探讨新型数字化环境风险评估需要的支撑硬件与平台,并对数字化环境风险评估的发展趋势与挑战做出展望。     

化工园区大气环境风险评估与预警平台设计研究

通过分析国内外化工园区大气环境风险评估与预警平台构建技术的现状、研究进展,提出了化工园区大气环境风险评估与监控预警体系,选取典型示范研究区长寿经济技术开发区,以"平战结合"的化工园区大气环境风险评估与预警平台的总体设计思路,构建化工园区大气环境风险评估与预警平台,为中小尺度的化工园区突发大气环境风险防范及应急管理提供科学支撑。     

生态环境风险管理与损害赔偿制度现状与展望

我国目前面临的生态环境风险形势复杂严峻，严密防控生态环境风险已成为“十四五”和中长期生态环境保护、美丽中国建设的重要任务之一。本文探讨了生态环境风险的概念、分类，系统梳理了生态环境风险评估与管理、生态环境损害评估与损害赔偿等领域的国内外管理经验与研究进展。在此基础上，重点剖析了我国生态环境风险管理面临的痛点与难点问题，从树立生态环境风险法治管理理念、构建生态环境风险管理战略布局、建立生态环境风险常态化管控体系、加强生态环境风险防控技术支撑、强化经济和社会治理手段助力风险管控、建设生态环境损害赔偿业务化工作体系等六个方面，系统提出了加强我国生态环境风险管理的对策建议，以期为更有效地防范化解重大生态环境风险提供决策参考。     

The presence of pharmaceuticals in the environment due to human use – present knowledge and future challenges

Intensive research on pharmaceuticals in the environment started about 15 years ago. Since then a vast amount of literature has been published. The input and presence of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and their fate in the environment were and is still of high interest. As it has been extensively demonstrated that the active compounds are present in the environment some of the research interest has moved from analysis of the compounds, which is still undertaken, to effect studies in the lab and in field trials. It has been found that environmental concentrations can cause effects in wildlife if proper tools are applied for effect assessment. The question of mixture toxicity has gained more and more attention. It has been learned that classical tests may underestimate effects and risks. Work has been done in the field of risk assessment and risk management. As for risk management strategies to eliminate pharmaceuticals from wastewater or from the effluent of sewage treatment plants have been proposed and investigated. A tremendous amount of literature can now be found describing technical management measures such as oxidative or photolytic effluent treatment, filtering techniques, and application of charcoal. It has been learned however, that each of these approaches has its specific shortcomings. Therefore, additional approaches such as including people handling and using the compounds, and focusing on the properties of the compounds (“green pharmacy”) came into focus. Accordingly, this review gives an overview of the present state of knowledge presenting typical results and lines of discussion. This review makes no claim to give a complete overview including the full detailed body of knowledge of pharmaceuticals in the environment. Rather, it addresses important and typical topics to stimulate discussion.     

Integrated Risk Framework for Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems

Onsite wastewater treatment systems (OWTS) are becoming increasingly important for the treatment and dispersal of effluent in new urbanised developments that are not serviced by centralised wastewater collection and treatment systems. However, the current standards and guidelines adopted by many local authorities for assessing suitable site and soil conditions for OWTS are increasingly coming under scrutiny due to the public health and environmental impacts caused by poorly performing systems, in particular septic tank-soil adsorption systems. In order to achieve sustainable onsite wastewater treatment with minimal impacts on the environment and public health, more appropriate means of assessment are required. This paper highlights an integrated risk based approach for assessing the inherent hazards associated with OWTS in order to manage and mitigate the environmental and public health risks inherent with onsite wastewater treatment. In developing a sound and cohesive integrated risk framework for OWTS, several key issues must be recognised. These include the inclusion of relevant stakeholders throughout framework development, the integration of scientific knowledge, data and analysis with risk assessment and management ideals, and identification of the appropriate performance goals for successful management and mitigation of associated risks. These issues were addressed in the development of the risk framework to provide a generic approach to assessing risk from OWTS. The utilisation of the developed risk framework for achieving more appropriate assessment and management techniques for OWTS is presented in a case study for the Gold Coast region, Queensland State, Australia.     

Drinking water risk assessment in practice: the case of Swedish drinking water producers at risk from floods

To achieve a safe and reliable drinking water supply, water producers need to manage a large range of risks regarding both water quality and quantity. A risk management approach where risks are systematically identified and handled in a preventive manner is promoted by the World Health Organization and supported by researchers and drinking water experts worldwide. Risk assessment is an important part of such a management approach, and a variety of tools for risk assessment are described in the literature. There is, however, little knowledge of how drinking water risk assessment is performed in practice, including which tools that are actually used. This study investigates the use of risk assessment tools, and the approach to risk management, on a local level in the Swedish water sector. It is based on interviews with key persons from a targeted selection of water producers. We find that the application of tools as well as the approach to risk assessment and management differs considerably between the water producers. The tools most frequently used are mainly the ones promoted or required by Swedish national organizations. Although many of the water producers have done some kind of risk assessment, most have not implemented a risk management approach. Furthermore, their knowledge of the concepts of risk and risk management is often limited. The largest challenge identified is to prioritize risk assessment, so that it is actually performed and then used as a basis for managing risk in a systematic way.     

基于系统动力学的中国绿色发展政策仿真研究

迅速的工业化进程为我国带来了巨大的经济增长,但其引发的资源和环境问题也日益突出,为应对这一严峻挑战,我国开始转变发展思路,推行绿色发展的发展理念。鉴于绿色发展过程中经济、资源、环境多系统之间存在复杂的相互作用,本研究采用系统动力学方法构建了中国经济—资源—环境的动态模型,并在模型有效性的基础上通过五种典型发展模式对政策进行仿真,进而对不同模式未来的发展趋势进行分析。结果表明:加大环保、能源设备更新投资,促进环境友好型、资源节约型社会建设,是我国实现绿色发展的必由之路;绿色发展过程中还要注重各系统间的协调发展,从整体层面制定绿色发展政策;同时,政府还要关注绿色发展的文化建设,促进公众生活和消费方式的绿色转型。     

浅论环境影响评价在油田环境管理中的作用

新疆地区的环境较为敏感,油气田开发对环境的影响较大,围绕着油气田开发所开展的各项活动必须严格执行环境影响评价。文章介绍油气田开发环境影响特点,环境影响评价工作中存在的问题。加强油田环境管理的措施为:实施战略和区域环境影响评价,在可行性研究报告审查前提出环境保护建议,在设计阶段严格执行环评中提出的环境保护措施,严格执行HSE环境管理体系,建立和完善回顾性环境影响评价制度,制定新疆油田建设项目环境保护管理方面的规定。