宿州市煤矿区农田土壤重金属含量特征

通过野外采样及室内分析测试,对宿州市煤矿区周边农田表层土壤及其典型剖面中的Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd、Pb、Hg、As 7种重金属污染特征及其在剖面上的垂向迁移规律进行了研究.结果表明,煤矿区周边500 m内农田表层土壤除Cu、Zn、Pb外,Cr、Cd、Hg、As均超出国家土壤环境质量标准（I级）,其中As、Cd轻度污染,...     

焚烧源二噁英的排放对周边土壤和植被污染的研究进展

经济的飞速发展和城市化进程的加快,带来了严重的生活垃圾负荷问题。垃圾焚烧技术因其具有减容化、无害化和资源化的优点,成为当今国际社会生活垃圾处理的主要技术之一。然而由于人们对于垃圾焚烧源可能产生的二噁英污染问题缺乏一个全面的认识,使得垃圾焚烧厂的建立遭到了民众的强烈反对,成为影响社会和谐稳定的因素;因此,需要对垃圾焚烧源二噁英的排放对周边土壤和植被的污染状况进行综述,对于解决老百姓对于垃圾焚烧二噁英污染的争议有巨大的现实意义。对近年来国内外学者在相关方面的研究进行了详细地综述,结果发现：国内已开展的研究仅限于二噁英对焚烧厂周边土壤的污染调查,而对于焚烧源二噁英对植被及农作物的污染的研究数据非常匮乏;而国外学者已开展的垃圾焚烧厂周边土壤和植被中二噁英污染的调查研究只是停留在二噁英在土壤和植被中总浓度的研究基础上,而对于不同二噁英同族物在焚烧厂附近土壤和植被中的分布特征和蓄积规律方面的研究比较缺乏,尤其是在其他污染源如废弃物的露天燃烧、交通等协同作用下,垃圾焚烧对二噁英污染贡献率的研究比较少,对于垃圾焚烧厂二噁英污染的控制没有起到直观的指导作用。本文指出今后的研究应加强对二噁英在焚烧厂周边土壤和植被中分布特征和蓄积规律研究,这对于焚烧源二噁英的污染防治以及对已被二噁英污染的土壤和植被的生态修复具有重要的意义。     

典型危废处置利用企业周边土壤重金属分布特征、来源及风险评价

为探讨典型危险废物处置企业周边表层土壤重金属的分布特征和污染来源，以上海市4种典型危险废物处置利用企业周边土壤为研究对象，采集并检测表层土壤中7种重金属（Pb、Hg、Cd、Ni、Sb、Cu、As）的含量.运用地累积指数法、内梅罗综合污染指数法和潜在生态风险指数法评价重金属污染特征，采用多元统计方法分析重金属来源.结果表明，研究区域土壤中Cu、Pb和Cd存在不同程度的累积，且Cd的累积程度最大；4种类型危废处置利用企业周边土壤重金属整体上处于轻度污染水平，但填埋焚烧复合处置和危废回收处置企业周边分别有11%和10%的点位达重度污染等级.潜在生态风险评价结果显示，研究区域7种重金属的综合潜在风险指数均值为118.84，其中Cd和Hg的贡献率最高，危废回收利用处置企业周边土壤潜在生态风险程度最高，其次为填埋焚烧复合处置企业，应予以重视.     

珠江三角洲地区典型菜地土壤与蔬菜重金属分布特征研究

通过对珠江三角洲地区的广州市、佛山市、江门市和惠州市典型菜地土壤和蔬菜中重金属（Pb、Cr、Cd、As和Hg）含量及其土壤中有效态（Pb、Cr、Cd）含量的调查,分析蔬菜重金属污染状况与土壤重金属含量的相关性,探讨了土壤重金属含量、有效态含量与土壤理化性质的相关性。结果表明,菜地土壤主要受Pb、Cd、Hg污染。Pb、Cd主要以轻度污染为主;而Hg污染在广州市菜地土壤以轻度污染和重度污染为主,佛山市菜地土壤以中度污染和重度污染为主,江门市和惠州市菜地土壤以轻度污染为主。蔬菜主要受Pb、Cd、Hg污染,少数蔬菜受到Cr污染,但并未检测出蔬菜受As污染。蔬菜中重金属含量与土壤中Pb、Cr、Cd的总量、有效态含量之间呈显著正相关关系,与土壤中As、Hg的总量无显著相关性。土壤中Pb、Cr含量与土壤有机质含量、黏粒含量、粉粒含量均达到显著相关。土壤中有效Pb与有效锰含量呈显著负相关关系,土壤中有效Cr含量与土壤粘粒含量、有效铁含量呈极显著正相关关系。     

西安污灌区土壤重金属含量及对西红柿影响研究

通过对西安污灌土和西红柿Cu，Pb，Cd，Cr，As，Hg元素分布的研究，结果表明这些元素在污灌土中发生了明显累积，但不同元素的累积强度不同。重金属从土壤向西红柿的迁移转化中，迁移累积率在灌土中Cd＞As＞Cu＞Cr＞Hg＞Pb，而正常土中Cd＞As＞Hg＞Cu＞Cr＞Pb。西红柿不同生长阶段对土壤中重金属吸收程度不同，西红柿Cu、Cd、Hg含量与土壤中该元素含量呈明显的正相关关系。     

湖南某植烟土壤重金属含量及其生态风险评价

采集了湖南某植烟区表层土壤样品112份,测定了土壤中6种重金属元素的含量,并采用单因子污染指数法、综合污染指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对其污染状况进行评价.结果表明,植烟区土壤重金属平均含量分别为36.25(Cu)、69.78(Zn)、37.66(Pb)、0.36(Cd)、12.71(As)、0.27(Hg)mg·kg-1.6个元素的变异系数在32.57%—59.03%之间,属于中等变异,元素分布不均.污染评价结果表明,植烟区土壤重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、As的单因子污染指数平均值小于1,其污染较轻.而重金属Cd和Hg的超标率为54.46%和58.04%,土壤受到Cd和Hg污染.潜在生态风险指数评价结果显示植烟区土壤重金属属于轻度污染.相关性分析结果表明Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd之间呈显著相关性,As和Hg相关性显著,说明其同源性较高.来源分析表明,研究区Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd污染来源东北部主要为矿区污染,西南部主要是人为源,As主要来源为成土母质和生活源,Hg主要为大气污染源.     

喀斯特山区燃煤型电厂周边农业土壤中重金属的污染特征及评价

以喀斯特山区燃煤型电厂周边不同方向的土壤及农作物为研究对象,探讨了火电厂周边随距电厂水平方向、垂直剖面土壤中8种重金属总量及污染分布特征,并分析了土壤中重金属元素之间及其与p H、有机质的相关性。结果表明,与贵州省土壤背景值相比,土壤样品中除了Cd和Cr之外,其它元素均有不同程度的超标现象,以Hg元素的超标最为严重;土壤中大多数重金属元素主要以残渣态为主,而Cd主要以酸可提取态和可还原态存在,容易发生环境迁移;土壤剖面中重金属含量均表现为20~50 cm土层大于0~20 cm,土壤重金属在次表层出现富集现象。相关分析表明,除了Zn以外,其它元素间的相关关系较高,p H与土壤Hg、As、Cu元素之间存在正相关关系,有机质与As、Ni之间也存在着显著正相关,电厂不同方向上的p H变化与8种重金属含量变化的差异相一致。采用内梅罗综合污染指数法进行环境污染评价,发现电厂周围土壤中的重金属含量具有方向性,不同方向上的污染程度表现为正北西南东北东南西北正东。对比农业土壤采样点,森林土壤中的Hg、Pb和Ni含量明显较低,推测森林植被可能对电厂重金属的沉降有一定的减缓作用;电厂周边研究区内卷心菜的Hg、Pb、Ni元素的超标最为严重,而卷心菜对Cd元素的富集能力明显高于其它重金属。     

工业城市不同功能区土壤和蔬菜中重金属污染及其健康风险评价

为了研究和评价工业城市不同功能区的土壤和蔬菜中重金属污染和健康风险状况,以株洲市为例,在工业区（石峰区）、农业区（芦淞区）和旅游区（大京风景区）分别采集土壤和蔬菜样品,分析重金属Cd、As、Pb、Hg、Zn、Cr和Cu的质量分数,并采用地质累积指数法（Igeo）和健康风险评价模型分别对土壤和蔬菜中重金属进行评价。结果表明：工业区、农业区和旅游区土壤中Cd、As、Pb、Hg、Zn、Cr和Cu的平均质量分数都超出湖南省土壤背景值,部分重金属甚至超出国家土壤环境质量二级标准。不同功能区土壤中重金属的地质累积指数（Igeo）表明：工业区、农业区和旅游区土壤受到不同程度的重金属污染,其中Cd和Hg的污染最为严重,污染程度依次是工业区〉农业区〉旅游区。不同功能区蔬菜中Cd、As、Pb和Zn的危害商（HQ）值都大于1.0,而Cu和Cr的危害商（HQ）都小于1.0。不同功能区蔬菜中重金属危害指数（HI）都大于10.0,尤其是工业区蔬菜的危害指数（HI）〉100.0,当地成年人食用受到重金属污染的蔬菜会导致严重的健康危害,其中Cd和As,是危害指数（HI）的主要贡献者,两者贡献率之和的范围为75%~89%,而Cr的贡献率几乎为0。     

上海宝山区农业用地土壤重金属空间分异规律及分布特征研究

利用地理信息系统(GIS)和地统计分析方法对宝山区农业用地土壤重金属(As,Cd,Cr,Hg,Pb)空间分异规律和分布特征进行研究.结果表明,区内农业用地土壤中5种重金属均表现为中等空间变异性;在全局趋势上,Cd为一次全局趋势,其余重金属元素都表现为二次趋势;5种元素在空间上均存在明显的方向效应;Cr,Hg和Pb具有强烈的空间相关性,As和Cd具有中等强度的空间相关性;5种重金属的空间变程由大到小分别为Hg,Pb,Cr,As和Cd.土壤重金属As,Cd,Cr,Hg和Pb平均含量分别为7.31mg.kg-1、0.24 mg.kg-1、107.89 mg.kg-1、0.15 mg.kg-1和38.54 mg.kg-1,分别是上海土壤背景值的0.80,1.81,1.44,1.43和1.51倍.宝山区南部农业用地土壤重金属污染程度普遍高于北部.从宝山区各镇农业用地土壤重金属污染看,Cr和Pb普遍污染严重,而基本不存在As污染.同期降尘污染调查表明,降尘重金属是本区土壤重金属污染的最重要来源.     

会泽某铅锌矿周边农田土壤重金属生态风险评价

为了了解云南会泽某铅锌矿废周边农田土壤中重金属含量及潜在的生态危害程度,利用野外采样与实验室分析相结合的方法,以会泽某铅锌矿周边农田土壤（0-20 cm）为研究对象,分析其中7种的重金属（Cd、As、Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn和Hg）含量,并采用风险评价代码法和Hankanson潜在生态风险指数法评价对重金属污染程度与潜在生态风险进行评价。结果表明：7种重金属都存在超标或污染,其中Pb、As、Cd等的污染较为严重。统计学分析结果表明,Pb、As、Hg、Zn、Cd来源相同,铅锌矿冶炼污染物的排放可能是导致研究区域农田土壤重金属含量升高的主要原因。7种重金属化学形态也不尽相同：在重金属有效态中,Cd的水溶态和可提取态较高（平均值达到31.2%）;Pb、Cu和Zn可还原态、可氧化态这两部分含量较高,两部分之和的平均值分别可达到27.9%、30%和27.2%;Hg、As和Cr的残渣态含量较高,平均值分别为90.4%、72.9%和76.8%。风险评价代码评价结果表明,54.4%的样点Cd为高生态风险,45.6%的样点Cd为中度生态风险;100%的样点Zn为中度生态风险;Cu有41.2%的点位属于低生态风险,58.8%的点位属于中度生态风险;As和Pb主要以低生态风险为主（所占比例分别为92.6%和91.8%）;Hg主要以无生态风险为主（所占97.1%）。Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法结果表明,7种重金属潜在生态危害大小顺序为：Cd（331）〉Hg（127.5）〉Pb（43.6）〉As（14.9）〉Cu（9.3）〉Zn（2.3）〉Cr（2.1）。7种重金属的综合潜在生态风险指数（RI）的范围为58.2-1839.3。11%的采样点处于轻微生态风险程度,27.1%的采样点处于中等生态风险程度,46.3%的的采样点处于强生态风险程度,15.6%的采样点处于很强的生态风险程度。综上所述,该矿区周边农田土壤受到了严重的重金属污染,由此引起的重金属生态风险不容忽视?     

Heavy metals fraction and ecological risk evaluation in municipal solid waste gasification slag non-burnt bricks

The heavy metals in non-burnt bricks made from municipal solid waste (MSW) gasification slags with a modified European Bureau Community of Reference procedure were studied. Heavy metals were present in the form of oxidizable and residual fractions, which were stable and not easy to dissolve. The preparation process of non-burnt bricks displayed prominent solidification effect for some heavy metals in the gasification slag. The solidified rate for metals, such as As, Cd, Cr, Ni, and Zn reached 89.82%, 79.57%, 73.64%, 66.73%, and 88.05%, respectively. Moreover, the leaching concentrations of eight heavy metals were all below 8 mg/kg. On the basis of these observations, the risk of exposure to heavy metals in non-burnt bricks was evaluated using the solidification formula and the leaching concentration of heavy metals combined with the assessments of the Hakanson potential ecological risk and pollution ratio of secondary phase and primary phase. Results showed that the preparation of MSW gasification slag non-burnt bricks was not harmful to the environment, but attention is warranted for possible migration of heavy metal cadmium (Cd) in the long term, which may result in an impact on the ecological environment.     

Assessment of popular techniques for co-processing municipal solid waste in Chinese cement kilns

• Municipal solid waste (MSW) was fermented, screened, gasified, then co-processed. • Co-processing MSW in cement kilns could cause excessive pollutant emissions. • Bypass flue gas can be disposed of through the main flue system. • Popular MSW co-processing methods do not affect cement quality. Cement kiln co-processing techniques have been developed in the past 20 years in China, and more than 60 factories now use fermentation, screening, and gasification pre-treatment techniques to co-process municipal solid waste (MSW). There three complete MSW pre-treatment techniques, co-processing procedures, and environmental risk assessments have been described in few publications. In this study, we assessed the effectiveness of each technique. The results suggested that the pollutant content released by each pre-treatment technology was lower than the emission standard. To reveal the mechanisms of pollutant migration and enrichment, the substances in the kiln and kiln products are investigated. The input of co-processing materials (Co-M) produced by fermentation caused formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofuran (PCDD/Fs) in the bypass flue gas (By-gas) in excess of the regulatory standard. The Co-M input produced by the screening and gasifier technologies caused the total organic carbon (TOC) concentration to exceed the standard. In addition, the NO_x, TOC, and PCDD/Fs in the By-gas exceeded the regulatory standard. Raw meal was the primary chlorine and heavy metals input stream, and clinker (CK) and cement kiln dust (CKD) accounted for>90% of the total chlorine output stream. Flue gas and CKD were the primary volatile heavy metal (Hg) output streams. Greater than 70% of the semi-volatile heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Tl and Se) distributed in hot raw meal and bypass cement kiln dust. The low-volatility heavy metals were concentrated in the CK. These results indicated that co-processing techniques used in China still require improvement.     

平原典型垃圾焚烧厂周边土壤重金属分布特征及污染评价

随着固体废弃物的增加,垃圾焚烧逐步成为城市垃圾处理应用一个较为理想可行的选择。垃圾焚烧不仅可以回收能源,且相对其他处理方式其减量效果显著。垃圾焚烧厂排出的尾气中的某些特定重金属可以通过大气干湿沉降进入土壤。采用XRF 荧光光谱仪、岛津原子吸收分光光度计和测汞仪测定了杭嘉湖平原的嘉兴垃圾焚烧厂周边土壤重金属的含量,利用地统计学方法分析了该区域74个土壤样品中Cr、Mn、Cu、Pb、Fe五种重金属元素浓度的空间分布,并采用单因子指数法和内梅罗综合指数法对该地区土壤进行污染评价。结果表明：该垃圾焚烧厂周边表层土壤上述5种重金属平均含量依次为174.05、707.76、47.68、41.95、39057.89 mg·kg-1。表层富集因子分析表明表层土壤中Cu和Pb的含量受到人为影响。因子分析将5种重金属分成3类,并揭示了3类金属在该区域具有不同的空间分布特征,Cr、Mn、Fe以土壤地球化学作用（37.88%方差贡献）为主导影响因素,Cu、Pb分别以农药施用作用为主（22.06%）、垃圾焚烧源尾气排放（22.74%）为主导影响因素。污染评价结果表明该区域土壤重金属复合污染程度为轻度污染,最大污染贡献来自于Pb（单因子污染指数高达2.16）,厂区周边土壤中重金属存在累积效应,不容忽视。     

Characterization of chlorine and heavy metals for the potential recycling of bottom ash from municipal solid waste incinerators as cement additives

Bottom ash is an inevitable by-product from municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration plants. Recycling it as additives for cement production is a promising disposal method. However, the heavy metals and chlorine are the main limiting factors because of the potential environmental risks and corrosion of cement kilns. Therefore, investigating heavy metal and chlorine characteristics of bottom ash is the significant prerequisite of its reuse in cement industries. In this study, a correlative analysis was conducted to evaluate the effect of the MSW components and collection mode on the heavy metal and chlorine characteristics in bottom ash. The chemical speciation of insoluble chlorine was also investigated by synchrotron X-ray diffraction analysis. The results showed that industrial waste was the main source of heavy metals, especially Cr and Pb, in bottom ash. The higher contents of plastics and kitchen waste lead to the higher chlorine level (0.6 wt.%–0.7 wt.%) of the bottom ash. The insoluble chlorine in the MSW incineration bottom ash existed primarily as AlOCl, which was produced under the high temperature (1250°C) in incinerators.

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Carbon discharge through municipal solid waste in Haikou,China

With rapid urban development, municipal solid waste (MSW) has become a pressing issue. Estimation of carbon discharge through municipal solid waste provides a way to assess environmental load of solid waste from the viewpoint of the carbon cycle. With few studies on carbon research and provides insights into human impacts on the carbon cycle. Based on a comprehensive fieldwork investigation of a typical Chinese tourist city – Haikou City, Hainan Island – the characteristics of MSW carbon discharge and human activities that influenced it were analysed. The results indicated that, in 2001, the total carbon discharge from 261.9 Gg of MSW was 105.1 GgC per year, and 174.6 kgC per capita per annum. Carbon is discharged in the form of food scraps (24%), plastics (20%), wood (17%), fabrics (14%), paper (13%), and dust and stone (12%). If landfill received all the waste, 4.7% of MSW carbon would be transformed into methane, with a value of 4.9 GgC. Between 1991 and 1999, Haikou's per capita MSW carbon discharge increased by 59.9%, and total MSW carbon discharge increased by 124.9%. MSW carbon discharge in Haikou is significantly affected by the growth of residential expenditure and urbanisation. Local characteristics of tourism also influence Haikou's MSW carbon discharge, not only in terms of its yearly variation, but also its monthly variation. Integrating data on carbon discharge with carbon consumption will provide a systematic view of the carbon metabolism in urban ecosystems, and further insights into the generation of urban environmental pollution.     

Effect of technology convergence for tablet PC on potential environmental impacts from heavy metals

The technology convergence integrating multiple devices into a single one is now a distinct trend in electronic industry. This trend can lead to a decrease in the use of rare and toxic heavy metals due to resource sharing, or an increase due to the application of new and auxiliary technology. This study investigates the effect of technology convergence for tablet PC on hazardous waste, resource depletion, and toxicity potentials from heavy metals in electronic devices, considering how many single devices (i.e., netbook computer, electronic dictionary, mp3 player, digital camera, cell phone, and vehicle GPS system) can be displaced by a tablet PC depending on users. The hazardous waste potential from heavy metals is examined with existing U.S. federal and California state regulations, and the resource depletion and toxicity potentials from heavy metals are evaluated based on life cycle impact assessments. The potentials of a specific tablet PC are compared to the total of those of displaced single products. Overall, the tablet PC has lower hazardous waste, resource depletion, and toxicity potentials from heavy metals. However, in case the tablet PC displaces only two or three single devices, it requires more gold, molybdenum, and vanadium. Therefore, technology convergence should take into account materials consumption and user behavior to develop more sustainable products.     

Municipal solid waste management in Dalian: practices and challenges

The fast growing of urban areas in developing countries has brought serious problems on municipal solid waste (MSW) management. It will be rational to adopt an integrated approach to deal with such a challenge so that the overall eco-efficiency of MSW management could be improved. To better examine how attributes of integrated MSW management are being interpreted and put into practice, and to explore what changes should be made to improve the application of integrated MSW management, we employ a case study method so that lessons learned could be used to inform initiatives in other cities and the potential solution may offer feasible strategies. The case study city is Dalian, a typical seaport city with fast growing rate in economy. The outcomes of this case study show us that fragmented management structure, ineffective and inefficient enforcement of relevant regulations, backward technologies, limited financial resources and lack of public participation are main barriers for the implementation of integrated MSW management. Consequently, in order to overcome these barriers, we propose an integrated management framework on MSW management, aiming to maximize the overall eco-efficiency of MSW management.     

酸阻滞技术的研究与应用

本文提出酸阻滞法从废液中分离，回收重金属和酸的新技术工艺，从十多种国产树脂中成功地筛选出两种可作为酸阻滞剂，有较好的分离效果。但洗脱时酸脱尾严重，当选择穿透比在０．６左右时，可以解决酸脱尾现象，使脱尾酸损失由３０％降到７％，而酸的回收率由６０％提高到９０％，采用该工艺对几种废液进行处理，重金属回收液中酸去除率大于９５％，而回用酸中金属去除率大于７０％，该工艺既可回收重金属，同时也可回收酸。     

衡阳市城市垃圾处理现状及改进建议

城市垃圾数量大、成分复杂,如果不好好处理会对环境和人体健康造成很大危害.就城市垃圾的危害及垃圾处理现状进行了分析,并对衡阳市垃圾处理提出改进建议.参6.     

The microbiological control of mine waste pollution

The removal of heavy metals and neutralisation of acidity in mine waste waters by algae and bacteria are reviewed. Algal growths in artificial meander systems have been shown to remove significant quantities of heavy metals and fine particulates from mine waste waters. Bacterial systems for the oxidation of ferrous iron and the reduction of sulphate leading to neutralisation of acidity are described. The use of bacterial extracellular polymers in the removal of heavy metals from solution is discussed with reference to its application to acid mine waters. It is concluded that a combination of bacterial and algal systems with process optimisation, including nutrient amendment, may provide suitable treatment for mine waste waters. Metal-resistant bacteria may also be important in reclamation, where it is possible that they can confer some degree of tolerance on the plants used to revegetate metal-contaminated tailings dumps.