油泥（砂）处理技术研究

对油泥(砂)进行处理实验,确定采用破乳脱稳—离心分离—固化处理工艺。分离出的原油可以回用;处理后的水质达到了SY/T5329-94《碎屑岩油藏注水水质推荐指标及分析方法》回注要求;固化物浸出液的分析结果符合国家GB5085.3-2007《危险废物鉴别标准浸出毒性鉴别》、GB5085.1-2007《危险废物鉴别标准腐蚀性鉴别》和GB8978-1996《污水综合排放标准》一级标准。实验结果表明:该工艺在处理油田油泥(砂)方面具有可行性和实用性。     

碱水残渣等工业“三废”调剖可行性研究

从加大中原油田调剖措施工作力度的必要性、紧迫性出发。通过利用室内实验前后岩心渗透率、铸体图象、压汞参数、扫描电镜孔隙变化等实验分析结果,研究了利用碱水残渣、废纸浆、锯木灰等工业“三废”调剖的可行性,及其在中原油田水井调剖中的适用性。结合目前注水冲刷地层孔隙结构变化的特点,还提出配套改进办法和扩大推广应用规模的建议。     

含油污泥热解的影响因素初探＊

以含油污泥"无害化"为目的,考察了温度、升温速率及含水率对热解反应效果的影响。实验结果表明:温度越高,热解剩余残渣率和残渣含油率越低,热解产气率越高;含油污泥中有机质发生热解反应的主要温度为350～500℃和575～625℃,若热解残渣含油率控制在3.0‰以下,热解温度选择600℃较为适宜;升温速率对热解产气率、剩余残渣率和残渣含油率基本无影响,但升温速率越快,热解反应的产气量曲线峰越向前迁移,热解反应的时间缩短;含油污泥含水率越低,则热解产气率及残渣率越高,但含水率对残渣含油率和热解反应时间无影响。     

海上油基岩屑脱油残渣与偏高岭土混掺对混凝土性能影响研究

为解决海上钻井油基岩屑上岸后热解脱油残渣堆积及潜在环境风险问题,研究了残渣与偏高岭土混掺制备混凝土的可行性。考察了残渣基本性能及不同掺量、养护龄期下混凝土力学性能与耐久性能变化情况,并探究了混凝土强度形成机理及环境特性。结果表明：单掺残渣对混凝土性能具有较大的负效应,在最佳掺量10％时可达到设计强度（30MPa）。偏高岭土可有效改善混凝土性能,提升残渣掺量。混凝土主要矿物相为二氧化硅、钙钒石、氢氧化钙和水化硅酸钙等,这些水化产物在体系内共同作用赋予混凝土基本强度。混凝土浸出液COD、重金属离子等指标可达到GB8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》一级排放限值,环境安全性良好。该研究为海上油气田油基岩屑回收上岸后热解残渣的资源化处置提供参考。     

红山嘴油田稠油污水回注效果跟踪评价

红山嘴油田于1990年投入注水开发,在注水开发过程中,由于注水水质不稳定、配伍性差,造成注水系统结垢严重,注水井井况恶化、检配合格率低,修井频繁。文章对稠油净化污水回注开展可行性评价研究和论证,实现了稠油净化污水回注红山嘴油田,对净化污水回注后储层伤害、腐蚀结垢趋势进行动态跟踪评价,确定了净化污水对注水指标的影响程度及影响因素。动态跟踪结果表明:净化污水回注后,红山嘴油田注水水质得到明显改善,消除了注水系统的结垢问题,储层伤害得到有效控制,实现外排污水合理利用,可节约油田清水用量73万m~3/a,减少环保压力,为稠油净化污水回注技术储备和示范奠定良好基础。     

含油污泥热解残渣吸附性能初探＊

含油污泥热解残渣的处理和应用是石油石化企业生产领域急需解决的难题。以含油污泥热解残渣为研究对象,在对其进行无害化处理的基础上,对热解残渣的吸附性能进行了探讨。通过能谱分析可知,热解残渣由碳和无机元素组成,碳元素含量达36.92%;通过SEM电镜扫描、比表面积和孔结构等吸附性质表征研究,含油污泥热解残渣吸附性能优良,对含油污水中的石油类和COD有较好的去除作用。研究结果表明:含油污泥热解残渣可作为一种吸附材料,这项研究为含油污泥热解残渣的资源化利用提供了一条途径。     

页岩气钻屑固化填埋池监测与评价研究

为了探讨钻屑固化填埋池对周围土壤及水体环境的影响,以西南某页岩气田为例,分别选取了具有代表性的水基钻屑固化填埋池和油基灰渣固化填埋池,先对钻屑固化处置方式和效果进行了评价,再对钻屑固化填埋池土壤径流液及土壤进行了监测,分析了固化填埋池对周边土壤环境的影响。结果表明:钻屑固化体浸出液达到GB8978-1996《污水综合排放标准》一级排放标准,钻屑固化填埋池土壤径流液满足GB5084-2005《农田灌溉水质标准》旱作标准;水基钻屑固化填埋池和油基灰渣固化填埋池上覆土壤重金属综合污染指数分别是0.42、0.45,周边土壤重金属综合污染指数分别是0.45、0.54。钻屑固化填埋池各项监测指标均未超标,土壤重金属综合污染指数均小于0.7,钻屑固化填埋暂时未对周边土壤造成影响,属于清洁水平。短期内钻屑固化填埋效果较好,对周围土壤环境影响较小。     

从炼厂含油污泥中回收油及残渣无害化治理的研究

通过对某油田石化厂的含油污泥中回收油及其残渣无害化治理问题的研究，确定了用热洗加离心分离实现污油回收及残渣无害化。根据实验室数据，处理此种含油污泥可达到如下结果：油回收率９５％，残渣中油及主要污染物含量基本符合ＧＢ４２８－８４标准，工艺污水符合进入污水场的要求。采用此法，按照２ｔ／ｈ的处理量计算，预计设备投资４５．７万元。     

含油污泥热解残渣绿植化可行性分析

针对含油污泥热解处理后的热解残渣仍属危险废物,其处理处置已成为制约含油污泥热解技术发展的重要问题之一,文章对含油污泥热解残渣的应用进行研究总结。将几种用作绿植化的污泥与含油污泥热解残渣的组成、性质等进行分析对比,发现其性质组成具有很大的相似性,所以其他污泥的绿植化方法对含油污泥热解残渣的绿植化处理具有一定的参考价值,可以通过向含油污泥热解残渣中添加城市污泥或有机质及氮、磷、钾等营养物质,同时选择耐盐碱的超富集植物对含油污泥热解残渣进行绿植化处理。绿植化技术具有处理量大、应用范围广、二次污染小等特点,具有一定的应用前景。     

页岩气油基钻屑剩余固相建材资源化利用进展

针对页岩气开发过程中产生的油基钻屑残渣,对其在建材领域的资源化利用现状进行综述,主要从用作道路填料、作为原材料烧制水泥、免烧陶粒和烧结陶粒、免烧砖和烧结砖及加气混凝土砌块五个方面进行总结。以ODCRs为原材料,采取固化稳定法制备路基、路面填料、免烧砖和陶粒以及加气混凝土砌块、混凝土等资源化产品,是目前最直接、简便的方式,但仍存在潜在的环境风险,应对其长期浸出性能进行追踪和评估。高温煅烧处理制备陶粒、砖和水泥能有效地消除ODCRs中的有机物,固化其中的重金属等污染物成分,但其掺量对烧结制品的组成和性能影响较大,尤其是水泥生产过程中BaO会抑制C₃S的生成,因而掺量受到限制。采用ODCRs制备陶粒支撑剂用于油气田开发可实现资源的循环利用,是目前较有发展前景的资源化利用方式。     

SALINITY INCREASES IN THE NAVAJO AQUIFER IN SOUTHEASTERN UTAH1

ABSTRACT: Salinity increases in water in some parts of the Nava-jo aquifer in southeastern Utah have been documented previously. The purpose of this paper is to use bromide, iodide, and chloride concentrations and del oxygen-18 and deuterium values in water from the study area to determine if oil-field brines (OFB) could be the source of increased salinity. Mixing-model results indicate that the bromide-to-chloride X 10,000 weight ratio characteristic of OFB in and outside the study area could not be causing the bromide depletion with increasing salinity in the Navajo aquifer. Mixing-model results indicate that a mixture of one percent OFB with 99 percent Navajo aquifer water would more than double the bromide-to-chloride weight ratio, instead of the observed decrease in the weight ratio with increasing chloride concentration. The trend of the mixing line representing the isotopically enriched samples from the Navajo aquifer does not indicate OFB as the source of isotopically enriched water; however, the simulated isotopic composition of injection water could be a salinity source. The lighter isotopic composition of OFB samples from the Aneth, Ratherford, White Mesa Unit, and McElmo Creek injection sites relative to the lsmay site is a result of continued recycling of injection water mixed with various proportions of isotopically lighter make-up water from the alluvial aquifer along the San Juan River. A mixing model using the isotopic composition of the simulated injection water suggests that enriched samples from the Navajo aquifer are composed of 36 to 75 percent of the simulated injection water. However, chloride concentrations predicted by the isotopic mixing model are up to 13.4 times larger than the measured chloride concentrations in isotopically enriched samples from the Navajo aquifer, indicating that injection water is not the source of increased salinity. Geochemical data consistently show that OFB and associated injection water from the Greater Aneth Oil Field are not the source of salinity increases in the Navajo aquifer.     

Modeling liquid distribution in soil after pocket injection

Information on liquid distribution after injection of liquid manure is important to the evaluation of injection methods and the design of injection tools. A two-dimensional numerical model was developed to predict liquid distribution in the soil around a soil pocket. Model outputs are the lateral spread (L), vertical thickness (T), and cross-sectional area (A) of the liquid infiltration zone. Values of L do not vary with injection depth, whereas T and A increase with the injection depth. These model outputs are sensitive to effective saturated soil content (the difference between saturated and initial water contents). At greater effective saturated water content, values of L, T, and A are lower. Values of L vary from 0.13 to 0.23 m, values ofT vary from 0.09 to 0.19 m for injection depths from 0.05 to 0.15 m, and values of A vary from 0.009 to 0.030 m2. The model results were compared with field measurements taken from six forage fields with sandy loam and clay soils. The model better predicts L than T and A. The relative average error between the predictions and field measurements vary from 10.3 to 101.9%.     

Nitrogen mineralization from organic residues: research opportunities

Research on nitrogen (N) mineralization from organic residues is important to understand N cycling in soils. Here we review research on factors controlling net N mineralization as well as research on laboratory and field modeling efforts, with the objective of highlighting areas with opportunities for additional research. Among the factors controlling net N mineralization are organic composition of the residue, soil temperature and water content, drying and rewetting events, and soil characteristics. Because C to N ratio of the residue cannot explain all the variability observed in N mineralization among residues, considerable effort has been dedicated to the identification of specific compounds that play critical roles in N mineralization. Spectroscopic techniques are promising tools to further identify these compounds. Many studies have evaluated the effect of temperature and soil water content on N mineralization, but most have concentrated on mineralization from soil organic matter, not from organic residues. Additional work should be conducted with different organic residues, paying particular attention to the interaction between soil temperature and water content. One- and two-pool exponential models have been used to model N mineralization under laboratory conditions, but some drawbacks make it difficult to identify definite pools of mineralizable N. Fixing rate constants has been used as a way to eliminate some of these drawbacks when modeling N mineralization from soil organic matter, and may be useful for modeling N mineralization from organic residues. Additional work with more complex simulation models is needed to simulate both gross N mineralization and immobilization to better estimate net N mineralized from organic residues.     

NITROGEN AND ORGANIC MATTER LOSSES IN NO‐TILL CORN CROPPING SYSTEMS1

ABSTRACT: Intensive cropping systems based on mechanical movement of soil have induced land degradation in most agricultural areas due to soil erosion and soil fertility losses. Thus, farmers have been increasing fertilization rates to maintain an economically competitive crop yield. This practice has resulted in water quality degradation and lake eutrophication in many agricultural watersheds. Research was conducted in the Patzcuaro watershed in central Mexico to develop appropriate technology that prevents nonpoint source pollution from fertilizers. Organic matter (OM) and nitrogen (N) losses in runoff and nitrate (NO₃‐N) percolation in Andisols with corn under conventional till (CT) and no‐till (NT) treatments using variable percentages of crop residue as soil cover were investigated for steep‐slope agriculture. USLE type runoff plots were used to collect water runoff, while suction tubes with porous caps at 30, 60, and 90 cm depth were used to sample soil water solutes for NO₃‐N analyses. Results indicated a significant reduction of N and OM losses in runoff as residue cover increased in the NT treatments. Inorganic N in runoff was 25 kg/ha for NT without residue cover (NT‐0) and 6 kg/ha for the NT with 100 percent residue cover (NT‐100). Organic matter losses in runoff were 157 and 24 kg/ha for the NT‐0 and NT‐100 treatments, respectively. Nitrate‐N percolation was evident in CT and NT with 100 percent residue cover (NT‐100). However, NT‐100 had higher NO₃‐N concentration at the root zone, suggesting the possibility of reducing fertilization rates with the use of NT treatments.     

RECLAIMED WASTE WATER FOR GROUNDWATER RECHARGE1

ABSTRACT. The Orange County Water District has conducted studies in waste water reclamation and groundwater recharge since 1965. The work has been done in three phases: (1) Study in both laboratory and pilot-scale units on the feasibility of reclaiming trickling filter effluent for injection through wells into confined aquifers; (2) long-term injection study to determine the fate of injected reclaimed water and to observe the performance of a multi-casing injection well; (3) testing alternative treatment methods in a 25,000 gpd pilot plant to solve the water quality problems which developed during the injection study. The reclaimed trickling filter effluent was found to be injectable and did not cause excessive well clogging. The multi-casing injection wells performed very satisfactorily. The reclaimed water would be acceptable for domestic use after travel through 500 feet of a confined aquifer in that bacteria, virus and toxic material were consistently absent. However, the odor and taste which persisted in the injected reclaimed water and the high concentration of dissolved inorganics are undesirable characteristics. Methods to eliminate the odor are being tested at the present time. A cooperative project with the Office of Saline Water is under way to develop a source of desalted seawater to blend with reclaimed waste water.     

Tillage and nutrient source effects on water quality and corn grain yield from a flat landscape

Beneficial effects of leaving residue at the soil surface are well documented for steep lands, but not for flat lands that are drained with surface inlets and tile lines. This study quantified the effects of tillage and nutrient source on tile line and surface inlet water quality under continuous corn (Zea mays L.) from relatively flat lands (<3%). Tillage treatments were either fall chisel or moldboard plow. Nutrient sources were either fall injected liquid hog manure or spring incorporated urea. The experiment was on a Webster-Canisteo clay loam (Typic Endoaquolls) at Lamberton, MN. Surface inlet runoff was analyzed for flow, total solids, NO(3)-N, NH(4)-N, dissolved P, and total P. Tile line effluent was analyzed for flow, NO(3)-N, and NH(4)-N. In four years of rainstorm and snowmelt events there were few significant differences (p < 0.10) in water quality of surface inlet or tile drainage between treatments. Residue cover minimally reduced soil erosion during both snowmelt and rainfall runoff events. There was a slight reduction in mineral N losses via surface inlets from manure treatments. There was also a slight decrease (p = 0.025) in corn grain yield from chisel-plow plots (9.7 Mg ha(-1)) compared with moldboard-plow plots (10.1 Mg ha(-1)). Chisel plowing (approximately 30% residue cover) alone is not sufficient to reduce nonpoint source sediment pollution from these poorly drained flat lands to the extent (40% reduction) desired by regulatory agencies.     

Regional Blue and Green Water Balances and Use by Selected Crops in the U.S.

The availability of freshwater is a prerequisite for municipal development and agricultural production, especially in the arid and semiarid portions of the western United States (U.S.). Agriculture is the leading user of water in the U.S. Agricultural water use can be partitioned into green (derived from rainfall) and blue water (irrigation). Blue water can be further subdivided by source. In this research, we develop a hydrologic balance by 8‐Digit Hydrologic Unit Code using a combination of Soil and Water Assessment Tool simulations and available human water use estimates. These data are used to partition agricultural groundwater usage by sustainability and surface water usage by local source or importation. These predictions coupled with reported agricultural yield data are used to predict the virtual water contained in each ton of corn, wheat, sorghum, and soybeans produced and its source. We estimate that these four crops consume 480 km³ of green water annually and 23 km³ of blue water, 12 km³ of which is from groundwater withdrawal. Regional trends in blue water use from groundwater depletion highlight heavy usage in the High Plains, and small pockets throughout the western U.S. This information is presented to inform water resources debate by estimating the cost of agricultural production in terms of water regionally. This research illustrates the variable water content of the crops we consume and export, and the source of that water.     

Revegetation Strategies for Bauxite Refinery Residue: A Case Study of Alcan Gove in Northern Territory, Australia

Alumina extraction from bauxite ore with strong alkali produces waste bauxite refinery residue consisting of residue sand and red mud. The amount and composition of refinery residue depend on the purity of the bauxite ore and extraction conditions, and differs between refineries. The refinery residue is usually stored in engineered disposal areas that eventually have to be revegetated. This is challenging because of the alkaline and sodic nature of the residue. At Alcan Gove’s bauxite refinery in Gove, Northern Territory, Australia, research into revegetation of bauxite residue has been conducted since the mid-1970s. In this review, we discuss approaches taken by Alcan Gove to achieve revegetation outcomes (soil capping of refinery residue) on wet-slurry disposal areas. Problems encountered in the past include poor drainage and water logging during the wet season, and salt scalding and capillary rise during the dry season. The amount of available water in the soil capping is the most important determinant of vegetation survival in the seasonally dry climate. Vegetation cover was found to prevent deterioration of the soil cover by minimising capillary rise of alkalinity from the refinery residue. The sodicity and alkalinity of the residue in old impoundments has diminished slightly over the 25 years since it was deposited. However, development of a blocky structure in red mud, presumably due to desiccation, allows root penetration, thereby supplying additional water to salt and alkali-tolerant plant species. This has led to the establishment of an ecosystem that approaches a native woodland.     

Phosphorus loss to runoff water twenty-four hours after application of liquid swine manure or fertilizer

Phosphorus (P) added to soil from fertilizer or manure application could pose a threat to water quality due to its role in eutrophication of fresh water resources. Incorporating such amendments into the soil is an established best management practice (BMP) for reducing soluble P losses in runoff water, but could also lead to higher erosion. The objective of this study was to test whether incorporation of manure or fertilizer 24 h before an intense rain could also reduce sediment-bound and total phosphorus (TP) losses in runoff. A rainfall simulation study was conducted on field plots (sandy loam with 6-7% slope, little surface residue, recently cultivated) that received two application rates of liquid swine manure or liquid ammonium polyphosphate fertilizer, using either surface-broadcast or incorporated methods of application. Incorporation increased the total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations in runoff but mass losses were not affected. Incorporation also reduced flow-weighted concentrations and losses of dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) and TP by as much as 30 to 60% depending on source (fertilizer vs. manure) and application rate. Phosphorus is moved below the mixing zone of interaction on incorporation, and thus the effect of the amount and availability of P in this zone is more important than cultivation on subsequent P losses in runoff. Incorporating manure or fertilizer in areas of intense erosive rain, recent extensive tillage, and with little or no surface residue is therefore a best management practice that should be adhered to in order to minimize contamination of surface water. Results also show comparatively lower P losses from manure than fertilizer.     

气田采出水处理系统优化运行效果评价

长北天然气处理厂气田采出水处理系统自投运以来，在生产运行过程中存在采出水悬浮物含量高、油份处理效果差的状况，回注水中含油、悬浮物较高，回注泵故障频发，回注压力高。分析水质变差原因，同时对现有采出水处理系统进行分析，优化缓蚀剂加注方案，制定加药程序，引入新设备、新工艺提升采出水处理效果，使回注水含油量、悬浮物含量达到回注标准。