精对苯二甲酸残渣资源化处理技术

由江苏福昌环保科技集团有限公司开发的精对苯二甲酸残渣资源化处理技术,适用于精对苯二甲酸（PTA）生产装置薄膜蒸发器残渣无污染处理与PTA残渣资源综合利用。     

含油污泥热解残渣绿植化可行性分析

针对含油污泥热解处理后的热解残渣仍属危险废物,其处理处置已成为制约含油污泥热解技术发展的重要问题之一,文章对含油污泥热解残渣的应用进行研究总结。将几种用作绿植化的污泥与含油污泥热解残渣的组成、性质等进行分析对比,发现其性质组成具有很大的相似性,所以其他污泥的绿植化方法对含油污泥热解残渣的绿植化处理具有一定的参考价值,可以通过向含油污泥热解残渣中添加城市污泥或有机质及氮、磷、钾等营养物质,同时选择耐盐碱的超富集植物对含油污泥热解残渣进行绿植化处理。绿植化技术具有处理量大、应用范围广、二次污染小等特点,具有一定的应用前景。     

高压注水泵房噪声超标危害及其治理技术研究

为了降低高压注水泵房的噪声及减少对岗位员工的危害,辽河油田公司对茨榆坨采油厂茨三注水站高压注水泵房噪声特点及其对岗位员工的危害进行了分析,并利用吸声、隔声和隔振技术对茨三注水站高压注水泵房噪声进行了治理。治理后高压注水泵房噪声由原来的88～99dB(1台注水泵运转)下降到73～81.5dB。泵房的休息室、值班室噪声由原来的60～75dB下降到42～48dB。达到了《工业企业设计卫生标准》(GBZ1-2002)的要求。     

含钡废渣固化稳定化技术应用研究

本研究对某钡盐厂历史遗留含钡废渣进行鉴定,对属于危险废物的废渣委托有资质的单位进行处理处置,对属于一般工业固废的废渣进行固化稳定化处理后填埋,并用试验确定固化稳定化处理的药剂配比、养护时间等技术参数.结果表明经固化稳定化处理后的含钡废渣可以达到生活垃圾填埋场的入场要求.     

文南油田注水管线防污染清洗技术研究

针对文南油田注水管线内壁结垢对油田注水的危害,以及管线常规清洗中存在的环境污染和硫化氢中毒问题,进行了注水管线防污染清洗技术的研究。通过分析消除硫化氢的反应机理,配制了三种常规清洗剂和两组硫化氢抑制剂,并将清洗剂与抑制剂复配后进行脱垢实验,从而优选出最佳复配剂(MF-1-B),经过现场试验,排酸口空气中硫化氢浓度为3～5mg/m3。防污染清洗技术的开发应用使文南油田注水管网得到了及时、全面的清洗,水质达标率由清洗前的30%上升到100%。     

钻井固化土资源化利用技术研究

文章采用固化土资源化利用技术对钻井固化土进行处理。该技术采用钻井固化土为原料,用砂石作为骨料,通过高效固土复合材料的研制和固化土处置配方的优选实验得到满足强度要求的建筑材料,实现固化土的再利用。目前该技术已经在元坝六井井场内部修筑约300m2的护坡。现场结果表明,应用效果较好,节约成本,经济效益较大,且能满足相关质量要求,在很大程度上解决了固化土的处置问题,为钻井废物的无害化、资源化利用提供了技术参考。     

低含油污泥固化处理技术研究*

针对辽河油田欢采水厂低含油污泥,采用固化处理方法,测定了固化剂用量对抗压强度的影响和促凝剂用量对固化时间的影响,得到含油污泥:固化剂:促凝剂最佳配比为100:12:1.5。对含油污泥固化块进行浸出液毒性监测,分析结果表明:含油污泥固化块浸出液中重金属Cu、Pb、Cr、As、Zn、Ni、Cd的含量明显降低,远低于GB5085.3-2007《危险废物鉴别标准浸出毒性鉴别》;浸出液中COD降低了77%。     

废钻井液固化处理实验研究

通过大量实验,分别探讨了数种无机和有机添加剂的加量、时间、温度等因素对废钻井液固化效果的影响,优选出对固化处理废钻井液有显著效果的固化剂及相对较好的添加剂配方a、b,并对其固化机理进行了初步分析。实验结果表明:a配方可作为填充物的最佳配方,其主要指标都已达到国家二级排放标准和GB3550—83标准;b配方用于道路施工,其抗压强度和抗塌落程度已达到国家二级公路标准。     

油田钻井废泥浆固化处理研究

文章结合油田的现场实际情况,针对该区钻井废泥浆污染物的特性,研究了固化的最佳工艺条件,并对固化效果进行评价。通过多组固化处理定性对比实验,从多种处理剂中筛选出处理效果较好的水泥、粉煤灰、石灰和黄土作为固化处理废泥浆的固化剂原材料。利用筛选出的固化剂组成,设计正交实验,确定固化剂最佳配方为每100mL泥浆添加10g水泥、20g粉煤灰、8g石灰、15g黄土。影响因素对固化处理效果的影响实验结果表明:当废泥浆固相含量在30%～70%,固化温度在20～40℃之间,固化时间能够满足7d的条件下,固化效果最佳。     

污泥热解残渣制备聚合氯化铝的实验研究＊

含铝污泥热解或焚烧残渣制备聚合氯化铝的研究,有利于实现污水处理过程投加的铝盐絮凝药剂的回收与高效循环利用,减少污染物排放和资源消耗。针对辽河油田欢三联稠油污水处理污泥的热解残渣具有较高铝含量的特点,开展采用盐酸进行铝溶出及制备聚合氯化铝的实验研究。结果表明:焙烧温度为700～750℃,焙烧时间控制在1h即可。将经过焙烧活化的残渣在常温下进行酸溶,酸溶时间为2～5h,选用25%～30%盐酸,氧化铝与盐酸的摩尔比为1∶1.0～1∶1.2为宜。将溶出的铝溶液制备聚合氯化铝,在常温下采用CaO粉末来调节pH值为3.5,聚合反应时间为1d,即可得聚合氯化铝溶液。     

Modeling the Potential Impact of Seasonal and Inactive Multi‐Aquifer Wells on Contaminant Movement to Public Water‐Supply Wells1

Johnson, R.L., B.R. Clark, M.K. Landon, L.J. Kauffman, and S.M. Eberts, 2011. Modeling the Potential Impact of Seasonal and Inactive Multi‐Aquifer Wells on Contaminant Movement to Public Water‐Supply Wells. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(3):588‐596. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00526.x Abstract: Wells screened across multiple aquifers can provide pathways for the movement of surprisingly large volumes of groundwater to confined aquifers used for public water supply (PWS). Using a simple numerical model, we examine the impact of several pumping scenarios on leakage from an unconfined aquifer to a confined aquifer and conclude that a single inactive multi‐aquifer well can contribute nearly 10% of total PWS well flow over a wide range of pumping rates. This leakage can occur even when the multi‐aquifer well is more than a kilometer from the PWS well. The contribution from multi‐aquifer wells may be greater under conditions where seasonal pumping (e.g., irrigation) creates large, widespread downward hydraulic gradients between aquifers. Under those conditions, water can continue to leak down a multi‐aquifer well from an unconfined aquifer to a confined aquifer even when those multi‐aquifer wells are actively pumped. An important implication is that, if an unconfined aquifer is contaminated, multi‐aquifer wells can increase the vulnerability of a confined‐aquifer PWS well.     

DETERMINATION OF BEST TIMING FOR POULTRY WASTE DISPOSAL: A MODELING APPROACH1

ABSTRACT: Confined production of poultry results in significant volumes of waste material which are typically disposed of by land application. Concerns over the potential environmental impacts of poultry waste disposal have resulted in ongoing efforts to develop management practices which maintain high quality of water downstream of disposal areas. The timing of application to minimize waste constituent losses is a management practice with the potential to ensure high quality of streams, rivers, and lakes downstream of receiving areas. This paper describes the development and application of a method to identify which time of year is best, from the standpoint of surface water quality, for land application of poultry waste. The procedure consists of using a mathematical simulation model to estimate average nitrogen and phosphorus losses resulting from different application timings, and then identifying the timings which minimize losses of these nutrients. The procedure was applied to three locations in Arkansas, and three different criteria for optimality of application timing were investigated. One criterion was oriented strictly to water quality, one was oriented only to crop production, and the last was a combination. The criteria resulted in different windows of time being identified as optimal. Optimal windows also varied with location of the receiving area. The results indicate that it is possible to land-apply poultry waste at times which both minimize nutrient losses and maximize crop yield.     

新疆城镇饮用水水源地环境调查与保护对策

在对全疆15个地州、87个县市、111个饮用水水源地的环境现状调查基础上,通过对水源地环境质量现状和污染现状分析,有针对性的提出水源地保护对策,以便加强饮用水水源地的污染防治建设,保障饮用水水源地水质安全。     

天津市农村非点源污染控制对策

本文介绍了2004年天津市农村非点源污染状况,对其主要污染来源和环境影响进行了分析。在此基础上,提出非点源污染控制目标和对策措施,并以天津市的重要饮用水源地——于桥水库为例,介绍了水库周边村落的畜禽养殖污染控制措施。     

注水采油对中原油田生态环境的影响分析

随着近30年来中原油田高强度、大面积的石油开采,高强度注水采油和超采地下水造成的负面效应日益凸现。通过地下水位下降,地下漏斗面积增大,地面沉降,地裂缝,土壤、水体污染五个方面阐述了注水采油带来的生态环境问题,以及由此导致的对公共设施和建筑物的破坏、水土污染等严重后果。     

我国地膜覆盖和残留污染特点与防控技术

地膜覆盖技术已成为我国农业应用最为广泛的农艺技术之一,但同时地膜残留污染也成为影响农业可持续发展的一个重大问题,系统分析梳理地膜覆盖种植技术、地膜残留污染的特点及防控技术对于该技术合理利用具有重要意义。本文在已有工作基础上,系统分析了我国地膜覆盖种植技术应用情况、地膜残留污染特点和防治技术。结果表明,20世纪80年代以来,我国地膜用量及覆盖面积一直呈大幅度上升态势,年增长率在8％左右,1991—2011年20年间,地膜使用强度增加了3～10倍,但存在明显区域差异。总体上,北方省区的地膜使用强度大,增长幅度快。地膜覆盖应用作物也从经济作物扩大到粮食作物,应用面积最大作物依次为玉米、蔬菜、棉花、烟草和花生等。地膜覆盖技术的应用产生了巨大效益,但同时也带来了一系列污染危害。长期覆膜农田土壤中都存在程度不同的残膜污染,残留量一般在71．9-259．1kg·hm-2。西北地区是残膜污染最严重的地区,土壤中残膜量远远高于华北和西南地区。残留地膜大小和形态多种多样,主要有片状、蜷缩圆筒状和球状等,在土壤中呈水平、垂直和倾斜状分布。目前,我国地膜残留污染防治技术滞后,人工回收是普遍和主要的回收形式,其他防治技术如机械回收、节约型地膜应用、生物降解地膜尚未较大规模应用。当前,为防止地膜残留污染进一步加剧,急需修订完善地膜标准和加强质量监管,提高可回收性;推广节约型地膜使用技术和残膜回收技术;开展地膜覆盖技术适应性研究,促进技术合理利用。     

Economic and Ecological Rules for Water Quality Trading1

Horan, Richard D. and James S. Shortle, 2011. Economic and Ecological Rules for Water Quality Trading. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(1):59‐69. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2010.00463.x Abstract: Emissions trading in textbook form uses markets to achieve pollution targets cost‐efficiently. This result is accomplished in markets that regulators can implement without knowing pollution abatement costs. The theoretical promise of emissions trading, along with real‐world success stories from air emissions trading, has led to initiatives to use trading for water pollution control. Yet, trading, particularly when it involves nonpoint sources of pollution, requires significant departures from the textbook concept. This paper explores how features of water quality problems affect the design of markets for water pollution control relative to textbook emissions markets. Three fundamental design tasks that regulators must address for pollution trading to achieve an environmental goal at low cost are examined: (1) defining the point and nonpoint commodities to be traded, (2) defining rules governing commodity exchange, and (3) setting caps on the commodity supplies so as to achieve an environmental target. We show that the way in which these tasks are optimally addressed for water quality markets differs significantly from the textbook model and its real‐world analogs. We also show that the fundamental appeal of emissions trading is lost in the case of realistic water quality markets, as market designs that reduce the costs of achieving water quality goals may no longer be implementable without the regulatory authority having information on abatement costs.     

地表水水源地突发水污染风险评价方法现状

饮用水水源地与人民的生命安全和社会经济的稳定发展联系非常密切,突发水污染事故严重威胁着水源地饮用水安全。突发水污染事故具有不确定性和模糊性,对不同类型的水源地影响侧重点不同;引发突发水污染事故的因素可以分为人为因素和非人为因素,突发水污染事故多为人为因素所引发;评价方法分为3种类型,分析了分别适用于大尺度河流型的体系构建法和小尺度湖库型的模型模拟法,指出体系构建法综合宏观的特点,以及模型模拟法微观量化的评价方式,综合评价法则结合了这2种方法的优点;分析了评价方法的不足并对发展趋势做出展望,以期为水源地保护工作者提供对水源地突发水污染事故选择评价方法的思路。