铋电极差分脉冲伏安法测定水中痕量2,4-二硝基苯肼

以自制铋电极作为工作电极，建立了铋电极差分脉冲伏安法测定2，4-二硝基苯肼的分析方法。实验结果表明：以0.1 mol/L NaOH+0.1 mol/L KCl混合溶液（pH=13.0）配制测定底液，在扫描速率为100 mV/s的条件下，2，4-二硝基苯肼于-0.53 V处产生灵敏的氧化峰;在2，4-二硝基苯肼浓度为3.0×10-8~1.0×10-5 mol/L范围内，空白和试样的氧化峰电流强度差值与对应2，4-二硝基苯肼浓度的对数呈良好的线性关系，检出限达8.37×10-9 mol/L;将该方法应用于工业废水中痕量2，4-二硝基苯肼的检测，回收率为95.6%~103.1%，相对标准偏差小于3%。     

Pt-Fe(Ⅲ)/PAni/GCE电极的制备及NO~(2-)的测定

采用电化学沉积法制备了负载Pt微粒和Fe(Ⅲ)的聚苯胺修饰玻碳电极(Pt-Fe(Ⅲ)/PAni/GCE)。通过循环伏安法研究了NO_2~-在该电极上的电化学行为,并优化了实验参数,在此基础上建立了一种用伏安法直接测定NO_2~-的方法。在酸性溶液中,NO_2~-的氧化峰电流与其浓度在5.0×10~(-7)～2.0×10~(-3)mol/L的范围内呈良好的线性关系,相关系数为0.999 6,检出限为4.0×10~(-7)mol/L。采用本方法测定NO_2~-具有较高的灵敏度和较好的重现性。     

用Fe3+掺杂锐钛矿型TiO2光催化剂降解孔雀石绿

以硫酸钛为原料,用水热法制备了Fe3+掺杂锐钛矿型TiO2(Fe3+ - TiO2)粉末,用扫描电子显微镜测定了试样的形貌.研究了自制的Fe3+ - TiO,光催化剂对孔雀石绿的光催化降解作用.实验结果表明,在孔雀石绿溶液质量浓度为2 mg/L、Fe3+ - TiO2加入量为1.616 g/L、Fe3+-TiO2中Fe...     

聚结晶紫膜修饰电极的制备及对水中对苯二酚和邻苯二酚的测定

通过电化学的方法将结晶紫聚合在玻碳电极表面制备聚结晶紫(PCV)膜修饰电极，并研究了对苯二酚和邻苯二酚在PCV膜修饰电极上的电化学行为。PCV膜修饰电极对对苯二酚和邻苯二酚的氧化有良好的电催化作用。在最佳的实验条件下，氧化峰电流在对苯二酚和邻苯二酚的浓度为4.0×10-6~2.8×10-4mol/L之间呈良好线性关系，对苯二酚和邻苯二酚的线性相关系数分别为0.9991和0.9823，检出限分别为6.2×10-7mol/L和9.0×10-7mol/L。PCV膜修饰电极具有良好的灵敏度、重现性和稳定性，可以应用于实际水样中两种物质的同时测定。     

壳聚糖吸附废水中铅离子的研究

研究了壳聚糖对废水中Pb2+的吸附特性,考察了壳聚糖溶液加入量、吸附时间及体系pH等条件对壳聚糖吸附溶液中Pb2+效果的影响。当质量分数为0.8%的壳聚糖溶液加入量为0.4 mL、吸附时间为30 m in、体系pH为5~6时,处理浓度为1×10-4mol/L的含Pb2+溶液,Pb2+去除率可达98%;同样条件处理印染废水,Pb2+去除率可达92.6%。     

生物膜填料塔启动及烟气脱硫研究

进行了生物膜填料塔挂膜启动及烟气脱硫实验研究。循环液的Fe2+的氧化速率与吸光度有明显的相关性,同时,压力损失和pH也是挂膜启动完成的重要指标。通入低浓度SO2气体驯化后,脱硫率可达到90%以上,Fe2+氧化速率维持在0.2g/(L.h)左右,连续保持7d,挂膜启动完成。脱硫实验结果表明,在SO2入口质量浓度小于2 000m g/m3、喷淋液中Fe2+浓度大于或等于0.06m o l/L、喷淋率约为12L/(m3.h)、空塔气速约为0.15m/s的条件下,脱硫率可达96%以上。当喷淋液循环使用7次后,必须补充新鲜营养液,以保证较高的脱硫率。     

核桃壳吸附剂对水中Pb~(2+)的吸附

采用自制核桃壳吸附剂,利用静态吸附法,处理模拟含Pb2+废水。实验结果表明:当初始Pb2+的质量浓度20.00 mg/L、初始废水pH=5.5、吸附剂加入量12 g/L、吸附剂粒径1.60~2.50 mm、吸附时间120 min时,核桃壳吸附剂对Pb2+的去除率为91.7%;吸附剂对Pb2+的吸附行为满足拟二级吸附动力学方程,吸附等温线满足Langmuir等温方程,饱和吸附量达到3.903 mg/g;吸附饱和的吸附剂可用浓度0.1 mol/L的硝酸解吸,经解吸后的吸附剂可重复利用3次。     

改性橙皮静态吸附模拟废水中的Pb2+

采用异丙醇溶液改性橙皮,考察了模拟废水中初始Pb2+质量浓度、废水pH、改性橙皮加入量和吸附时间等因素对改性橙皮对模拟废水中的Pb2+吸附效果的影响。实验结果表明,在初始Pb2+质量浓度为20 mg/L、废水pH为4、改性橙皮加入量为8 g/L、吸附时间为80 min的条件下,改性橙皮对废水中Pb2+的去除率可达88.41%。经浓度为0.1 mol/L的HCl溶液再生后,改性橙皮再生循环使用4次时效果仍较好。改性橙皮对Pb2+的吸附动力学可用准二级动力学方程很好地描述。改性橙皮对Pb2+的吸附符合Langmuir等温吸附方程,表明改性橙皮对Pb2+的吸附以单分子层吸附为主。     

超声波诱导降解甲胺磷

报道了用超声波诱导降解模拟水中低浓度甲胺磷农药的可行性试验.试验中探讨了声强、辐射时间、温度、初始pH和外加亚铁盐或H2O2等对降解效果的影响.试验结果表明,在甲胺磷浓度为1.0×10-4mol/L、起始pH2.5、温度30℃、Fe2+＞50mg/L、充O2至饱和的条件下,用低频超声波(80W/cm2)连续辐照120min,甲胺磷去除率达到99.3%.     

高铁酸钾预氧化-三氯化铁混凝去除水中As3+

采用K2FeO4预氧化-FeCl3混凝联合去除水中的As3+,考察了适宜的K2FeO4预氧化时间、Fe3+和Fe6+加入量,分析了预氧化pH、混凝pH、碳酸盐和腐殖酸浓度对该工艺去除As3+效果的影响.实验结果表明:K2FeO4预氧化的适宜时间为2 min;加入质量浓度为2.4 mg/L的Fe6+和14.0 mg/L的Fe3+能使处理后水样中的As3+浓度符合GB--57492006<生活饮用水卫生标准>(As3+质量浓度小于0.01 mg/L);预氧化pH在4～9范围内,对K2FeO4预氧化-FeCl3混凝去除As3+的效果影响不大;FeCl3混凝阶段适宜的pH为6.0～8.5.碳酸盐对K2FeO4预氧化-FeCl3混凝去除As3+的效果基本没有影响;腐殖酸的存在使As3+的去除率有一定程度的降低.     

Temporal Trends in Mercury Accumulation in Lake Sediments in Sweden

Lake sediment cores were analyzedto study the history of mercury (Hg) pollution andparticularly to determine whether recent sedimentconcentrations have declined in response todeclining atmospheric deposition of Hg. Sedimentcores from 6 forest lakes distributed fromsouthern to northern Sweden and 3 northernmountain lakes were analyzed for Hg using CVAAS. A400 cm sediment profile from Måkevatten insouthwest Sweden indicates that the onset of Hgpollution occurred in the 18th century. Anindisputable increase in Hg concentrationsoccurred concurrent with the appearance ofspheroidal carbonaceous flyash particles (SCP)derived from fossil-fuel combustion, in themid-19th century. There is a strong correlationbetween Hg and SCP concentrations in the sedimentcores (r=0.67 to 0.91), which suggests a strongrelationship between historical Hg pollution andfossil fuel burning. In contrast to sediment corestaken in 1979, maximum Hg concentrations are nowobserved below the sediment surface and declinetowards the sediment surface. This study confirmsthat reductions in atmospheric deposition of Hgover Sweden have resulted in a decreased transferof total Hg to aquatic environments as reflectedby lake sediments, and that lake sediment profilesof Hg concentrations reflect relative trends inthe atmospheric deposition of Hg rather thanpost-depositional diagenetic processes.     

Elemental Concentration in Lichen in Western Anatolia

The deposition patterns of Mn, Fe, Cr, Sb, Zn and As wereinterpreted together with enrichment factor calculations. Samples collected around iron-steel plant had very high concentrations and EF values of Mn, Fe, Cr, Sb and Zn implying that these plants are serious pollution sources in the region. High As concentrations around the settlementareas showed that coal combustion is another important anthropogenic source in the region.     

Sulphate and Nitrate in Precipitation and Soil Water in Pine Forests in Latvia

The SO₄–S and NO₃–N concentrations and pH in bulk precipitation, throughfall, stemflow and soil water for the 1994–2004 period were studied in pine forests in Latvia (Rucava and Taurene Integrated Monitoring stations). The SO₄–S and NO₃–N concentrations decreased over the study period, simultaneously with a decrease of acidity in precipitation. The changes were more evident in the western part of Latvia, probably due to declining long-range air pollution from West Europe. The trend of decreasing sulphate concentrations and increasing pH in precipitation were not followed by respective changes in soil water. In the upper soil horizon sulphate ion concentrations and acidity increased in soil water. Over the observation period, nitrate concentrations also showed an increasing trend in soil water at Rucava and Taurene, but these changes were not statistically significant.     

Variations in the Fluoride Level in Precipitation in a Region of Human Impact

The research concerns the Wielkopolski National Park (West Poland), which suffered a huge human impact in the 1970s and 1980s owing to the nearby location of an industrial plant. Since then, fundamental technological changes that it introduced into its production of phosphate fertilizers have radically reduced the amount of pollution emitted. A three-year study (2002–2004) of fluorides in precipitation in open terrain and under tree crowns showed their concentrations to range from levels below the detection limit (0.003 mg/l) to 0.560 mg/l. Those registered under tree crowns were several times higher and indicated substantial dry deposition of fluorides on the trees. The highest values were recorded in 2003, with 43% of samples ranging from 0.01 to 0.05 mg/l, and with 51% of throughfall ranging from 0.10 to 0.50 mg/l. A strong connection was shown to exist between fluoride and sulphate concentrations in the precipitation. An analysis was made of the available data on F concentrations in the air and the dust levels around the factory, but these figures did not show an unequivocal effect on F concentrations in precipitation. A great similarity was found to occur between the fluoride content in rainwater in the Wielkopolski National Park and in the centre of the nearby Poznań metropolitan area, which indicates that there are also other F sources besides the local factory.     

Difficulties in applying extended producer responsibility policies in developing countries: case studies in e-waste recycling in China and Thailand

Developing Asian countries have started to apply the principle of extended producer responsibility (EPR) to electronics and electrical equipment waste (e-waste). This policy approach aims to give electronic appliance manufacturers and importers responsibility for the collection and recycling of discarded electronic equipment. China and Thailand have drafted regulations on the recycling of e-waste with common characteristics such as the financial responsibility of producers and subsidies for collection. Although the proposed system is sensible, taking into account the fact that e-waste is a market-traded commodity, there are two major difficulties in implementing EPR in developing countries. First, it may be difficult for governments to collect funds from producers or importers if smuggled, imitation, or small shop-assembled products have a large share in the market. Second, the system creates incentives for collectors and recyclers to over-report the amount of collected e-waste in order to gain extra subsidies from the fund. Other policy measures such as the enforcement of pollution control regulations on informal recyclers, the prevention of smuggling, and the protection of intellectual property rights should accompany EPR policies.     

Future trends in computer waste generation in India

The objective of this paper is to estimate the future projection of computer waste in India and to subsequently analyze their flow at the end of their useful phase. For this purpose, the study utilizes the logistic model-based approach proposed by Yang and Williams to forecast future trends in computer waste. The model estimates future projection of computer penetration rate utilizing their first lifespan distribution and historical sales data. A bounding analysis on the future carrying capacity was simulated using the three parameter logistic curve. The observed obsolete generation quantities from the extrapolated penetration rates are then used to model the disposal phase. The results of the bounding analysis indicate that in the year 2020, around 41–152 million units of computers will become obsolete. The obsolete computer generation quantities are then used to estimate the End-of-Life outflows by utilizing a time-series multiple lifespan model. Even a conservative estimate of the future recycling capacity of PCs will reach upwards of 30 million units during 2025. Apparently, more than 150 million units could be potentially recycled in the upper bound case. However, considering significant future investment in the e-waste recycling sector from all stakeholders in India, we propose a logistic growth in the recycling rate and estimate the requirement of recycling capacity between 60 and 400 million units for the lower and upper bound case during 2025. Finally, we compare the future obsolete PC generation amount of the US and India.     

Medical wastes characterisation in healthcare institutions in Mauritius

This study was initiated to characterize solid and liquid wastes generated in healthcare institutions and to provide a framework for the safe management of these wastes. The project was carried at three major medical institutions, namely, the Jeetoo Hospital, the Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam National (SSRN) Hospital and the Clinic Mauricienne. A waste audit carried out at these sites revealed that approximately 10% of solid wastes was hazardous in nature, consisting mainly of infectious, pathological and chemical wastes. The average amount of hazardous wastes per patient per day was found to be 0.072 kg at Jeetoo hospital, 0.091 kg at SSRN hospital and 0.179 kg at the clinic. The amount of hazardous wastes generated as a function of the number of occupied beds was found to follow a relationship of type y=0.0006x-0.19, where y was the amount of hazardous wastes generated per bed per day and x was the number of occupied beds. The waste quantifying process also revealed that at SSRN Hospital, 0.654 m(3) of water was being consumed per patient per day and the amount of wastewater produced was 500 m(3)/day. Further analysis revealed that the wastewater was polluting with chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD(5)), total suspended solids (TSS) and coliform content well above permissible limits.     

膜生物反应器中污泥自消化技术进展

介绍了国内外膜生物反应器(MBR)中污泥的消化技术,分析了控制运行条件法、物理法、化学法污泥消化技术及生物法污泥自消化技术的优缺点,指出了在MBR中没置局部厌氧区域法污泥自消化技术的重要意义.     

Material reuse and recycling in construction works in Japan

Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - The status of material reuse and recycling in Japan is reviewed with an emphasis on the efforts by the national government. First, the national...     

Field Intercomparison of Main Components in Air in EMEP

Within the European monitoring network (EMEP, ) several different sampling procedures for measuring the main air components have been applied. This has contributed to systematic concentration differences and a comparability problem. Since 1997 co-located experiments in 15 countries have been carried out to quantify these differences. In addition, three major measurement campaigns were organized by EMEP between 1985 and 1991. Differences among results depend on the concentration level and methods used. The decrease in SO₂ concentrations over the last twenty years has placed greater demands on the methodology. Absorbing solutions methods for SO₂, (H₂O₂ and tetrachloromercurate (TCM)) typically have higher detection limits than the reference method, which uses KOH impregnated filters. The TCM method also has problems with negative interference, especially in summertime. UV fluorescence monitors have in a few cases proven to give good results, but interferences, detection limit and poor maintenance can be problems. For NO₂, many countries are using the TGS absorption solution method, which has a higher detection limit than the reference method using NaI impregnated glass sinters. The Salzmann method gives unreliable results at concentrations below 1 μgN/m³, and even at higher concentrations the uncertainty is rather unsatisfactory. The chemiluminescence monitor with molybdenum converters tends to systematically overestimate NO₂ concentrations, possibly because zero-drift problems and the non-specific response to NO₂. Particulate sulphate measurements in general have lower bias and uncertainties than gas and other aerosol measurements.