两种热带雨林土壤微生物生物量碳季节动态及其影响因素

2005年通过样地调查法比较了西双版纳两种类型热带雨林(季节沟谷雨林和石灰山季雨林)的土壤微生物生物量碳季节变化及其与环境因子的关系.结果显示:两林地土壤微生物生物量碳均呈现雨季高于干季,其中石灰山季雨林具有明显的季节差异,并在干、雨季都显著高于季节沟谷雨林.相关分析表明:两林地土壤微生物生物量碳的变化与土壤温湿度、相同月凋落量变化没有显著的相关关系,但与提前两个月的凋落量波动有正相关关系.说明雨林土壤微生物生物量碳的波动周期比凋落量滞后,其季节变化受森林凋落量节律的影响.石灰山季雨林土壤微生物生物量碳较季节沟谷雨林高的主要原因可能与其具有较高的土壤有机碳、氮和pH值,以及主要树种凋落物的C/N比较低有关,但相关机制还需进一步研究.     

不同母岩区马尾松人工林土壤酶活性及微生物学性质研究

红壤丘陵区马尾松人工林对土壤性质有重要影响。研究马尾松长期种植对该区主要母岩（花岗岩、第四纪红黏土和红砂岩）发育土壤酶活性及微生物学性质的影响。微生物性质结果显示,土壤微生物生物量碳氮在花岗岩区较高,但有机碳在第四纪红黏土区矿化相对强烈;0～20 cm土层,花岗岩区和红砂岩区土壤有机碳相对趋向累积,而20～40 cm土层,第四纪红黏土区土壤有机碳相对累积;花岗岩区林地土壤微生物群落相对稳定,且0～20 cm层土壤微生物群落真菌较多。转化酶活性和脲酶活性在花岗岩和第四纪红黏土区较高;酸性磷酸酶活性在第四纪红黏土区显著较高;各母岩区土壤多酚氧化酶活性无显著性差异;过氧化氢酶活性在花岗岩区显著较高;因此,在马尾松与土壤长期作用下,花岗岩区土壤微生物群落稳定性,生化强度较高,相对适宜马尾松林种植。     

宁夏引黄灌区不同土地利用方式土壤微生物群落多样性研究

以宁夏引黄灌区6种典型利用方式(12年果园田、稻旱轮作田、盐化旱田、枸杞田、常年旱田、常年稻田)灌淤土为研究对象,通过同期野外多点采样和室内培养分析相结合,运用磷脂脂肪酸谱图分析方法,探讨了不同土地利用与管理方式下灌淤土理化性质、微生物生物量、微生物区系及微生物群落多样性差异及相关关系,以期为宁夏引黄灌区土壤可持续利用提供数据支撑。结果表明,(1)不同土地利用方式中,长期秸秆还田的盐化旱田、长期有机无机配施的12年果园以及常年旱田3种利用方式下,土壤地力水平较高,相应土壤微生物生物量炭、氮水平最高,有利于土壤微生物数量的保持,而常年淹水条件下的常年稻田土壤肥力水平低下,微生物生物量最低。(2)不同土地利用方式磷脂脂肪酸PLFA总量变幅为81.1-94.8 nmol·g^?1,其中盐化旱田>12年果园>稻旱轮作>常年旱田>枸杞园>常年稻田;好氧细菌14:0、16:0和18:0比例最大,革兰氏阳性细菌16:0iso在12年果园、稻旱轮作田中含量显著提高,放线菌次之,而真菌18:3ω6c在12年果园、盐化旱田、稻旱轮作3种利用方式下含量升高。(3)相关分析表明,引黄灌区土壤磷酸脂肪酸与土壤pH、微生物量碳及微生物量磷之间呈极显著正相关,与土壤有机质呈显著正相关;主成分分析表明,盐化旱田和12年果园具有相近的微生物群落结构。(4)综上所述,有机无机配施常年果园和秸秆还田常年旱田是适用于该地区的土地利用与管理方式。     

除草剂对土壤微生物生物量碳、氮及呼吸的影响

通过室内培养试验,分别在不同时间取样分析,采用熏蒸-提取法测定土壤微生物生物量碳,提取液中的有机碳采用总有机碳分析仪测定,提取液中的氮采用凯氏消煮法测定;采用直接吸收法滴定测定土壤呼吸作用.研究了阿特拉津、甲磺隆、丁草胺3种除草剂对土壤微生物生物量碳、氮及呼吸强度的影响,揭示了3种除草剂污染的土壤中微生物生物量碳、氮的消长过程及土壤呼吸的动态变化.研究结果显示在较高使用浓度胁迫条件下,培养前20 d 3种除草剂都明显减少土壤微生物生物量碳、氮及抑制土壤呼吸.但这种抑制效应是随着时间而变化的,20 d以后,它们对这些能表征土壤环境生态效应的生物学指标的影响随之降低.甲磺隆对微生物生物量碳、氮及呼吸作用等生物学指标的影响大于阿特拉津和丁草胺也可能与它们在土壤中的降解速率有关.     

速生杨人工林对土壤碳氮含量及微生物生物量的影响

以耕地为对照,在山东德州对4年生和7年生速生杨人工林下土壤有机碳、全氮和微生物生物量测定结果表明,土壤有机碳、全氮及微生物生物量主要集中分布在0-5和5-10 cm土层,林地土壤有机碳、全氮含量及微生物生物量都显著低于耕地,微生物生物量降低幅度比土壤有机碳和全氮大.10 cm以下土层检测指标在各样地间差异不显著.土壤有机碳与微生物碳、土壤全氮与微生物氮分别呈显著线性正相关,耕地转为林地后,土壤肥力下降.     

上海市沿海防护林下土壤养分、微生物及酶的典型相关关系

以上海市沿海防护林为研究对象,选择6种不同树种的防护林带,采集0～10、10～20、20～40、40～60cm四层土样为研究材料,运用典型相关分析法,对防护林地土壤养分因子、微生物因子和酶活性因子中每两组变量间的相关性进行了分析。结果表明：三组变量土壤养分、微生物、酶活性中,每两者之间均有显著的典型相关变量存在,而且基本能够代表变量总体相关信息;土壤养分和土壤微生物间的相关主要由全氮、速效磷含量与微生物生物量氮、微生物生物量碳和微生物生物量磷引起;土壤养分与土壤酶活性间的相关性主要由全氮、有效磷、水解氮含量与脲酶、蛋白酶活性的相关性引起;土壤微生物与土壤酶活性间的相关性主要是由微生物生物量氮、微生物生物量磷与脲酶、蛋白酶、碱性磷酸酶活性的相关性引起;不同林地不同土壤层次的养分、微生物及酶活性在各对典型变量上的聚集趋势可为防护林建设过程中的树种选择与土壤健康诊提供一定的依据。     

橡胶种植对纳板河流域热带雨林生态系统的影响

通过实地调查数据对云南纵向岭谷区纳板河自然保护区热带雨林生态系统(包括不同海拔高度的3个样地),不同种植年限的人工橡胶林(分别为种植8 a、种植20 a和种植30 a的3个样地)及1个次生林样地,植被和土壤的比较研究,定量分析了橡胶种植对热带雨林生态系统的影响.研究结果表明,①热带雨林随海拔高度的下降,生物量和土壤养分含量均呈增加趋势;中海拔热带雨林物种丰富度最高,群落层次丰富.②热带雨林开采为橡胶林之后,群落层次结构简单化,物种多样性明显下降,地上生物量下降,土壤养分状况变劣,次生林介于二者之间.研究结果可以为该地区土地的持续利用与生物多样性保护提供依据.     

经营模式对大渡河干暖河谷黄果柑坡地果园土壤微生物生物量和酶活性的影响

坡地果园是大渡河干暖河谷主要的土地利用方式之一,而土壤生物学特性是土壤肥力的关键组成部分.为了解不同经营管理措施下坡地果园的土壤生物学特性,比较研究黄果柑坡地果园不同经营模式(散户和集体经营)和不同坡位(下坡、中坡和上坡)的土壤微生物生物量和酶活性变化,并探讨它们与细根生物量、土壤养分等的关系.结果显示:经营模式和坡位导致土壤微生物生物量和酶活性差异明显.土壤微生物生物量碳、微生物生物量氮及酶活性在不同坡位间表现为下坡中坡上坡;与散户经营的坡地果园相比,集体经营的土壤微生物生物量碳、微生物生物量氮、亮氨酸酶活性平均分别增加32%、13%和22%,而过氧化氢酶活性降低39%;土壤多酚氧化酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶以及N-乙酰-β-D-葡萄糖苷酶活性在不同经营模式间相对稳定.进一步分析表明,土壤微生物生物量和酶活性与不同经营模式和不同坡位的黄果柑果园细根生物量、土壤通气度、土壤有机质等存在显著正相关(P 0.05).上述结果表明不同经营措施和坡位微地形导致的植物根系与土壤理化性质会影响土壤微生物生物量与酶活性,在果园后期应进行地面植物和相关的水肥管理,有助于增加与土壤碳、氮循环相关酶的活性,促进土壤养分循环,进而提高土壤肥力.(图4表2参42)     

人工湿地土壤微生物生物量碳与污水净化效果的关系

微生物在人工湿地污水净化过程中发挥着重要作用,微生物生物量碳是微生物的重要表征之一.为探讨人工湿地土壤微生物量碳与污水净化效果的关系,以表面流人工湿地为研究对象,分别研究了不同植物人工湿地土壤微生物生物量碳和净化效果的时空变化及其相关性.结果显示,4种植物湿地表层(0-5 cm)微生物生物量碳极显著高于深层(15-20 cm)的测量值(P<0.01).人工湿地污染物去除效果与微生物生物量碳具有相同的季节变化规律,都呈单峰型的季节格局,夏秋季较高,冬春季较低.微生物生物量碳与人工湿地COD、BOD5和TN的去除呈显著正相关(P<0.05).水鬼蕉湿地具有较高的微生物生物量碳,而污染物去除率一般较低,这表明不同湿地微生物生物量碳与污染物去除率的相关性呈现不确定性.     

硫酸铵施用量和温度对红壤稻田土硝化作用及微生物特性的影响

以红壤稻田土为供试土壤,设置不同硫酸铵(简称硫铵)施用量,分别在15、25、35℃条件下培养,研究短期内土壤硝化作用、微生物生物量和微生物功能多样性的变化。结果表明,在相同硫铵施用量下,不同温度处理土壤NH4+含量差异不显著;温度变化对于对照和常规硫铵用量(折纯N 120 mg·kg-1)处理土壤NO3-含量有显著影响,但对中、高量(折纯N 600和1 200 mg·kg-1)处理无显著影响。对照和常规硫铵用量处理土壤硝化速率均随温度升高而显著增加;中、高量硫铵处理土壤硝化速率普遍较低,且不同温度之间差异不显著;相同温度条件下,硝化速率随硫铵施用量的升高而降低。中、髙量硫铵处理对土壤微生物生物量碳有显著影响,且土壤微生物生物量碳随硫铵施用量的增加而显著降低;相同硫铵施用量下,不同温度处理土壤微生物生物量碳由高到低大致为25、15和35℃。BIOLOG分析显示,中、高量硫铵处理平均吸光值和多样性指数均较低,各处理中以25℃时对照处理的平均吸光值和Shannon、Simpson、McIntosh指数最大,其次为25℃时常规硫铵用量处理。过量施用硫铵有可能造成土壤生物结构和功能衰变。     

川西亚高山、高山森林土壤微生物生物量和酶活性动态特征

为深入了解川西亚高山/高山森林冬季生态学过程,于2008年11月─2009年10月,在土壤冻结初期、冻结期和融化期及植被生长季节,研究了不同海拔岷江冷杉林（Abies faxoniana）土壤微生物生物量和酶活性动态。各海拔森林土壤在冬季维持着较高的微生物生物量含量和酶活性,并随土壤冻融过程不断变化。土壤有机层和矿质土壤层冬季微生物生物量碳和氮含量及转化酶和尿酶活性均表现出受冻结初期土壤冻融循环影响显著降低,在冻结期变化不明显,在融化期急剧增加至融化后显著降低的趋势,且土壤有机层微生物生物量含量和酶活性在融化期具有一个明显的年高峰值。海拔变化显著影响了土壤酶活性,但对土壤微生物生物量不显著。土壤温度与土壤微生物生物量含量相关显著。这表明季节性冻融期是土壤生态过程的重要时期,土壤冻融格局显著影响川西亚高山/高山森林土壤微生物生物量和酶活性动态。     

A universal approach to estimate biomass and carbon stock in tropical forests using generic allometric models

Allometric equations allow aboveground tree biomass and carbon stock to be estimated from tree size. The allometric scaling theory suggests the existence of a universal power-law relationship between tree biomass and tree diameter with a fixed scaling exponent close to 8/3. In addition, generic empirical models, like Chave's or Brown's models, have been proposed for tropical forests in America and Asia. These generic models have been used to estimate forest biomass and carbon worldwide. However, tree allometry depends on environmental and genetic factors that vary from region to region. Consequently, theoretical models that include too few ecological explicative variables or empirical generic models that have been calibrated at particular sites are unlikely to yield accurate tree biomass estimates at other sites. In this study, we based our analysis on a destructive sample of 481 trees in Madagascar spiny dry and moist forests characterized by a high rate of endemism (> 95%). We show that, among the available generic allometric models, Chave's model including diameter, height, and wood specific gravity as explicative variables for a particular forest type (dry, moist, or wet tropical forest) was the only one that gave accurate tree biomass estimates for Madagascar (R2 > 83%, bias < 6%), with estimates comparable to those obtained with regional allometric models. When biomass allometric models are not available for a given forest site, this result shows that a simple height-diameter allometry is needed to accurately estimate biomass and carbon stock from plot inventories.     

免耕覆盖对土壤微生物量碳的影响

通过设置在甘肃省定西县李家堡镇甘肃农业大学旱农实验站的用间定位试验,研究连续3年春小麦(Triticum aestivum)-豌豆(Pisum sativum Linn.)双序列轮作后6种不同处理土壤微生物量碳的变化情况,结果表明:免耕条件下表土层土壤微生物量碳总是显著地高于翻耕土壤;秸秆覆盖表土层和亚表层土壤微生物量碳明显高于不覆盖;不同处理对表土层和亚表层土壤微生物量碳的影响差异达极显著;表土层土壤微生物量碳有明显的季节动态变化;土壤微生物量碳随土层加深而递减.     

南亚热带中幼龄针阔混交林碳储量及其分配格局

以南亚热带中幼龄针阔混交林为研究对象,通过典型样地调查法,对森林生态系统各个层次进行取样调查,采用12个样地实测数据和已有生物量模型相结合的方法计算乔木层生物量,灌木层、草本层和凋落物层采用全部收获法测得其生物量,对土壤层的调查采用剖面法加土钻法,代表性样品碳含量的测定采用重铬酸钾-水合加热法。在此基础上,分析了中幼龄针阔混交林碳储量及其分配格局。结果表明,主要造林树种树根、树杆、树枝和树叶碳含量均值分别为45.07%、46.73%、46.30%和47.72%。植物碳含量表现为乔木〉灌木〉草本。乔木碳储量占植被总碳储量比例介于63.38%-94.08%之间,灌木碳储量所占比例介于3.55%-12.67%之间,而草本碳储量仅介于为1.28%-23.95%之间,不同林龄段乔木和灌木碳储量均值随林龄的增加呈上升趋势,而草本碳储量呈下降趋势。土壤碳储量介于106.73-136.61 t·hm^-2之间,土壤碳储量随林龄的增加呈现出先降低后升高的趋势。针阔混交林总碳储量介于134.79-162.60 t·hm^-2之间,分配格局表现为土壤层〉植被层〉凋落物层。土壤层碳储量所占总碳储量比例范围为78.34%-94.45%,植被层所占比例介于4.84%-20.16%之间,凋落物层仅介于0.71%-1.50%之间,中幼龄针阔混交林碳储量主要以土壤固碳为主。研究结果为树种选择、人工林生态系统固碳潜力以及人工碳汇林的经营管理等研究提供科学参考。     

珠江三角洲四种森林类型土壤CO2通量特征研究

采用开路式土壤CO2通量测量系统Li-8100&Li-8150对珠江三角洲地区尾叶桉(Eucalyptus urophylla)人工林、乡土树种恢复林、针阔叶混交林和常绿阔叶林4种林型的土壤CO2通量进行了观测。结果表明:4种森林类型年均土壤CO2通量为尾叶桉人工林(3.35μmol.m-2.s-1)>针阔叶混交林(2.66μmol.m-2.s-1)>乡土树种恢复林(2.09μmol.m-2.s-1)>常绿阔叶林(1.86μmol.m-2.s-1);旱季土壤CO2通量明显小于雨季。前3种森林类型凋落物呼吸处理表明,旱季对照组土壤CO2通量均小于相应的去除凋落物组、雨季则相反,全年的对比结果显示,3种森林类型的凋落物呼吸贡献分别达到1.3%、7.1%和10.8%。土壤CO2通量与10 cm土壤温度呈显著指数相关,且土壤CO2通量温度敏感指数表现为针阔叶混交林Q10最大(3.49),尾叶桉人工林Q10最小(1.95)。     

Growth, yield and photosynthesis of Panicum maximum and Stylosanthes hamata under elevated CO2

Plant height, biomass production, assimilatory functions and chlorophyll accumulation of Panicum maximum and Stylosanthes hamata in intercropping systems was influenced significantly under elevated CO2 (600 +/- 50 ppm) in open top chambers (OTCs). The plant height increased by 32.0 and 49.0% over the control in P. maximum and S. hamata respectively in intercropping system under elevated CO2 over open field grown crops (Ca). P. maximum and S. hamata produced 67 and 85% higher fresh and dry biomass respectively under elevated CO2. Rates of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance increased in both the crop species in intercropping systems under elevated CO2. The canopy photosynthesis (photosynthesis x leaf area index) of these crop species increased significantly under elevated CO2 over the open grown crops. The chlorophyll a and b accumulation were also higher in the leaves of both the crop species as grown in OTC with elevated CO2. The increased chlorophyll content, leaf area index and canopy photosynthesis led to higher growth and biomass production in these crop species under elevated CO2. The total carbon sequestration in crop biomass and soils during the three years was 21.53 Mg C/ha under elevated CO2. The data revealed that P. maximum and S. hamata intercropping system is the potential as a sink for the increasing level of CO2 in the atmosphere in the semi-arid tropics.     

间作栽培对连作马铃薯根际土壤微生物区系的影响

为探究不同间作栽培模式缓解马铃薯（Solanum tuberosum）连作障碍的可行性及作用机制,以马铃薯单作为对照,研究马铃薯间作玉米（Zea mays）、蚕豆（Vicia faba）和荞麦（Fagopyrum esculentum）3种模式对连作马铃薯根际土壤养分含量及微生物区系的影响.结果表明,间作种植模式下马铃薯根际土壤全氮、全磷、速效磷和速效钾含量显著低于马铃薯单作,根际土壤速效磷降幅最大,达45％以上,土壤pH值明显下降.间作栽培模式改变了马铃薯根际土壤微生物群落结构,降低了根际土壤真菌的数量;间作栽培模式对马铃薯根际土壤微生物群落的碳源利用能力也有明显影响,其中马铃薯间作蚕豆和间作玉米处理马铃薯根际土壤微生物培养120 h的平均颜色变化率分别比对照高13.39％和4.30％.马铃薯根际土壤微生物群落总体上对碳水化合物利用率较高,对芳香化合物的利用率较低.间作蚕豆明显促进了马铃薯根际土壤微生物群落的碳源代谢强度,而且能维持较稳定的产量,因而可能是一种有利于改善马铃薯连作栽培根际微生态环境、缓解连作障碍的栽培模式.     

Vegetation competition model for water and light limitation. I: Model description, one-dimensional competition and the influence of groundwater

Vegetation growth models often concentrate on the interaction of vegetation with soil moisture but usually omit the influence of groundwater. However the proximity of groundwater can have a profound effect on vegetation growth, because it strongly influences the spatial and temporal distribution of soil moisture and therefore water and oxygen stress of vegetation. In two papers we describe the behavior of a coupled vegetation-groundwater-soil water model including the competition for water and light. In this first paper we describe the vegetation model, compare the model to measured flux data and show the influence of water and light competition in one dimension. In the second paper we focus on the influence of lateral groundwater flow and spatial patterns along a hillslope. The vegetation model is based on a biophysical representation of the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum. Transpiration and stomatal conductance depend both on atmospheric forcing and soil moisture content. Carbon assimilation depends on environmental conditions, stomatal conductance and biochemical processes. Light competition is driven by tree height and water competition is driven by root water uptake and its water and oxygen stress reaction. The modeled and measured H₂O and CO₂ fluxes compare well to observations on both a diurnal and a yearly timescale. Using an upscaling procedure long simulation runs were performed. These show the importance of light competition in temperate forests: once a tree is established under slightly unfavorable soil moisture conditions it can not be outcompeted by smaller trees with better soil moisture uptake capabilities, both in dry as in wet conditions. Performing the long simulation runs with a background mortality rate reproduces realistic densities of wet and dry adapted tree species along a wet to dry gradient. These simulations show that the influence of groundwater is apparent for a large range of groundwater depths, by both capillary rise and water logging. They also show that species composition and biomass have a larger influence on the water balance in eco-hydrological systems than soil and groundwater alone.     

Proximity to forests drives bird conservation value of coffee plantations: implications for certification

Widespread loss of primary habitat in the tropics has led to increased interest in production landscapes for biodiversity conservation. In the Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot in India, shade coffee plantations are located in close proximity to sites of high conservation value: protected and unprotected forests. Coffee is grown here under a tree canopy that may be dominated by native tree species or by nonnative species, particularly silver oak (Grevillea robusta). We investigated the influence of properties at the local scale and the landscape scale in determining bird communities in coffee plantations, with particular emphasis on species of conservation priority. We used systematic point counts in 11 coffee plantation sites and analyzed data in a randomized linear modeling framework that addressed spatial autocorrelation. Greater proportion of silver oak at the local scale and distance to contiguous forests at the landscape scale were implicated as factors most strongly driving declines in bird species richness and abundance, while increased basal area of native tree species, a local-scale variable, was frequently related to increased bird species richness and abundance. The influence of local-scale variables increased at greater distances from the forest. Distance to forests emerged as the strongest predictor of declines in restricted-range species, with 92% reduction in the abundance of two commonly encountered restricted-range species (Pompadour Green Pigeon and Yellow-browed Bulbul) and a 43% reduction in richness of bird species restricted to Indian hill forests within 8 km of forests. Increase in proportion of silver oak from 33% to 55% was associated with 91% reduction in the abundance of one commonly encountered restricted-range species (Crimson-fronted Barbet). One conservation strategy is providing incentives to grow coffee in a biodiversity-friendly manner. One implication of our study is that plantations located at varying distances to the forest cannot be compared fairly for biodiversity friendliness by existing certification methodology. Another is that conservation of existing forests at the landscape scale is essential for maintaining higher biodiversity in coffee plantations. Incentive schemes that promote conservation of remnant forests at the landscape scale and biodiversity-friendly practices locally and that relate to coffee communities as a whole rather than individual planters are likely to be more effective.