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The objective of assisting with tasks and decisions during incident response is to reduce the risks to victims and rescue personnel while increasing the efficiency of the rescue operation. Handling uncertain information during urban search and rescue (USAR) missions represents additional stress to the decision‐maker. The aim of this study is to identify the decision‐making behaviour of rescuers during USAR missions to pinpoint trapped or buried victims in debris in order to design assistance technologies and decision‐support systems that meet their needs. In 2010, a survey was conducted among 10–15 per cent of all German rescue personnel specialised in search tasks. One of the major results of this survey is that a subjective assessment of the reliability of information available from heterogeneous sources influences the rescuers’ actions and that there is no methodology for decision‐making involving uncertain information. In addition, the study found that compliance with procedures does not require assistance. 相似文献
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Cracking the humanitarian logistic coordination challenge: lessons from the urban search and rescue community 下载免费PDF全文
The challenges of achieving successful inter‐agency logistic coordination in preparing for and responding to natural disasters and complex emergencies are both well understood and well documented. However, although many of these challenges remain unresolved, the literature reveals that the organisations that form the urban search and rescue (USAR) community have attained a high level of coherence and interoperability that results in a highly efficient and effective response. Therefore, this paper uses the idea of ‘borrowing’ from other fields as it explores how the processes and procedures used by the USAR community might be applied to improve humanitarian logistic operations. The paper analyses the USAR model and explores how the resultant challenges might be addressed in a humanitarian logistic context. The paper recommends that further research be undertaken in order to develop a modified USAR model that could be operationalised by the international community of humanitarian logisticians. 相似文献
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This paper investigates the impact of the recent criminalisation of humanitarian actors engaged in the search for and rescue of migrants in distress in the Mediterranean Sea, focusing on the impact on the motivation and engagement of humanitarian volunteers in Greece. It argues that criminalisation is aimed at reducing search and rescue (SAR) activities and thus removing perceived ‘pull factors’ for migrants. The paper locates this phenomenon within the broader trend of policing and punishing those who assist migrants in order to deter them and prevent others from engaging in such endeavours. It finds that efforts to criminalise can have the unintended effects of encouraging and mobilising volunteers, as well as generating public attention and support for migrants. However, the negative consequences of criminalisation are far-reaching, including contributing to a high mortality rate among those crossing the Mediterranean without SAR capabilities and the heightened risk of violence against migrants and those who help them. 相似文献
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本文提出了防灾工程中计算机仿真的作用、思路及主要技术关键,并通过若干例子,包括混凝土构件破坏,岩石块体崩塌,地震作用下房屋碎片分布,房屋在爆炸作用下倒塌等说明仿真技术的应用。 相似文献
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计算机模拟在火灾科学与工程研究中的应用 总被引:18,自引:1,他引:18
计算机模拟技术尤其是场模拟技术是近年来发展完善的高新技术,在许多工程领域和基础研究方面得到广泛应用。但其在大灾科学和工程领域的应用研究刚刚起步。本文在介绍场模拟基本方法的基础上,重点介绍了场模拟方法中大涡模拟技术的基本理论和方法,并将其引入火灾动力学的研究中。列出了火灾动力学大涡模拟的基本方程、湍流模型、燃烧模型和幅射模型。并用此方法模拟了油罐区火灾动力学演化实例,据此可提出更有效的控制和补救措施。 通过利用场模拟方法中的大涡模拟技术研究典型工业重点火灾危险源——油罐区火灾动力学演化实例,可以看出场模拟技术在安全工程领域方面的发展前景。预计它将成为安全工程领域中的安全管理、危险性评估以及安全事故处理决策支持等的有效手段。 相似文献
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崩塌体运动的全过程模拟及工程应用研究 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
基于颗粒流程序,建立颗粒-颗粒之间和颗粒-墙体之间线性接触刚度模型、滑动模型和带滞后阻尼性质的接触模型,对危岩体崩塌各个运动过程进行数值实验,得出一种比较理想的模拟方法和参数选取方法,对于研究含有多种运动形式的危岩体崩塌复合运动有一定的参考价值。结合工程实例,模拟危岩体自脱离边坡坡面到运动终止的全过程,并说明模拟方法的有效性,预测危岩崩塌体的滑落距离和任意位置处的速度,为选取合理的防治措施提供指导。 相似文献
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广州市地面塌陷的形成原因与时空分布 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
地面塌陷是珠江三角洲城市地质灾害的主要类型之一。广州市地面塌陷灾害频繁发生,近10年来呈波动式上升趋势。其塌陷类型分为岩溶塌陷和工程地面塌陷两种,岩溶塌陷主要分布在广花盆地的花都区、白云区,工程地面塌陷主要分布在中心城区。地面塌陷灾害孕灾环境复杂、致灾因子多样,承灾体脆弱,灾害后果严重。人为因素是地面塌陷的主要诱发因素。岩溶塌陷主要是由于过量抽取地下水或矿山疏干排水、地下采空、暴雨触发所致;工程塌陷主要是人类工程行为所致,其主要致灾因子包括排水疏干与突水(突泥)作用、人工加载、人工振动、人工开挖桩基、地表渗水、地铁等地下工程盾构掘进等。 相似文献
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计算机模拟训练是增强抢险救灾应急保障能力的重要手段,在联合仿真建模技术的基础上分析并设计了抢险救灾物资保障模拟训练系统。提出了系统功能需求,主要包括物资保障业务、分布交互式协同、模型管理与优化、数据管理、过程推演与保障流程控制等;分析了三层系统结构,基础平台层由指挥系统、导调控制系统、RTI等组成,资源层由模型库、知识库、数据库等组成,应用层则由生活、野营、医疗、工程、装备等五个模拟训练子系统组成;给出了基于联合仿真建模技术的仿真模型设计流程,并完成了基于HLA的分布式系统设计,构建了抢险救灾物资保障的四类联邦成员,设计了FOM与SOM模型,完成了Agent-DEVS联邦模型与RTI的接口。以上研究为开展抢险救灾应急保障模拟训练奠定了基础。 相似文献
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结构抗震分析中的计算机仿真技术 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
结合已有的研究成果和应用实例,介绍了计算机仿真技术在结构抗震设计、既有结构抗震性能评估、极端外部作用下结构反应分析、区域抗震规划与评估等领域的应用现状及最新进展。强调了能够解决不连续、大变形问题的数值分析方法在这一领域的意义。指出建立或完善构件层次的滞回本构模型和多参数破坏准则,研究结构解体前后的阻尼机制,探讨数据库技术在仿真系统中的应用,发展新型结构体系的分析模型以及具有初始损伤结构的地震反应分析方法,引入并行计算技术等对推动计算机仿真技术在结构抗震分析中的应用具有重要的意义。另外,仿真分析方法必须经工程实例或结构试验验证。 相似文献
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Among the most typical consequences of disasters is the near or complete collapse of terrestrial telecommunications infrastructures (especially the distribution network–the 'last mile') and their concomitant unavailability to the rescuers and the higher echelons of mitigation teams. Even when such damage does not take place, the communications overload/congestion resulting from significantly elevated traffic generated by affected residents can be highly disturbing. The paper proposes innovative remedies to the telecommunications difficulties in disaster struck regions. The offered solutions are network-centric operations-cap able, and can be employed in management of disasters of any magnitude (local to national or international). Their implementation provide ground rescue teams (such as law enforcement, firemen, healthcare personnel, civilian authorities) with tactical connectivity among themselves, and, through the Next Generation Network backbone, ensure the essential bidirectional free flow of information and distribution of Actionable Knowledge among ground units, command/control centres, and civilian and military agencies participating in the rescue effort. 相似文献
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Simpson DM 《Disasters》2002,26(1):55-69
The San Francisco, California, bay area is subject to continuous seismic risk. One particular response has been the development of community-based training programmes designed to teach residents basic emergency response skills. Citizens are taught emergency medical techniques, search and rescue, fire suppression and other fundamental response skills. Current estimates in the Bay Area place the number of programmes at more than 100. Many programmes now include an annual community drill to reinforce the training and to evaluate the programme. The study described here is based on an evaluation of an effort initiated by BayNET (Bay Area Neighborhood Emergency Training), a voluntary association of communities with community-based disaster preparedness programmes. In April 1996, BayNET asked all of its members to hold a community earthquake drill. After the drill, a mail survey was conducted of all programme managers. The survey examined the structure and administration of the programmes, training efforts and other related components. This paper describes the typology of drill formats that communities used, the role of the simulation in the city's preparedness efforts, the qualitative costs and benefits, as well as an assessment of the drill based on survey respondents. 相似文献