Simulation and analysis of a combined cycle heat and power plant process

The regulations of process efficiency and stricter environmental policies require analysis of large-scale thermal energy systems to produce highly efficient, cost effective and low environmental impact energy. For analysis, it is beneficial to simulate an energy system. In this paper, simulation models are developed for the analysis of a combined cycle heat and power plant located in Göteborg, Sweden. With the help of simulation models, characteristics between district heating (DH) water temperature and key parameters such as overall district heat duty, electrical power and electrical efficiency has been developed. The characteristics are useful to estimate and maximize the key parameters during varying DH water temperature. According to a comparison between the full-load simulation models of 2006 and 2013 for the selected power plant, a loss of 2 MW is noticed for gas turbine and a loss of 2.18 MW of heat flow occurs for heat recovery steam generator in the year 2013. The feasibility analysis of modifying the connection between DH economizer and main DH line provides good performance indicators in a winter scenario. The conclusions in this paper are good references to plan and improve the performance of existing large-scale thermal power plants.     

基于RS和GIS的武汉城市热岛效应年代演变及其机理分析

为了更客观地揭示“火炉”武汉的城市热岛效应，利用1987、1994、2005年共3期TM影像数据，在地理信息系统（GIS）的支持下，反演并计算出武汉市城区不同年代的热岛强度、植被覆盖率、土地利用类型及城区面积。在对存在较大差异3期的热岛强度数据进行标准化处理的基础上，分析了武汉城市热岛效应的现状及年代演变，定量分析了城区热岛强度分布与土地利用类型、植被覆盖率的相关关系。结果表明：武汉城区热岛效应十分明显，特别是在工业区和商业区；20世纪80年代以来，武汉热岛面积不断变大；热岛强度与植被覆盖率呈负相关关系，植被覆盖率每提高10%，热岛强度约下降11℃；不同土地利用类型对热岛贡献不同，水体和植被区域可以缓解城市热岛效应，而工商业用地、道路等则加剧热岛效应；武汉市城区面积扩大、植被覆盖率降低、水域面积减少，是导致热岛效应不断加剧的原因。     

Evaluation of an air-to-air heat exchanger

A room-size, residential air-to-air heat exchanger was tested for effectiveness of heat recovery. The experiments were conducted in a small (16.6 m³), wood frame building, the Test Chamber, on the roof of a laboratory building. The Test Chamber is a controlled and instrumented structure for which we have the ability to predict within 1% the heat loss rate over a 6-h nighttime period. With the heat exchanger installed and operating in the Test Chamber, the heat recovery efficiency was determined by comparing the actual heat loss to that expected due to the mechanically induced ventilation. The heat exchanger recovered almost 50% of the heat contained in the outgoing air flow. Additional experiments quantified effects of fan power consumption and heat conduction through the case of the device. By considering these effects, we determined that the heat exchanger itself works at an efficiency less than the manufacturer's claim. Conducting the experiments in a real building has provided insights and evaluations not possible in an indoor laboratory.     

基于地理探测器的城市热岛驱动因素分析——以武汉市为例

城市热岛是由地表特征、社会经济和气象等因素综合引起的环境问题，具有显著的季节差异。大量的研究分析了土地覆盖类型、地表覆盖指数、景观指数等和城市热岛之间的相互关系，忽略了气象因素以及气象因素、地表特征与社会经济之间的交互作用对城市热岛的影响。在分析武汉市不同季节热岛强度及空间自相关分析的基础上，采用地理探测器研究了不同季节城市热岛强度的驱动因素及其交互作用和热岛风险区探测。结果表明：武汉市各季节热岛强度在空间上呈现强烈的集聚特征。按春夏秋冬顺序，武汉市4个季节热岛强度的主要驱动因素分别为地表特征、社会经济、社会经济和气象因素，四季对应的主要驱动因子分别是土地覆盖类型、夜间灯光、夜间灯光和气压。在11个驱动因子的交互影响中，四季热岛强度交互影响作用最大的分别为土地覆盖类型与夜间灯光、土地覆盖类型与NDVI、土地覆盖类型与夜间灯光、气压与土地覆盖类型或与NDVI。风险探测结果显示春夏秋冬平均热岛强度最高的分别为城市建成区、城市建成区、城市建成区、裸地和低植被覆盖区，最低的分别是水体、水体、水体、植被；四季的平均城市热岛强度随着夜间灯光的增加而增加；NDVI子区域平均热岛强度呈现先上升后下降的趋势；气压子区域平均热岛强度总体呈现逐步上升的趋势。这些结果揭示了热岛强度的季节变异特征，可为缓解城市热岛效应措施的制订提供依据。     

上海近30年人为热变化及与气温的关系研究

为研究上海人为热，根据统计年鉴资料，估算了1978～2008年工业、民用和机动车人为热的排放量及其总和，并从时间变化和空间分布两个方面进行分析。鉴于人为热对温度的影响，根据上海地区11个区县气象观测站近30 a的年平均气温资料，研究城郊气温及其差值与人为热变化的关系。结果表明：(1)近30 a来，上海工业、民用和机动车人为热排放量及其总和呈现逐年上升的趋势。2000年前上海人为热缓慢增长；而2000年后(含2000年)则呈现快速增长的趋势。(2)工业是上海人为热的主要来源，但自1978年以来，工业人为热比重逐年下降。2000年起，机动车人为热比重超过民用人为热。(3)上海工业人为热排放主要分布在以宝钢为主的宝山长江沿岸地区、黄浦江沿岸市区段地区、以吴泾为主的闵行南部地区，以及金山石化地区。而民用和机动车人为热排放主要集中在市区。(4)自20世纪90年代以后,市中心与郊区的气温差加大，城市热岛效应强度日趋增强。同时，上海地区温度的空间分布特征与人为热的空间分布有很好的一致性。人为热的大量排放对气温的增加也是不可忽视的重要因素     

Human mortality in Cyprus: the role of temperature and particulate air pollution

Climatic change results in increased occurrence of heat waves, and the thermal stress caused by such phenomena is leading to higher levels of heat-related mortality worldwide. This study is the first to examine the effect of extreme weather on mortality in Cyprus. It investigates the individual effect of meteorological indicators on mortality, as well as the role of particulate air pollution (PM₁₀). A generalized linear model (GLM) with quasi-Poisson regression was implemented. GLM included a temperature function and was adjusted for relative humidity and seasonality. The temperature function was developed under a newly developed framework of distributed lag nonlinear models, which capture nonlinearities and delayed effects of heat simultaneously. GLM was extended to examine the confounding effect of air pollution. All the results on heat effects are presented. High temperatures had a significant effect on mortality with increased mortality rates, independent of humidity and seasonality. Mortality risk increased steeply above a temperature threshold. A direct heat effect was shown, with higher risk on the current and next day of a severe heat event. PM₁₀ was not found to have a confounding effect on the temperature–mortality relationship, since the strength of this relationship remained after the inclusion of PM₁₀ in the model. Differences existed between urban and coastal areas.     

Energy analysis of algae-to-biofuel production chains integrated with a combined heat and power plant

ABSTRACT

This study examines the energy and mass balances of algae cultivation and different post-processing pathways. Flue gases and excess heat from a combined heat and power (CHP) plant are used in algae cultivation, with nutrients from municipal wastewater. In the studied pathways, algae are cultivated in open ponds and photobioreactors with or without artificial lighting. Algal mass is used for methane, biodiesel or ethanol production, or it is combusted in a boiler. Results show that in most process pathways energy output exceeds the energy consumption in processing, and the energy returns are approximately twice as large as the electricity input. A large fraction of input energy is low-temperature heat, while the products have a higher value. Energy outputs from different pathways are similar, but heat and electricity consumption in processing vary significantly. Supercritical water gasification pathway is identified as a possible future option, whereas lipid extraction pathways are suggested to be the most likely candidates for industrial scale operations.     

近10 a武汉市城市热岛效应演变及其#br# 与土地利用变化的关系

城市化进程的加快，农村人口大量涌入城市，城市布局及局部气候改变等因素使得城市热岛效应问题日益突出，已成为当前城市环境研究热点之一。以武汉市为例，应用遥感技术与地理信息系统技术，选取2004~2015年5个时相Landsat系列影像数据，利用单窗算法反演地表温度，并以此为基础进行热岛强度分级，获取了近10 a武汉市城市热岛效应变化结果，并分析了武汉市11个辖区城市热岛效应动态变化特征及热岛效应与土地利用变化的关系。研究结果表明：（1）自2007年后，武汉市老城区热岛面积持续减少，而新城区热岛面积则持续增加，呈现出以老城区为中心向新城区扩张的趋势，至2015年，新老城区热岛面积仅相差20.74 km2；（2）东西湖区、蔡甸区、江夏区与洪山区是近些年城市热岛面积增长较为显著的辖区，其中江夏区的热岛面积年际变化最大，最高值达95.42 km2；（3）城市热岛效应与土地利用类型的面积年际平均值拟合关系显示，2004~2015年，城市热岛效应与建筑用地的R2值最大，为0.681 2，建筑用地面积的增加是城市热岛强度面积扩张的重要影响因素。     

Projected changes in heat wave characteristics in the eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East

According to observed twentieth century temperature trends and twenty-first century climate model projections, the region that encompasses the eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East (EMME) is identified as a climate change hot spot. We extend previous studies by a comprehensive climatology of heat waves in the EMME based on regional climate model simulations for the recent past and the end of the twenty-first century. A percentile-based definition of heat waves is used to account for local climatic conditions. Spatial patterns of several heat wave properties are assessed and associated with atmospheric circulation regimes over specific locations. To cover a range of possible future climates, we use three SRES emission scenarios. According to our results, all indices that characterize heat wave severity will strongly increase compared with the control period of 1961–1990. The northern part of the EMME could be exposed to increased heat wave amplitudes by 6–10 °C, and the southern part may experience 2–3 months more combined hot days and tropical nights. Heat wave peak temperatures will be higher due to the overall mean warming as well as stronger summer anticyclonic conditions. The projected changes will affect human health and the environment in multiple ways and call for impact studies to support the development of adaptation strategies.     

基于MODIS地面温度数据的成都市热岛时空变化

研究利用2000、2005和2010年逐月的MODIS/Terra和MODIS/Aqua卫星的地表温度数据产品,通过等间距法进行分析,得出成都市建成区2000~2010年间昼夜热岛的时空变化以及相互间差异。研究结果表明:成都市昼夜热岛存在显著差异,日间热岛主要呈散点分布,夜间热岛集中在城市中心区域。日夜间热岛变化趋势有显著不同,日间热岛继续分散而夜间热岛范围则有所扩大。日间热岛分布与植被覆盖存在一定的负相关性,但道路也在一定程度上促使了地面温度的增加,夜间城市热岛范围及变化则与其下垫面组成存在关系。     

城市人为热排放分类研究及其对气温的影响

随着城市化进程日益加速，城市热岛现象愈发严重。利用上海市近50 a各区县月均温数据，统计分析了各区与崇明夏季每5 a均温差，发现热岛效应由市区中心向郊区延伸，范围越来越大，特别是20世纪80年代开始温差呈较大幅增加，城市热岛现象显著；在前人工作的基础上，分析热岛产生机制中的主要原因之一：城市中人为热排。绘制人为热排放流程图，并将城市人为热源进行分类，分析所有可能成为人为热排放源的设施以便定性及控制研究；对供给，消费和排出3种阶段的计算方法进行对比归纳，根据目的不同分别使用；分别计算燃油排热和燃煤排热以估算上海市人为热排放总量，统计上海市区和郊区的年均温及年均温差随时间变化及其与人为热排放之间的关系，发现两者之间有很好的相关性；最后就上海市夏季空调使用排热对上海市温度影响进行了定性研究，数字化上海市航片得到上海市建筑物分布图，假设楼层和空调密度之间存在相关性，发现空调排热与地面温度反演有着非常良好的一致性，同时也是造成上海城市高温的主要因素之一     

On-chip waste heat-driven absorption cooling system for sustainable data center environment: simulation

Development of waste heat-driven absorption-based cooling system is inspired for the need of removing high heat flux from the sustainable data centre environment. This paper presents a simulation study of single-stage Lithium Bromide–Water (LiBr–H₂O) vapour absorption heat pump for chip cooling. In the present work, a complete thermodynamic analysis of the single-stage LiBr–H₂O vapour absorption-based heat pump for chip cooling without a solution heat exchanger is performed and a user friendly graphical user interface (GUI) package including visual components is developed by using MATlab (2008b). The effect of chip heat flux on COP (Coefficient of Performance), flow rates and conductance is examined using the developed package. The model is verified using the data available in the literature which indicates that there is a greater reduction in the absorber load. The influence of chip heat flux on the performance and thermal loads of individual components are studied, and it is concluded that COP decreases from 0.7121 to 0.68924 with increase in chip heat flux.     

电厂温排水热污染防治对策初探

火、核电厂排放的循环冷却水是工业温排水中最大的热排放源。论述了火、核电厂温排水向其受纳环境水域释放的巨大热量，以及热排放对环境水域水体的理化性质及生态系统的热影响；提出采用热泵等高技术手段回收回用此余热使污源减排是治理受纳水域水生态环境，修复水域环境热容量最根本、最有效的措施；同时建议修订我国水质标准（规范）中对水温的规定，以切实加强水域热排放的有效管理。在新世纪和谐电力建设进程中，电厂循环冷却水余热高效利用不仅有明显的环境保护意义，而且在电厂节能提效，实现温排水资源化中也将有重大的经济和社会效益。     

基于遥感的长江中下游城市群高温热浪风险评估

由全球气候变暖以及快速城市化引发的极端高温热浪事件频发现象已经影响到人类的生产和生活。利用多源卫星遥感数据和社会经济统计资料,构建基于"高温危险性-社会经济脆弱性-风险适应性"的高温热浪风险评估体系,获取2017年长江中下游城市群250 m分辨率的典型高温热浪事件风险评估结果。结果表明:热浪风险等级高值区主要分布在城市群中心城市以及其他城市中心城区,主要是较高的城市高温和社会经济脆弱性共同作用结果,围绕中心城区向外扩散,风险等级呈逐渐降低趋势。大城市虽具有更好的高温适应性,但离应对城市化导致的高温危险性和脆弱性还显得不足,从高风险区域面积来看,长三角城市群热浪风险高于长江中游城市群,主要与城市化水平以及人口聚集程度有关。通过多源遥感信息,获取高分辨率的城市群高温热浪风险空间分布特征,能为城市化过程中城市有效应对高温风险,加强区域防灾减灾提供科学参考。     

The short-term effect of heat waves on mortality and its modifiers in China: An analysis from 66 communities

BackgroundMany studies have reported increased mortality risk associated with heat waves. However, few have assessed the health impacts at a nation scale in a developing country. This study examines the mortality effects of heat waves in China and explores whether the effects are modified by individual-level and community-level characteristics.MethodsDaily mortality and meteorological variables from 66 Chinese communities were collected for the period 2006–2011. Heat waves were defined as ≥ 2 consecutive days with mean temperature ≥ 95th percentile of the year-round community-specific distribution. The community-specific mortality effects of heat waves were first estimated using a Distributed Lag Non-linear Model (DLNM), adjusting for potential confounders. To investigate effect modification by individual characteristics (age, gender, cause of death, education level or place of death), separate DLNM models were further fitted. Potential effect modification by community characteristics was examined using a meta-regression analysis.ResultsA total of 5.0% (95% confidence intervals (CI): 2.9%–7.2%) excess deaths were associated with heat waves in 66 Chinese communities, with the highest excess deaths in north China (6.0%, 95% CI: 1%–11.3%), followed by east China (5.2%, 95% CI: 0.4%–10.2%) and south China (4.5%, 95% CI: 1.4%–7.6%). Our results indicate that individual characteristics significantly modified heat waves effects in China, with greater effects on cardiovascular mortality, cerebrovascular mortality, respiratory mortality, the elderly, females, the population dying outside of a hospital and those with a higher education attainment. Heat wave mortality effects were also more pronounced for those living in urban cities or densely populated communities.ConclusionHeat waves significantly increased mortality risk in China with apparent spatial heterogeneity, which was modified by some individual-level and community-level factors. Our findings suggest adaptation plans that target vulnerable populations in susceptible communities during heat wave events should be developed to reduce health risks.     

A new type of Stirling heat engine

This is a new technique for operating a Stirling heat engine. Theoretically, its thermal efficiency should be greater than 100%. However, it does not violate the first and second laws of thermodynamics; it is not a perpetual motion engine, because the atmospheric pressure can be utilized as the external energy source, which no other existing heat engines can do. This means that the new type of heat engine can offer an immediate and concrete solution to the many energy and climate challenges that we are facing; therefore the reliability and significance of this new type of Stirling heat engine is self-evident.     

An experimental and a numerical study of horizontal earth-air heat exchanger in a hot climate

Earth-air heat exchangers (EAHE) are devices used in the geothermal technique in order to reduce energy consumption in buildings. In this study, a simulation was conducted through the computational fluid dynamics platform FLUENT 6.3 for the prediction of thermal performance of the EAHE that describes the variation of the air temperature inside the tube. For this, it was necessary to design the heat exchanger while respecting the design and the actual dimensions of the experimental set-up, and stating that the temperature of the wall of the horizontal tube of the exchanger is equal to that of ground at 3 m depth. It should be noted that in assessing the temperature along the two sections vertical (input and output) of the exchanger, opting for a function (UDF) the user define function. Finally, noting a good agreement between both experimental and numerical study, and showing that a significant reduction in temperature at the outlet of the exchanger to a difference of 20 °C, confirming the effectiveness of the heat exchanger.     

Recycling and Reusing Heat Energy During the Production of Powdery Phospholipid

The temperature is 56.5°C when acetone gas is rectified during the production of powdery phospholipid. If heat exchanger is added, heat energy that is reclaimed can be used by other heaters. On the basis of exchange hot water (51°C) 4m³ every minute, a factory with the productivity of powdery phospholipid being 10 ton a day can save 533.2 ton standard coal which is equivalent to 746.48 ton common coal. If this technique of saving energy and reducing emission could be widely used in correlative industries of all over the country, economic benefits will be prominent.     

Harvesting heat energy from asphalt pavements: development of and comparison between numerical models and experiment

The use of flowing water in embedded pipes to harvest heat energy from asphalt pavements and thereby reducing its temperature and the urban heat island effect has been proposed. A successful use of such an approach would require a complete understanding of the effect and the interaction of various mechanisms such as conduction, convection and radiation and factors such as solar radiation, diameter of pipe and rate of flow. A large-scale experiment was conducted to understand such effects, and numerical modelling was conducted for prediction of temperature. The experiment was modelled using finite element method, and a good match was obtained between predicted and experimentally obtained results. Effects of pipe diameter and flow rate were also analysed. This model could be used in future for selection of appropriate levels of critical variables and hence successful implementation of this concept to sustainable pavements.     

Analysis of trends in the formation of species richness of plant communities using syntaxonomy and ecological scales

On the basis of syntaxonomy of primary forests in the Southern Ural region, an analysis of trends in the formation of their species diversity has been performed in regard to heat supply, soil moisture, and general soil richness. The roles of environmental factors have been estimated using Landolt’s scales. The results have shown that communities of forest classes Querco-Fagetea, Brachypodio-Betuletea, and Vaccinio-Piceetea differ in the trends of changes in species richness along gradients of the above factors. In communities of all these classes, species richness depends primarily on heat supply, with soil richness being the second most important factor.