农业生物多样性的保护和利用概述

生物多样性，是人类社会赖以生存和发展的基础，不仅提供了人类生存不可缺少的食物来源，也构成了人类生存与发展的生物圈环境。因此，从农业生物多样性的概念、农业生物多样性的变化态势以及其丧失的原因；农业生物多样性的保护与可持续利用的对策等方面加以阐述，以达到保护作物和畜禽等的遗传多样性及其野生亲缘种类的目的。     

生物多样性面临的威胁及其原因

本文探讨了生态系统和物种多样性所面临的威胁,指出目前物种灭绝的速度在加快,濒危物种在增多,生物多样性保护的重点应是濒危物种。并分析了生物多样性丧失的原因,认为人口过快增加是生物多样性危机的主要根源     

环评中生物多样性影响评价内容与方法探析

环境影响评价(简称"环评")中生物多样性影响评价在生物多样性保护中具有重要的作用。介绍了环评中生物多样性影响评价的基本内涵和主要特征及其在中国的发展现状,分析了现有评价内容和方法所存在的不足,并提出从完善评价指标体系、建立有效的评价预测模型、加强GIS技术在实际评价工作中的实践来加强环评中生物多样性影响评价工作。     

浙江省生物多样性保护对策研究

由于森林的破坏与片段化、湖泊面积缩小、水域污染、滩涂湿地围垦和物种资源过度开发利用等原因，使生物多样性严重受协。在对浙江省生物多样性保护进行系统研究的基础上，提出了浙江省生物多样性保护的目标和主要对策。     

长江口北支湿地生物多样性保护与对策

近年来,长江口北支日益加剧的人类活动和资源开发,严重影响着北支湿地的生物多样性保护。在分析长江口北支湿地资源现状的基础上,指出存在的问题,并提出相应的对策建议。     

千岛湖持续发展战略措施初探

千岛湖座落于淳安县境内,是“杭州——千岛湖——黄山”黄金旅游线上的一颗璨灿的明珠,环境优美,景观独特,经过几年开发建设,已成为国家著名旅游度假胜地,成了淳安山区发展经济的台柱.但与此同时,生态环境和自然资源也遭到了一定程度的损害,环境问题日益突出,影响了旅游事业的深度开发和自然资源的永续利用.坚持开发与保护相结合,走持续发展的道路,对于保护生态环境,促进千岛湖经济持久、稳定发展至关重要.本文就千岛湖的持续发展战略作一初步探讨.     

李克强在中国生物多样性保护国家委员会第一次会议上的讲话(节选)

2010年,联合国大会把2011-2020年确定为"联合国生物多样性十年",国务院成立了"2010国际生物多样性年中国国家委员会",召开会议审议通过了(国际生物多样性年中国行动方案》和《中国生物多样性保护战略与行动计划(2011-2030年)》。2011年6月,国务院决定把"2010国际生物多样性年中     

生命的隐形杀手——氮污染

氮肥的发明，使人类赖以生存的粮食产量剧增。然而，大量使用氮肥，却造成了全球氮循环失去了控制，带来了极大的负面影响。如藻类爆发、生物多样性丧失、疾病风险增加，甚至加剧了全球气候变暖。但是为了保证全球粮食供给，人类不得不使用氮肥。如何寻找一条既可持续发展的道路，又能消除氮的负面影响，亟待人们去解决。     

苏联生态环境的保护与研究

绪言 生态环境是指以人类为中心的生物存在与活动的空间,一切与生物有交互作用和关系的环境。生态环境研究的基本含义就是:用生态学和环境料学的观点和基本原理,来研究人类活动与人类赖以生存和发展的环境因素之间的相互关系及其发展演化的机理和规律。生态环境概念的提出,是人们对环境问题认识进一步深化的必然结果。生态环境研究的开展,标志着环境料学的研究工作已进入一个新阶段,它是进行生态建设的基础,是为建设一个经济、社会、环境三者协调、持续发展的人工复合生态大系统而探索科学规律、以便更好的指导人类的活动。生态环境研究的特点在于它的综合性,它需要宏观与微观相结合。 全球性的大生态环境的研究是当前环境科研工作的一个大趋势,是联合国环境规划署成立15年来工作积累的一个新要求,是我国环境科研工作的一个新起点。为此,中科院于198G年10月成立了中国科学院生态环境研究中心。     

扬中湿地现状调查

在调查的基础上，对扬中市湿地现状、功能、效益进行了分析，为保护市内湿地生物多样性、保证湿地资源的永续利用、协调环境与经济发展发挥作用。     

Threats to China’s Biodiversity by Contradictions Policy

China has among the highest biodiversities in the world, but faces extreme biodiversity losses due to the country’s huge population and its recent explosive socioeconomic development. Despite huge efforts and investments by the government and Chinese society to conserve biodiversity, especially in recent decades, biodiversity losses may not have been reversed, and may even have been exacerbated by unintended consequences resulting from these projects. China’s centralized approach to biodiversity conservation, with limited local participation, creates an inflexible and inefficient approach because of conflicts between local communities and national administrators over the benefits. Although community-based conservation may be an imperfect approach, it is an essential component of a successful future national conservation plan. Biodiversity conservation should be considered from the perspective of systems engineering and a governance structure that combines centralization with community-level conservation. In this paper, we describe China’s complex challenge: how to manage interactions between humans and nature to find win–win solutions that can ensure long-term biodiversity conservation without sacrificing human concerns.     

Why bees are critical for achieving sustainable development

Reductions in global bee populations are threatening the pollination benefits to both the planet and people. Whilst the contribution of bee pollination in promoting sustainable development goals through food security and biodiversity is widely acknowledged, a range of other benefits provided by bees has yet to be fully recognised. We explore the contributions of bees towards achieving the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Our insights suggest that bees potentially contribute towards 15 of the 17 SDGs and a minimum of 30 SDG targets. We identify common themes in which bees play an essential role, and suggest that improved understanding of bee contributions to sustainable development is crucial for ensuring viable bee systems.     

Nature and COVID-19: The pandemic,the environment,and the way ahead

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought profound social, political, economic, and environmental challenges to the world. The virus may have emerged from wildlife reservoirs linked to environmental disruption, was transmitted to humans via the wildlife trade, and its spread was facilitated by economic globalization. The pandemic arrived at a time when wildfires, high temperatures, floods, and storms amplified human suffering. These challenges call for a powerful response to COVID-19 that addresses social and economic development, climate change, and biodiversity together, offering an opportunity to bring transformational change to the structure and functioning of the global economy. This biodefense can include a “One Health” approach in all relevant sectors; a greener approach to agriculture that minimizes greenhouse gas emissions and leads to healthier diets; sustainable forms of energy; more effective international environmental agreements; post-COVID development that is equitable and sustainable; and nature-compatible international trade. Restoring and enhancing protected areas as part of devoting 50% of the planet’s land to environmentally sound management that conserves biodiversity would also support adaptation to climate change and limit human contact with zoonotic pathogens. The essential links between human health and well-being, biodiversity, and climate change could inspire a new generation of innovators to provide green solutions to enable humans to live in a healthy balance with nature leading to a long-term resilient future.     

Poverty,development, and Himalayan ecosystems

The Himalayas are rich in biodiversity but vulnerable to anthropogenic pressures. They are also host to growing number of rural poor who are dependent on forest and ecosystem services for their livelihood. Local and global efforts to integrate poverty alleviation and biodiversity conservation in the Himalayas remain elusive so far. In this work, we highlight two key impediments in achieving sustainable development in the Himalayas. On the positive side, we also highlight the work of Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE), a research organization based in India that seeks to integrate biodiversity concerns with livelihood security. For impediments, we draw on two examples from the Darjeeling district, India, in Eastern Himalayan region to illustrate how development organizations are failing to simultaneously address poverty and environmental issues. Based on the success of ATREE, we then propose a conceptual framework to integrate livelihood generating activities with sustainable and equitable development agenda. We recommend developing a Hindu-Kush Himalayan Ecosystem Services Network in the region to formulate a strategy for further action. We conclude by offering measures to address the challenge of integrating livelihood and environment issues through this network.     

Two-dimensional gap analysis: a tool for efficient conservation planning and biodiversity policy implementation

The maintenance of biodiversity by securing representative and well-connected habitat networks in managed landscapes requires a wise combination of protection, management, and restoration of habitats at several scales. We suggest that the integration of natural and social sciences in the form of "Two-dimensional gap analysis" is an efficient tool for the implementation of biodiversity policies. The tool links biologically relevant "horizontal" ecological issues with "vertical" issues related to institutions and other societal issues. Using forest biodiversity as an example, we illustrate how one can combine ecological and institutional aspects of biodiversity conservation, thus facilitating environmentally sustainable regional development. In particular, we use regional gap analysis for identification of focal forest types, habitat modelling for ascertaining the functional connectivity of "green infrastructures", as tools for the horizontal gap analysis. For the vertical dimension we suggest how the social sciences can be used for assessing the success in the implementation of biodiversity policies in real landscapes by identifying institutional obstacles while implementing policies. We argue that this interdisciplinary approach could be applied in a whole range of other environments including other terrestrial biota and aquatic ecosystems where functional habitat connectivity, nonlinear response to habitat loss and a multitude of economic and social interests co-occur in the same landscape.     

Comparative ecological network pattern analysis: a case of Nanchang

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Urban–ecological landscape connectivity and pattern optimization can significantly enhance biodiversity and sustainable development capacity,...     

Keeping pace with forestry: Multi-scale conservation in a changing production forest matrix

The multi-scale approach to conserving forest biodiversity has been used in Sweden since the 1980s, a period defined by increased reserve area and conservation actions within production forests. However, two thousand forest-associated species remain on Sweden’s red-list, and Sweden’s 2020 goals for sustainable forests are not being met. We argue that ongoing changes in the production forest matrix require more consideration, and that multi-scale conservation must be adapted to, and integrated with, production forest development. To make this case, we summarize trends in habitat provision by Sweden’s protected and production forests, and the variety of ways silviculture can affect biodiversity. We discuss how different forestry trajectories affect the type and extent of conservation approaches needed to secure biodiversity, and suggest leverage points for aiding the adoption of diversified silviculture. Sweden’s long-term experience with multi-scale conservation and intensive forestry provides insights for other countries trying to conserve species within production landscapes.

     

Hunting with lead ammunition is not sustainable: European perspectives

Much evidence demonstrates the adverse effects of lead ammunition on wildlife, their habitats and human health, and confirms that the use of such ammunition has no place within sustainable hunting. We identify the provisions that define sustainable hunting according to European law and international treaties, together with their guidance documents. We accept the substantial evidence for lead’s actual and potential effects on wildlife, habitats and health as persuasive and assess how these effects relate to stated provisions for sustainability and hunting. We evaluate how continued use of lead ammunition negatively affects international efforts to halt loss of biodiversity, sustain wildlife populations and conserve their habitats. We highlight the indiscriminate and avoidable health and welfare impacts for large numbers of exposed wild animals as ethically unsustainable. In societal terms, continued use of lead ammunition undermines public perceptions of hunting. Given the existence of acceptable, non-toxic alternatives for lead ammunition, we conclude that hunting with lead ammunition cannot be justified under established principles of public/international policy and is not sustainable. Changing from lead ammunition to non-toxic alternatives will bring significant nature conservation and human health gains, and from the hunter’s perspective will enhance societal acceptance of hunting. Change will create opportunities for improved constructive dialogue between hunting stakeholders and others engaged with enhancing biodiversity and nature conservation objectives.     

Payments for Environmental Services in Latin America as a Tool for Restoration and Rural Development

Payments for Environmental Services (PES) can encourage projects that enhance restoration, production, and rural development. When projects promote differentiated systems by paying farmers for the provision of services, the application of PES requires evaluation of the environmental services provided by each system. We present evaluations of carbon stocks and biodiversity in pure and mixed native tree plantations in Costa Rica. To illustrate how monetary values can be assigned, we discuss a project that awarded PES to silvopastoral systems in Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and Colombia based on carbon stocks and biodiversity. PES can promote positive environmental attitudes in farmers. Currently this project is being scaled up in Colombia based on their positive experiences with PES as a tool to promote adoption. Compared to PES systems that include only one environmental service, systems that incorporate bundling or layering of multiple services can make sustainable land uses more attractive to farmers and reduce perverse incentives.     

Assessment of mining activities on tree species and diversity in hilltop mining areas using Hyperion and Landsat data

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The tree species and its diversity are two critical components to be monitored for sustainable management of forest as well as biodiversity...