丝瓜对食品废水的净化功能及经济效益

本文研究了丝瓜（Ｌｕｆｆａｃｙｌｉｎｄｒｉｃａ）在水面上的水培技术，对食品工业废水（啤酒废水）的净化功能及其经济效益。其试验结果表明：采用水培技术将丝瓜栽种在水面上是完全成功的。该法已经被应用到无锡市酿酒总厂食品工业废水净化处理。在５月份，丝瓜对啤酒废水中污染物ＴＮ的净化率为７８．６％，ＴＰ７８．０％，ＮＨ＋＿４－Ｎ９９．６％，ＣＯＤ２２．５％，浊度８０．９％。在６月份，丝瓜的净化率为ＴＮ８９．１％，ＴＰ９０．４％，ＮＨ＋＿４－Ｎ９９．２％，ＣＯＤ４４．１％和浊度８６．４％。由此可见，丝瓜是一种对食品废水净化的优良植物，其经济效益也很显著，每亩水面丝瓜（果实）可达２０００ｋｇ～２５００ｋｇ，经济价值达２０００元～２５００元。     

凤眼莲与喜旱莲子草净化造纸废水的效果研究

本文对凤眼莲与喜旱莲子草对废纸再生纸浆废水的净化效果作了初步探讨。实验表明,水生植物凤眼莲与喜旱莲子草对废水CODcr具较好的净化效果,且能有效地增加废水溶解氧,但对色度和木质素去除不明显。此外,废水中的硫化物对该两种水生植物具较强的毒性。     

铁对马蹄莲除磷效果的影响

采用营养液培养方法研究Fe对马蹄莲系统除磷效果的影响.实验结果显示,硫铁矿渣和FeCl3均能提高废水中磷的净化效果,FeCl3对马蹄莲净化废水中的总磷、水溶性磷效果尤为明显.与对照相比,FeCl3＋马蹄莲系统对TP平均去除率提高14.75%,水溶性磷比对照高9.25%.随着时间的延长,SOD和POD都是先上升后下降,C...     

漂浮栽培美人蕉蕹菜等植物处理化粪池废水

采用漂浮栽培美人蕉、蕹菜、水稻、野生稻等４种植物进行了处理化粪池废水的静态试验。结果表明，废水中ＣＯＤ、ＢＯＤ５、总氮、总磷等污染物得到较好的净化，污染物去除率明显高于对照。４种植物的净化能力和净化效果综合评价结果为美人蕉＞蕹菜＞水稻＞野生稻，美人蕉、蕹菜对化粪池废水的净化能力强     

漂浮栽培美人蕉蕹菜等植物处理化粪池废水

采用漂浮栽培美人蕉、蕹菜、水稻、野生稻等４种植物进行了处理化粪池废水的静态试验。结果表明，废水中ＣＯＤ、ＢＯＤ５、总氮、总磷等污染物得到较好的净化，污染物去除率明显高于对照。４种植物的净化能力和净化效果综合评价结果为美人蕉〉蕹菜〉水稻〉野生稻。美人蕉，蕹菜对化粪池废水的净化能力强。     

池塘循环水养殖模式的构建及其对氮磷的去除效果

构建了一个由水源地、养殖池塘、生态沟渠(1级净化)、2级净化塘和3级净化塘组成的淡水池塘循环水养殖模式,研究该模式对池塘养殖废水中氮和磷的去除效果.2010年5-10月的运行结果表明,经过3级净化后,养殖废水中氨氮水平能维持在约0.33 mg·L-1,6月仅为0.010 3 mg·L-1,亚硝酸盐氮含量低于0.02 mg·L-1,总氮含量在各月均能达到GB 3838-2002<地表水环境质量标准>中V类标准(≤2.0 mg·L-1),总磷含量均能达到地表水Ⅲ类标准(≤0.2 mg·L-1),对叶绿素a的去除效果也很明显,去除率为16.10%～91.22%.可见,该模式能够有效地去除养殖废水中过量的氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、总氮、总磷和叶绿素a.各级净化模块并不能逐级加倍发挥净化效果,这可能是因为在日常管理过程中由于孽生使得水生植物密度过大,从而引起水质变化反复.近2 a来的试验结果显示新建的淡水池塘循环水养殖模式正处于功能完善阶段,尚未成熟.     

高效还原铬的苏云金芽胞杆菌菌株筛选

在1%接种量、初始铬(VI)浓度50 mg L-1、pH 7、30℃及180 r/min条件下,从源自水样、土壤、植物、动物粪便、食品、昆虫及饲料的76个苏云金芽胞杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis,简称Bt)菌株中筛选出2株具有高效铬(VI)还原能力的菌株BRC-HZM7和BRC-XQ15,在24 h之内可使50 mg L-1铬(VI)低于0.5 mg L-1,达到我国铬(VI)废水排放标准.另有34株菌株最少只需36～72 h(36 h时6株菌株、48 h时4株菌株、60 h时13株菌株、72 h时11株菌株)就可使50 mg L-1铬(VI)达到我国铬(VI)废水排放标准.Bt具有对环境和人安全的优点,在快速净化含铬(VI)废水方面具有广阔的应用前景.     

偏二甲肼废水的催化氧化作用

本文报导了用空气和H_2O_2作氧化剂,通过催化剂治理偏二甲肼废水,取得了良好的净化效果。若同时辅以活性炭吸附或延长净化时间等方法,可使偏二甲肼废水的排放浓度下降到0.5—0.8mg/l,还可使二次污染物甲醛的排放浓度减少到1.3—2.0mg/l     

焦化废水中有机物的识别、污染特性及其在废水处理过程中的降解

采用液-液萃取辅以硅胶、氧化铝净化的方法,并结合GC/MS分析技术,系统分析了焦化废水中有机物的组成.在焦化废水中检测到15类558种有机物.根据有机物的分子结构、废水中的含量、毒性及环境效应,筛选出焦化废水中的特征性有机污染物,以区别于其它工业废水,可作为追溯环境中污染物来源的依据.经物理、生物和化学处理后,焦化废水中大部分有机物被去除,其中,对去除率的主要贡献是生物处理阶段.为了更好地考察生物处理阶段对有机污染物的去除特征,选定酚类、多环芳烃和喹啉类物质作为研究对象,分析了3类特征性污染物在A/O2工艺各单元中的去除状况及组成变化特征.     

从净化含银废水的水生植物残体中提取和回收白银

本文介绍了从凤眼莲等水生植物体中回收废水中白银的方法.第一种方法是将植物残体直接打捞、晒干、灰化、HNO_3浸取,氯化法沉淀直至火法冶炼(加入碳酸钠和硼砂)出银;第二种方法是将植物残体全部集中,晒干,最后由贵稀金属提炼厂专门处理.根据上述方法已成功地从净化含银废水的水生植物残体中提炼和回收白银561.7g.     

移动床生物膜反应器在污水处理中的应用研究

应用好氧移动床生物膜反应器处理生活污水，厌氧复合生物反应器处理高浓度有机废水，厌氧－好氧移动床生物膜工艺处理食品废水的试验均取得良好的效果。试验结果表明，该工艺具有处理效率高，出水水质稳定，耐冲击负荷能力强，占地少，结构紧凑，维护管理简单的特点。     

膜表面形貌对厌氧膜生物反应器膜污染影响的试验研究

在厌氧膜生物反应器处理高浓度食品废水的试验中,借助原子力显微镜分析了四种表面形貌不同的聚醚砜超滤膜的通量衰减规律.结果表明,超滤膜表面形貌愈粗糙,膜通量的衰减速率愈快,且化学清洗后恢复愈困难.     

成组生物毒性测试法综合评价典型工业废水毒性

为了更加准确地评估典型工业废水的综合生物毒性以及处理工艺对废水毒性的削减情况,采用发光细菌急性毒性实验、大型溞急性毒性实验和单细胞凝胶电泳实验,结合潜在生态毒性效应探测(potential ecotoxic effects probe,PEEP)指数对常州市7种典型工业废水的综合生物毒性进行了评价。结果表明,7种工业原水都表现出了急性毒性或遗传毒性,综合生物毒性强度的排序为电子厂>电镀厂>综合污水处理厂>印染厂>化工厂>食品厂>制药厂。而7种工业废水的处理后出水综合生物毒性强度的排序为印染厂>化工厂>电子厂>综合污水处理厂>食品厂>制药厂>电镀厂。其中,印染和化工厂出水综合生物毒性高于原水,分别增加了43.3%和38.7%,PEEP评价结果显示分别属于剧毒和高毒,而电镀、电子、综合污水处理和食品厂出水的综合生物毒性削减明显,分别比原水削减了76.9%、53.1%、48.3%和26.6%,PEEP结果表明基本无毒。建立在成组生物毒性实验基础上的PEEP评价方法可全面反映工业废水的综合生物毒性,进而更客观地评价废水对水生态系统乃至人类健康的潜在影响。     

高浓度难降解工业废水菌种筛选及其降解特性

使用富集、稀释涂平板的方法从制药、染料、化工及精细化工、食品等多家工厂的混合高浓度难降解化工废水中筛选到8株细菌,经16S rDNA鉴定为Bacillus aquimaris、Enterobacter、Pseudomonas putida、Microbacterium、Agrobacterium、Alpha proteobacterium、Planococcus rifietoensis,其中两株细菌为Bacillus aquimaris。对各单一菌种生长条件的研究表明,各菌种生长的最适pH为7,最适接种量为15%（v/v）,最适生长温度为37℃,其中Pseudomonas putida的最适生长温度为30℃。在最适生长条件下,研究了各单一菌种及不同组合的混合菌种对废水的降解效果,结果表明在单一菌种中Pseudomonas putida对废水的降解效果最优,混合菌的降解效果优于单一菌种的降解效果,混合菌可将废水COD由1 249 mg/L降至97 mg/L,比普通活性污泥对废水的去除率提高了14.7%。     

Innovative method of culturing bdelloid rotifers for the application of wastewater biological treatment

• An innovative method of culturing bdelloid rotifer fed on flour was proposed. • Rotifer fed on flour grew faster than that fed on bacteria or Chlorella vulgaris. • The optimum mass culture conditions for rotifer fed on flour were investigated. • The cultured rotifer could improve sludge settleability in the SBR. This study aims to establish a simple and efficient method for the mass culture of bdelloid rotifers, which is the basis for the application of bdelloid rotifers as biological manipulators to improve wastewater biological treatment performance. A common bdelloid rotifer, Habrotrocha sp., in a wastewater biological treatment system was selected as the culture target. Rotifers fed on flour could reproduce faster than those fed traditional food such as Chlorella vulgaris or mixed bacteria. As a rotifer food, flour has the advantages of simple preparation, effortless preservation, and low cost compared to live Chlorella vulgaris or mixed bacteria, so it is more suitable for the mass culture of rotifers. The optimal rotifer culture conditions using flour as food were also studied. According to the experimental results, the recommended rotifer culture conditions are a flour particle size of 1 μm, a flour concentration of 6 × 10⁶ cell/mL, a temperature of 28℃, a pH level of 6.5 and salinity of 100–500 mg/L. In addition, the sludge volume index in the sequencing batch reactor (SBR) with the addition of cultured rotifers was 59.9 mL/g at the end of operation and decreased by 18.2% compared to SBR without rotifer, which indicates that the cultured rotifers still retained the function of helping to improve sludge settling. This function may be related to the rotifer’s role in inhibiting bacteria from producing loosely bound extracellular polymeric substances in the SBR.     

固相萃取-液相色谱法测定食品废水中8种色素残留

建立了食品工业废水中8种合成色素残留的固相萃取-液相色谱测定方法.水样经固相萃取柱富集,氮吹浓缩定容后直接进样.采用C18色谱柱分离,以甲醇-乙酸铵(0.01mol·L^-1)溶液为流动相,进行梯度洗脱,最后利用二极管阵列检测器(DAD)进行可变波长分析,外标法定量.结果表明,8种合成色素在1.0—50mg·L^-1的浓度范围内线性良好,相关系数均大于0.999,定量限为1.6—2.4μg·L^-1.以实际废水样品为加标对象,分别考察了低、中、高三个浓度水平的加标回收率和精密度,平均加标回收率在82.3%—95.9%之间,精密度均小于5.45%.该方法准确可靠,灵敏度高,可用于食品工业废水中痕量色素残留的测定.     

Occurrence,transformation, bioaccumulation,risk and analysis of pharmaceutical and personal care products from wastewater: a review

Almost all aspects of society from food security to disease control and prevention have benefited from pharmaceutical and personal care products, yet these products are a major source of contamination that ends up in wastewater and ecosystems. This issue has been sharply accentuated during the coronavirus disease pandemic 2019 (COVID-19) due to the higher use of disinfectants and other products. Here we review pharmaceutical and personal care products with focus on their occurrence in the environment, detection, risk, and removal.

     

Applications of nanotechnology in agriculture and water quality management

Due to their small size and unique physico-chemical characteristics, nanomaterials have gained importance in the agri-food sector, notably in preservation and packaging. Future applications will focus on shelf life, food quality, safety, fortification and biosensors for contaminated or spoiled food, irrigating water and drinking water. Different types and shapes of nanomaterials are being used depending upon the needs and nature of the work in agriculture and water quality management. Here we review the application of nanotechnology in agriculture. The major points discussed are: (1) Nanomaterials for agriculture and water quality management. (2) Research interests such as nanoscale carriers, fabricated xylem vessels, nanolignocellulosic materials, clay nanotubes, photocatalysis, bioremediation of resistant pesticides, disinfectants, agricultural wastewater treatment, nanobarcode technology, quantum dots for staining bacteria and nanobiosensors. (3) Nanotechnological applications for agriculture, which includes nanolignodynamic metallic particles, photocatalysis, desalination, removal of heavy metals and wireless nanosensors.     

A review for chromium removal by carbon nanotubes

Water pollution is still a serious problem for the entire world. Adsorption technology is a promising process which is based on the fabrication of novel, cheap, non-dangerous and highly sorptive materials for application in wastewater purification processes. Nanomaterials are functional groups which find use in many important fields such as medicine, food processing and agriculture. This review collects information from published works about the use of carbon nanotubes as efficient and promising adsorbents in chromium removal from (real or synthesised) wastewater. For this purpose, isotherm (Langmuir, Freundlich, etc.), kinetic (pseudo-first-, second-order, etc.), thermodynamic (free-energy Gibbs, enthalpy, entropy) and desorption–regeneration studies were discussed in detail. Moreover, significant factors such as pH, agitation time, temperature, adsorbent dosage and initial dye concentration are also reported extensively. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacities of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) ions were 0.39–238.09 and 1.26–370.3?mg/g, respectively. The absolute values of ΔG⁰ and ΔH⁰ ranged 0.237–48.62 and 0.16–58.43?kJ/mol, respectively.